Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by motor dysfunction, with its pathophysiology mainly involving the basal ganglia-thalamocortical pathway. In recent years, the role of cerebellar neural networks in PD has garnered increasing attention. The cerebellum not only plays a role in motor control but also influences non-motor functions such as cognition and emotion. Through its extensive connections with the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex, the cerebellum is critically involved in regulating neural networks in PD. This review summarizes the structural and functional changes of the cerebellum in PD patients, as well as the pathophysiological interactions between cerebellar networks and the basal ganglia-thalamocortical pathway, which collectively impact both motor and non-motor functions in PD. The aim of the review is to provide a new perspective on the role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of PD.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by motor dysfunction, with its pathophysiology mainly involving the basal ganglia-thalamocortical pathway. In recent years, the role of cerebellar neural networks in PD has garnered increasing attention. The cerebellum not only plays a role in motor control but also influences non-motor functions such as cognition and emotion. Through its extensive connections with the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex, the cerebellum is critically involved in regulating neural networks in PD. This review summarizes the structural and functional changes of the cerebellum in PD patients, as well as the pathophysiological interactions between cerebellar networks and the basal ganglia-thalamocortical pathway, which collectively impact both motor and non-motor functions in PD. The aim of the review is to provide a new perspective on the role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of PD.

Objective:To investigate the potential value of saccade and antisaccade parameters in early identification of Parkinson′s disease (PD) and its motor subtypes.Methods:A total of 111 PD patients [tremor dominant (TD) type in 45, postural instability/gait difficulty (PIGD) type in 54 and indeterminate type in 12)] and 54 healthy controls were recruited from Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial People′s Hospital from July 2022 to July 2023. All subjects underwent oculomotor test including visually guided saccades and volitional antisaccades by the Eyeknow-M10-B Eye tracker. For PD patients, TD and PIGD scores were measured using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part Ⅱ and Part Ⅲ. Oculomotor parameters among TD, PIGD patients and healthy controls were firstly compared. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between ocular parameters with differences and TD/PIGD score. Then receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was made between PD patients and healthy controls, as well as between PIGD and TD subtypes.Results:Compared to healthy controls, PD patients showed significantly decreased saccadic accuracy [100.0%(90.0%, 100.0%) vs 100.0%(100.0%, 100.0%), U=1 732.500, P<0.001], prolonged latency [252.2(228.5, 300.1) ms vs 227.7(214.2, 241.8) ms, U=1 401.000, P<0.001], minimum duration [233.6(211.2, 278.8) ms vs 211.0(200.0, 222.5) ms, U=1 534.500, P<0.001], average duration [356.6(313.8, 427.8) ms vs 279.4(267.4, 312.9) ms, U=881.000, P<0.001],as well as decreased peak [444.4(335.0, 593.7) °/s vs 526.7(412.6, 696.2) °/s, U=1 971.000, P=0.007] and average velocity [196.3(144.4, 240.5) °/s vs 256.7(226.7, 312.0) °/s, U=1 330.000, P<0.001] in saccades. And in antisaccades, PD patients also showed prolonged latency [432.0(362.9, 599.8) ms vs 352.9(309.8, 407.6) ms, U=1 553.000, P<0.001], minimum duration [333.4(299.8, 377.6) ms vs 290.1(263.9, 332.9) ms, U=1 608.000, P<0.001], average duration [518.2(462.7, 603.5) ms vs 424.2(377.1, 473.5) ms, U=1 181.000, P<0.001], decreased peak [458.5(327.9, 604.3) °/s vs 560.4(440.3, 698.5) °/s, U=1 838.500, P=0.001] and average velocity [186.6(143.1, 228.1) °/s vs 263.2(217.2, 301.5) °/s, U=1 131.000, P<0.001]. There was no statistically significant difference in antisaccadic accuracy [55.0%(15.0%, 80.0%) vs 66.7%(39.4%, 86.9%), U=2 167.500, P=0.053]. Compared with TD subtype, PIGD patients showed significantly decreased antisaccadic peak velocity [416.2(300.3, 534.3) °/s vs 527.1(402.3, 636.4) °/s, U=-26.474, P=0.009]. After adjusting for age, gender and education, antisaccadic peak velocity was negatively correlated with PIGD score in PD patients (β=-0.296, P=0.001), and no correlation with TD score was found. The ROC analysis was performed on combined saccadic and antisaccade metrics between PD patients and healthy controls, with area under the curve (AUC) as 0.918. For antisaccadic peak velocity between PIGD and TD subtypes, the AUC was 0.690. Conclusions:Eye movement metrics have potential value in distinguishing PD patients from healthy controls. The antisaccadic peak velocity is related to the severity of motor symptoms in PIGD patients, which is helpful for distinguishing the motor subtypes of PD patients.

