Cardiac arrest is a major health event that poses a major threat to human life and health.Post-cardiac arrest brain injury is the main adverse prognostic factor and cause of death in patients who experience cardiac arrest.Currently,the therapeutic methods and effects are limited.In recent years,with the in-depth research on microbiota-gut-brain communication,it has been found that intestinal microbiota and their metabolites may play a role in the regulation of neuroinflammation in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.Short-chain fatty acids are the key substances in microbiota-gut-brain communication,and the mechanism involves immune,endocrine and neuroregulatory pathways.Supplementation of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria or short-chain fatty acids can improve intestinal flora disorder and reduce neuroinflammation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.As a key mediator in microbial-gut-brain communication,short-chain fatty acids have great potential for the treatment of brain injury after cardiac arrest.This review explores the role and regulatory mechanism of microbiota-gut-brain communication in the neuroinflammation of brain injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation through immune,endocrine and neuro-regulatory pathways,providing a new idea for the treatment of post-cardiac arrest brain injury.

Ischemic obstruction is a dangerous condition with a high mortality rate.Professor Jin Shi proposed that vascular intesti-nal obstruction disease is based on the intestinal tract while the structure of mesenteric vascular structure in modern medicine is highly similar to the morphological description of"intestinal collateral"in traditional Chinese medicine.The"hypercoagulable state"of blood is highly consistent with the core of the pathogenesis of"intestinal stasis"in traditional Chinese medicine.Blood stasis is a key patho-logical product and pathogenic factor of vascular intestinal obstruction and it is necessary to pay attention to the combination of disease identification,clarification of urgency,and phased treatment.This study provides a theoretical basis and practical example for the treatment of vascular intestinal obstruction in traditional Chinese medicine.

BACKGROUND:Synovitis is involved in all stages of osteoarthritis and is a key factor contributing to the development of osteoarthritis.Studies have shown that circular RNA(circRNA)plays an important role in the proliferation,apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation of synovial cells and chondrocytes.OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of circRNA SEC24A on the interleukin-1β-induced proliferation,apoptosis,and expression of inflammatory factors in human synovial fibroblasts.METHODS:Human synovial fibroblasts were divided into four groups,including control group,interleukin-1β group,empty vector group,and sh-circSEC24A group.Except for the control group,the other three groups were induced with 10 ng/mL interleukin-1β for 24 hours to establish inflammatory cell models;the empty vector group and sh-circSEC24A group were infected with empty vector virus and lentiviral vector knocking down circSEC24A.CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation.Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis.ELISA was used to detect the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9,matrix metalloproteinase-13,interleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factor-α in cell supernatant.Western blot assay was used to detect the relative expression levels of Bax,Bcl-2,matrix metalloproteinase-9,matrix metalloproteinase-13,casepase3,cleaved-casepase3,casepase8,and cleaved-casepase8 proteins in cells.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)qRT-PCR results showed that compared with the normal group,the expression of circSEC24A in human synovial fibroblasts induced by interleukin 1β was significantly up-regulated.(2)The absorbance value of cells in the sh-circSEC24A group detected by CCK-8 assay was significantly higher than that of interleukin 1β group and empty vector group(P＜0.05).The apoptosis rate of sh-circSEC24A group detected by flow cytometry was significantly lower than that of interleukin 1β group and empty vector group(P＜0.05).(3)The levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 in the supernatant of human synovial fibroblasts in the sh-circSEC24A group detected by ELISA were significantly lower than those in the interleukin 1β group and the empty vector group(P＜0.01,P＜0.001).(4)Western blot assay results showed that compared with the interleukin 1β group and the empty vector group,the expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax protein in the sh-circSEC24A group significantly decreased,and the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 protein increased significantly(P＜0.05);apoptosis and related activating factors cleaved-casepase3 and cleaved-casepase8 protein expressions were both reduced(P＜0.05).(5)ELISA and western blot assay results showed that compared with the interleukin 1β group and the empty vector group,the sh-circSEC24A group had lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 protein(P＜0.05).These findings indicated that the expression of circSEC24A was abnormally increased in human synovial fibroblasts induced by interleukin 1β.Knocking down circSEC24A expression could promote the proliferation of human synovial fibroblasts and inhibit apoptosis,inflammatory factor release,and extracellular matrix degradation,suggesting that circSEC24A may be an important intervention target for early osteoarthritis.

The concept of precision surgery is closely linked to advancements in modern medical technology and the interdisciplinary integration, profoundly influencing the direction of sur-gical decision-making and treatment paradigms. At its core, precision surgery aims to strike a balance among lesion removal, organ preservation, and damage control by leveraging key surgical technolo-gies that emphasize visualization, quantification, and controllability, ultimately maximizing patient benefits. In the field of liver cancer diagnosis and treatment, the concept of precision surgery should be integrated throughout the entire course of disease management, including preoperative precision evaluation, intraoperative meticulous procedures, and postoperative careful management. The reali-zation of these advanced concepts depends on continuous technological advancements and process optimization. However, the current diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer still face numerous challenges, such as accurate preoperative assessment of tumor biological behavior, optimization of intraoperative precision resection techniques, and improvement of postoperative recurrence moni-toring and intervention strategies. By employing technologies such as molecular imaging, circulating biomarkers, and artificial intelligence, the concept and practice of precision surgery can be further refined and seamlessly integrated into every stage of liver cancer management. This approach pro-mises to enhance surgical safety and efficacy, offering patients more scientific and efficient treatment options. The authors systematically explain the application of precision surgery concept in the diag-nosis and treatment of liver cancer and the thinking of the future development direction.

