Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks as the second most prevalent malignancy among men worldwide. Early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and prognosis prediction of PCa play a crucial role in improving patients' survival rates. The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly the utilization of deep learning (DL) algorithms, has brought about substantial progress in assisting the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction of PCa. The introduction of the foundation model has revolutionized the application of AI in medical treatment and facilitated its integration into clinical practice. This review emphasizes the clinical application of AI in PCa by discussing recent advancements from both pathological and imaging perspectives. Furthermore, it explores the current challenges faced by AI in clinical applications while also considering future developments, aiming to provide a valuable point of reference for the integration of AI and clinical applications.
Humans ; Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Male ; Artificial Intelligence ; Deep Learning ; Prognosis

In recent years, the ongoing development of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has demonstrated significant potential in the treatment and rehabilitation of various brain diseases. In particular, the combined application of TES and TMS has shown considerable clinical value due to their potential synergistic effects. This paper first systematically reviews the mechanisms underlying TES and TMS, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Subsequently, the potential mechanisms of transcranial electromagnetic combined stimulation are explored, with a particular focus on three combined stimulation protocols: Repetitive TMS (rTMS) with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), rTMS with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and theta burst TMS (TBS) with tACS, as well as their clinical applications in brain diseases. Finally, the paper analyzes the key challenges in transcranial electromagnetic combined stimulation research and outlines its future development directions. The aim of this paper is to provide a reference for the optimization and application of transcranial electromagnetic combined stimulation schemes in the treatment and rehabilitation of brain diseases.
Humans ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods* ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/methods* ; Brain Diseases/therapy*

Oral diseases concern almost every individual and are a serious health risk to the popula-tion.The restorative treatment of tooth and jaw defects is an important means to achieve oral function and support the appearance of the contour.Based on the principle of"learning from the nature",Deng Xu-liang's group of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology has proposed a new concept of"microstructural biomimetic design and tissue adaptation of tooth/jaw materials"to address the worldwide problems of difficulty in treating dentine hypersensitivity,poor prognosis of restoration of tooth defects,and vertical bone augmentation of alveolar bone after tooth loss.The group has broken through the bottle-neck of multi-stage biomimetic technology from the design of microscopic features to the enhancement of macroscopic effects,and invented key technologies such as crystalline/amorphous multi-level assembly,ion-transportation blocking,and multi-physical properties of the micro-environment reconstruction,etc.The group also pioneered the cationic-hydrogel desensitizer,digital stump and core integrated restora-tions,and developed new crown and bridge restorative materials,gradient functionalisation guided tissue regeneration membrane,and electrically responsive alveolar bone augmentation restorative membranes,etc.These products have established new clinical strategies for tooth/jaw defect repair and achieved inno-vative results.In conclusion,the research results of our group have strongly supported the theoretical im-provement of stomatology,developed the technical system of oral hard tissue restoration,innovated the clinical treatment strategy,and led the progress of the stomatology industry.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released from the cell into the extracellular microenvironment,and are a carrier of biological information transmitted over long distances,which have a dual regulatory effect on the immune system.Studies have shown that viruses can hold the endosomal-exosomal pathway hostage to spread.This review describes the role played by exosomes in viral infections.On the one hand,exosomes can transmit antiviral substances and trigger im-mune responses against viral infections,and on the other hand,exosomes can serve as potential mediators of viral transmis-sion,which have been shown to be closely related to the transmission and immune escape of a variety of viruses.Understand-ing the role of exosomes in viral infections is essential for the detection of viruses in the blood,for improving blood safety,and for the search and development of antiviral drugs.

Objective To observe the application effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) antibacterial dressing in the treatment of skin ulcer around the stoma in patients with enterostomy during radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Methods A total of 65 patients with skin ulcer around the stoma during radiotherapy and chemotherapy were randomly divided into control group (34 cases) and observation group (31 cases). The control group was treated with silver ion dressing for skin ulcer around the stoma, while the observation group was treated with PHMB antibacterial dressing around the stoma. The healing rate of skin ulcer around the stoma, frequency of average dressing change, dressing cost at 4 weeks after treatment as well as Discoloration, Erosion, Tissue overgrowth (DET) score and ulcer status around the stoma were compared between the two groups at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. Results The healing rate of skin ulcer around the stoma in the observation group was (70.68±6.39)% at 4 weeks of treatment, which was higher than (57.76±12.82)% in the control group, and the dressing cost was less than that in the control group within 4 weeks (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the average dressing change frequency between the two groups within 4 weeks (P>0.05). At 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, the DET score and ulcer area around the stoma in the observation group were lower or smaller than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The use of PHMB antibacterial dressing in the treatment of skin ulcer around the stoma in patients with enterostomy during radiotherapy and chemotherapy can effectively control infection, promote ulcer healing, and has excellent economic cost-effectiveness.