Objective To investigate the association between cardiovascular autonomic function and voiding symptoms in Parkinson disease(PD)patients.Methods We reviewed PD patients from the Department of Neurology of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital(Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)between November 2020 and July 2023.Patients with PD were diagnosed by movement disorder specialists and received motor symptoms assessment based on Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part Ⅲ(MDS-UPDRS Ⅲ).We included those patients who underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring(ABPM),ultrasound measured post void residual(PVR)and uroflowmetry.Subjects were divided into two groups:PD patients with nocturnal hypertension(PD-NH)group and PD patients without nocturnal hypertension(PD-nNH)group,according to the average nocturnal blood pressure.General clinical features,clinical assessments and urinary evaluations were compared between the two groups.We calculated average real variability(ARV)and examined its correlation factors using generalized linear models.Results Among the total of 87 PD patients,46(52.87% )were found to have nocturnal hypertension(NH).The PD-NH group exhibited more PVR[1.00(0.00,21.25)mL]compared to the PD-nNH group[0.00(0.00,5.50)mL](P<0.05).Additionally,generalized linear model analysis which scale response is Gamma with log link showed in PD patients,ARV of 24-hour diastolic blood pressure was correlated with PVR(OR=1.003,95% CI:1.001-1.005,P=0.008)and sex(male,OR=1.234,95% CI:1.050-1.451,P=0.011).Conclusion Our study demonstrates the association between cardiovascular autonomic function and voiding symptoms in PD.

Objective:To compare and choose the best method for measuring metabolic tumor volume (MTV) of nasal extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL), evaluate the prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters and clinical staging/scoring systems for patients with nasal ENKTL, and explore the added value of the two combinations for prognostic prediction. Methods:From January 2016 to September 2022, 44 patients (26 males, 18 females; age (47.5±13.6) years) pathologically diagnosed with nasal ENKTL who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging before treatment in Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology were retrospectively collected. SUV 2.5, SUV 4.0 and 41%SUV max were used as thresholds to measure MTV and total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and the consistency was analyzed by Bland-Altman analysis. The ROC curve analysis was used to compare the prognostic efficiency of different methods and determine the best method. The prognostic values of different clinical factors and clinical staging/scoring systems between groups were evaluated by corrected χ2 test. The independent factors were screened by Cox-regression model, and the combined diagnosis model was constructed by logistic regression. Results:Of 44 patients, 6(13.6%) were dead, with the overall survival (OS) of 32.05(11.77, 64.43) months, and the 2-year and 5-year OS rates of 86.6% and 82.5%, respectively. The mortality of different groups in age (≥60 and <60 years), prognostic index of natural killer cell lymphoma (PINK) score (low- and high-risk), and international prognostic index (IPI) score (low- and high-risk) were significantly different ( χ2 values: 5.02, 4.12, 3.88, all P<0.05). The consistency of MTV measured by different thresholds was good. Among them, the MTV measured by threshold of SUV 2.5 had the highest predictive efficiency with the AUC of 0.737. Multivariate analysis showed that MTV (hazard ratio ( HR)=10.488, 95% CI: 1.864-59.026, P=0.008) was the independent influencing factor of OS. By removing other factors, minimization model was obtained, including MTV and PINK score ( P values: 0.006, 0.048). The prediction model of MTV combined with PINK score improved prognostic efficacy with the AUCs of MTV, PINK score and the combination model of 0.781, 0.741 and 0.912, respectively. Conclusions:MTV measured by threshold of SUV 2.5 has better prognostic predictive value. MTV is the independent prognostic factor for OS in nasal ENKTL patients. MTV combined with PINK score has better prognostic value.

Objective To investigate whether degradation of bromodomain-containing protein 4(BRD4)protein with dBET1 can inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress caused byα-synuclein(α-syn)oligomers.Methods After BV2 cells or SH-SY5Y cells were treated with dBET1 and α-syn oligomers,the cells were divided into Control group,α-syn group,α-syn+500 and 1000 nmol/L dBET1 groups,and dBET1 group(1000 nmol/L).Real-time quantitative fluo-rescent PCR(qPCR)was used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors and anti-inflam-matory factors,and Western blotting was employed to measure the expression of BRD4,nuclear factor 2 associated factor 2(Nrf2),phosphorylated nuclear transcription factor-κB(p-NF-κB)and phosphorylated α-synuclein(p-α-synuclein).Results The α-syn+1000 nmol/L dBET1 group had lower mRNA levels of inflammatory factors and reduced protein levels of BRD4,p-NF-κB and p-α-synuclein,but higher mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory factors and decreased Nrf2 protein level(2.02±0.14 vs 0.96±0.24,P＜0.05)when compared with the α-syn group.Conclusion dBET1 can inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress caused by α-synuclein through p-NF-KB and Nrf2 to a certain extent,which further provides a theoretical basis for its application in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET for hepatobiliary malignancies. Methods:From July 2020 to February 2023, 33 patients (23 males, 10 females; age (55.4±13.5) years) with suspected or confirmed liver or biliary tract malignancies who underwent 68Ga-FAPI PET in Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology were retrospectively analyzed. PET images were evaluated by 3 experienced nuclear medicine physicians, and the results of biopsy or postoperative pathology, clinical and imaging follow-up were used as the gold standard. One-way analysis of variance and least significant difference t test were used to compare the differences among groups. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test. Results:Of 33 patients, 14 performed PET for initial diagnosis and staging, and 19 for restaging. There were 14 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 13 patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and 6 patients with gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). The primary tumor of HCC, CCA and GBC all showed significant 68Ga-FAPI uptake, with no statistically significant difference in SUV max among groups ( F=1.58, P=0.250). The sensitivities of 68Ga-FAPI PET for initial diagnosis and restaging of hepatobiliary malignancies were 14/14 and 15/15, respectively. Compared with conventional imaging, 68Ga-FAPI PET changed the diagnosis and staging in 29.2%(7/24) patients. The treatment strategy was changed in 30.3%(10/33) patients with malignant tumors due to 68Ga-FAPI PET findings. Follow-up showed 22 cases survived and 11 cases died, with the overall survival of 355.56(80.00, 516.97) d, and 1- and 2-year survival rates were 68.2% and 57.9%, respectively. Semi-quantitative 68Ga-FAPI PET parameters such as SUV max, target-liver ratio (TLR), and target-blood ratio (TBR) had no significant prognostic value, but the prognosis of the group without distant metastases diagnosed by 68Ga-FAPI PET was significantly better than that of the group with distant metastasis ( P=0.032). Conclusion:68Ga-FAPI PET has high sensitivity for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary malignancies, which can help guide treatment decisions and prognosis evaluation.