Humans ; Aortic Valve/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement ; Sex Factors ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; Treatment Outcome ; China ; Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery* ; Risk Factors ; Risk Assessment

Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/adverse effects* ; Risk Assessment ; China ; Prognosis ; Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Risk Factors ; Aortic Valve

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease with strong contagiousness, strong variability, and long incubation period. The probability of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis can be significantly decreased with the use of automatic segmentation of COVID-19 lesions based on computed tomography images, which helps doctors in rapid diagnosis and precise treatment. This paper introduced the level set generalized Dice loss function (LGDL) in conjunction with the level set segmentation method based on COVID-19 lesion segmentation network and proposed a dual-path COVID-19 lesion segmentation network (Dual-SAUNet++) to address the pain points such as the complex symptoms of COVID-19 and the blurred boundaries that are challenging to segment. LGDL is an adaptive weight joint loss obtained by combining the generalized Dice loss of the mask path and the mean square error of the level set path. On the test set, the model achieved Dice similarity coefficient of (87.81 ± 10.86)%, intersection over union of (79.20 ± 14.58)%, sensitivity of (94.18 ± 13.56)%, specificity of (99.83 ± 0.43)% and Hausdorff distance of 18.29 ± 31.48 mm. Studies indicated that Dual-SAUNet++ has a great anti-noise capability and it can segment multi-scale lesions while simultaneously focusing on their area and border information. The method proposed in this paper assists doctors in judging the severity of COVID-19 infection by accurately segmenting the lesion, and provides a reliable basis for subsequent clinical treatment.
Humans ; COVID-19/diagnostic imaging* ; Respiratory Rate ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective:To explore the effects of Chaihu-Shugan San (CSS) on the behavior and neurogenesis function of depression model mice induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS).Methods:Thirty clean grade healthy male C57BL/6 adult mice were randomly divided into control group (Con group), model group (CUMS group) and Chaihu-Shugan San treatment group (CSS group), with 10 mice in each group.The mice in CUMS group and CSS group were given CUMS intervention to establish depression model. At the same time of modeling, the mice in CUMS group and CSS group were given distilled water and CSS(2.7 g/kg) by gavage respectively.While the mice in Con group were only given equal volume distilled water by gavage without CUMS stimulation.After the intervention, the depressive-like behavior of mice was evaluated by increased body weight, sugar water preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The number of newborn neurons was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 2(SKA2) in mice hippocampus were detected by qRT-PCR.Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 22.0 software. One-way ANOVA was used for multi group comparison, and Tukey test was used for pairwise comparison.Results:(1) After modeling, there was significant difference in body weight increment among the three groups ( F=8.859, P <0.05). The body weight increment of CUMS group was lower than those of Con group and CSS group (both P< 0.05). There were significant differences in sugar water preference rate, tail suspension immobility time and swimming immobility time among the three groups ( F=10.544, 12.957, 8.095, all P<0.05). The sugar water preference rate in CUMS group was lower than that in Con group ((87.46±2.78)%, (93.90±3.31)%, P<0.05), and that in CSS group was higher than that in CUMS group ((91.65±2.61)%)( P<0.05). The tail suspension immobility time ((198.00±27.57) s) and swimming immobility time ((322.20±46.98) s) in CUMS group were higher than those in Con group ((138.80±38.50) s, (238.50±50.51) s, both P<0.05). The tail suspension immobility time ((139.00±21.29) s) and swimming immobility time ((265.20±44.90) s) in CSS group were lower than those in CUMS group (both P<0.05). (2) Immunofluorescence showed that there was significant difference in the number of newborn neurons labeled by BrdU and NeuN in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus among the three groups ( F=9.486, P<0.05). The number of double labeled cells (31.66±3.21) in CUMS group was lower than that in Con group(63.66±15.17) and CSS group (58.00±6.00) (both P<0.05). (3) RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA levels of BDNF, FGF2, SKA2 in hippocampal dentate gyrus of the three group were significantly different( F=14.522, 9.337, 8.701, all P<0.05). The levels of BDNF mRNA (0.79±0.06), FGF2 mRNA (0.74±0.18) and SKA2 mRNA (0.52±0.32) in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus in CUMS group were lower than those in Con group (BDNF mRNA (1.03±0.10), FGF2 mRNA (1.04±0.11), SKA2 mRNA (1.05±0.37), all P<0.05). Compared with CUMS group, the mRNA levels of BDNF (1.07±0.80), FGF2 (1.30±0.29) and SKA2 (1.40±0.55) in CSS group were higher (all P<0.05). Conclusion:CSS can alleviate the depressive like behavior of depression model mice, which may be related with increasing the mRNA expression levels of BDNF, FGF2, SKA2 and promoting the proliferation of neural stem cells in hippocampus.

Objective:To establish a good model of incomplete ablation of ectopic implanted tumor of liver, and explore the changes in the molecular landscape of residual cancer, cancer in nude mice.Methods:Eight immunodeficient BALB/c nude mice were used to establish an ectopic tumor model with the MHCC97-H hepatoma cell line, and they were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, with 4 mice in each group. The experimental group underwent simulated clinical incomplete ablation, and the control group only underwent false ablation. The differences between the models were evaluated by ultrasonic diagnostic equipment, thermal imaging cameras, HE staining and high-throughput whole transcriptome sequencing.Results:Liver cancer ectopic implantations in nude mices were all successful. The experimental group showed that the temperature of the tumor around the tip of the needle monitored by the thermal imaging camera was at 50-73.9 ℃. Compared with the control group, the HE staining of the experimental group mostly showed the coexistence of necrotic area-degeneration area-tumor cell area. The necrosis area was (23.75±13.77)%, and the degeneration area was 50%(30%). High-throughput whole transcriptome sequencing revealed that there were hundreds of overlapping stable molecular landscapes in the incomplete ablation simulation model both in vivo and in vitro.Conclusions:By establishing an ectopic implantion model of nude mice with incomplete ablation of residual liver cancer, it can provide a basis for studying the biological characteristics of incomplete ablation of residual cancer at the molecular level.