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-related adverse events in novice trainees and establishment of its prediction model.Methods:The prospective study was conducted. The clinical data of 12 novice trainees of ERCP in the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from July 2016 to July 2019 were selected. The operation was performed by 12 novice trainees of ERCP under the guidance of the endoscopic experts. Observation indicators: (1) ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees; (2) analysis of influencing factors for ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees; (3) establishment of a prediction model for ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was analyzed by the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and com-parison between groups was analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were expressed as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was analyzed by the chi-square test. The Logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. The regression coefficients were used to construct a prediction model. The receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn, and the area under curve was used to evaluate the predictive ability. Results:(1) ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees. Of the 300 patients with ERCP operated by 12 novice trainees, 52 cases had ERCP-related adverse events and 248 cases had no ERCP-related adverse events. Cases in grade 1?2 or grade 3?4 of ERCP difficulty classification, score for intubation time, score for cannulation time, cases with or without completion of the cannulation, cases with or with-out basket stone removal, cases with or without stenosis expansion, score for contrast-enhanced interpretation, score for implementation of reasonable treatment and score for expected purpose reached were 22, 30, 8(range, 5?10), 20(rang, 9?20), 24, 28, 11, 41, 0, 52, 39±17, 39±19 and 44±23 for novice trainees with ERCP-related adverse events, versus 146, 102, 6(range, 4?9), 12(range, 8?20), 163, 85, 94, 154, 20, 228, 52±22, 80±20, 52±23 for novice trainees without ERCP-related adverse events, showing significant differences in the above indicators between them ( χ2=4.79, Z=?2.46, ?2.72, χ2=7.01, 5.30, 4.49, t=?4.00, ?2.97, ?2.29, P<0.05). (2) Analysis of influencing factors for ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees. Results of univariate analysis showed that the diffi-culty classification of ERCP, intubation time, cannulation time, completion of cannulation, basket stone extraction, contrast-enhanced interpretation, implementation of reasonable treatment and expected purpose reached were related factors for ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees ( odds ratio=1.95, 1.11, 1.08, 0.45, 0.44, 0.97, 0.98, 0.98, 95% confidence intervals as 1.07?3.58, 1.02?1.22, 1.02?1.14, 0.24?0.82, 0.22?0.90, 0.96?0.99, 0.96?0.99, 0.97?1.00, P<0.05). Results of multi-variate analysis showed that difficulty classification of ERCP and contrast-enhanced interpretation were independent influencing factors for ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees ( odds ratio=2.08, 0.95, 95% confidence intervals as 1.10?3.96, 0.92?0.99, P<0.05). (3) Establishment of a predic-tion model for ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees. According to the important outcome indicators of clinical training and results of multivariate analysis, 4 indicators including difficulty classification of ERCP, intubation time, cannulation time and contrast-enhanced interpretation were included to establish a prediction model for ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees, which indicated that trainees with the predicted score >0.4 were in high risk of ERCP-related adverse events. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of the prediction model was 0.72(95% confidence interval as 0.65?0.79, P<0.05), with the best cut-off value as 0.40, the sensitivity as 76.9% and the specificity as 63.3%. Conclusion:The difficulty classification of ERCP and contrast-enhanced interpretation are independent influencing factors for ERCP-related adverse events in novice trainees. Novice trainees with a predicted score >0.4 are high-risk groups of ERCP-related adverse events.

Parkinson′s disease (PD) is a widely heterogeneous disorder with a broad list of motor and nonmotor manifestations. PD varies in clinical features, dominant symptoms, and rate of progression from case to case, suggesting the existence of distinct subtypes. Research on PD subtypes aims to understand this heterogeneity. This review summarized the commonly used PD subtyping solutions and discussed the challenges and future perspectives of subtyping. In future study, by designing a more standardized research and comparing the differences of these subtypes in terms of a number of putative biomarkers, that might help to better understand the underlying disease mechanisms, predict prognosis, and eventually design more efficient personalized management strategies.

Vascular parkinsonism (VP) is a parkinsonism syndrome secondary to cerebrovascular damage. At present, domestic clinicians lack of understanding and pay little attention to it. This article briefly summarizes the epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention of VP, for providing references to clinicians and specialists.