Cardiac arrest is a major health event that poses a major threat to human life and health.Post-cardiac arrest brain injury is the main adverse prognostic factor and cause of death in patients who experience cardiac arrest.Currently,the therapeutic methods and effects are limited.In recent years,with the in-depth research on microbiota-gut-brain communication,it has been found that intestinal microbiota and their metabolites may play a role in the regulation of neuroinflammation in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.Short-chain fatty acids are the key substances in microbiota-gut-brain communication,and the mechanism involves immune,endocrine and neuroregulatory pathways.Supplementation of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria or short-chain fatty acids can improve intestinal flora disorder and reduce neuroinflammation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.As a key mediator in microbial-gut-brain communication,short-chain fatty acids have great potential for the treatment of brain injury after cardiac arrest.This review explores the role and regulatory mechanism of microbiota-gut-brain communication in the neuroinflammation of brain injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation through immune,endocrine and neuro-regulatory pathways,providing a new idea for the treatment of post-cardiac arrest brain injury.

Ischemic obstruction is a dangerous condition with a high mortality rate.Professor Jin Shi proposed that vascular intesti-nal obstruction disease is based on the intestinal tract while the structure of mesenteric vascular structure in modern medicine is highly similar to the morphological description of"intestinal collateral"in traditional Chinese medicine.The"hypercoagulable state"of blood is highly consistent with the core of the pathogenesis of"intestinal stasis"in traditional Chinese medicine.Blood stasis is a key patho-logical product and pathogenic factor of vascular intestinal obstruction and it is necessary to pay attention to the combination of disease identification,clarification of urgency,and phased treatment.This study provides a theoretical basis and practical example for the treatment of vascular intestinal obstruction in traditional Chinese medicine.

The concept of precision surgery is closely linked to advancements in modern medical technology and the interdisciplinary integration, profoundly influencing the direction of sur-gical decision-making and treatment paradigms. At its core, precision surgery aims to strike a balance among lesion removal, organ preservation, and damage control by leveraging key surgical technolo-gies that emphasize visualization, quantification, and controllability, ultimately maximizing patient benefits. In the field of liver cancer diagnosis and treatment, the concept of precision surgery should be integrated throughout the entire course of disease management, including preoperative precision evaluation, intraoperative meticulous procedures, and postoperative careful management. The reali-zation of these advanced concepts depends on continuous technological advancements and process optimization. However, the current diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer still face numerous challenges, such as accurate preoperative assessment of tumor biological behavior, optimization of intraoperative precision resection techniques, and improvement of postoperative recurrence moni-toring and intervention strategies. By employing technologies such as molecular imaging, circulating biomarkers, and artificial intelligence, the concept and practice of precision surgery can be further refined and seamlessly integrated into every stage of liver cancer management. This approach pro-mises to enhance surgical safety and efficacy, offering patients more scientific and efficient treatment options. The authors systematically explain the application of precision surgery concept in the diag-nosis and treatment of liver cancer and the thinking of the future development direction.

BACKGROUND:Synovitis is involved in all stages of osteoarthritis and is a key factor contributing to the development of osteoarthritis.Studies have shown that circular RNA(circRNA)plays an important role in the proliferation,apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation of synovial cells and chondrocytes.OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of circRNA SEC24A on the interleukin-1β-induced proliferation,apoptosis,and expression of inflammatory factors in human synovial fibroblasts.METHODS:Human synovial fibroblasts were divided into four groups,including control group,interleukin-1β group,empty vector group,and sh-circSEC24A group.Except for the control group,the other three groups were induced with 10 ng/mL interleukin-1β for 24 hours to establish inflammatory cell models;the empty vector group and sh-circSEC24A group were infected with empty vector virus and lentiviral vector knocking down circSEC24A.CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation.Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis.ELISA was used to detect the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9,matrix metalloproteinase-13,interleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factor-α in cell supernatant.Western blot assay was used to detect the relative expression levels of Bax,Bcl-2,matrix metalloproteinase-9,matrix metalloproteinase-13,casepase3,cleaved-casepase3,casepase8,and cleaved-casepase8 proteins in cells.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)qRT-PCR results showed that compared with the normal group,the expression of circSEC24A in human synovial fibroblasts induced by interleukin 1β was significantly up-regulated.(2)The absorbance value of cells in the sh-circSEC24A group detected by CCK-8 assay was significantly higher than that of interleukin 1β group and empty vector group(P＜0.05).The apoptosis rate of sh-circSEC24A group detected by flow cytometry was significantly lower than that of interleukin 1β group and empty vector group(P＜0.05).(3)The levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 in the supernatant of human synovial fibroblasts in the sh-circSEC24A group detected by ELISA were significantly lower than those in the interleukin 1β group and the empty vector group(P＜0.01,P＜0.001).(4)Western blot assay results showed that compared with the interleukin 1β group and the empty vector group,the expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax protein in the sh-circSEC24A group significantly decreased,and the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 protein increased significantly(P＜0.05);apoptosis and related activating factors cleaved-casepase3 and cleaved-casepase8 protein expressions were both reduced(P＜0.05).(5)ELISA and western blot assay results showed that compared with the interleukin 1β group and the empty vector group,the sh-circSEC24A group had lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 protein(P＜0.05).These findings indicated that the expression of circSEC24A was abnormally increased in human synovial fibroblasts induced by interleukin 1β.Knocking down circSEC24A expression could promote the proliferation of human synovial fibroblasts and inhibit apoptosis,inflammatory factor release,and extracellular matrix degradation,suggesting that circSEC24A may be an important intervention target for early osteoarthritis.

The comparison between traditional Chinese medicine Jinzhen oral liquid (JZOL) and Western medicine in treating children with acute bronchitis (AB) showed encouraging outcomes. This trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of the JZOL for improving cough and expectoration in children with AB. 480 children were randomly assigned to take JZOL or ambroxol hydrochloride and clenbuterol hydrochloride oral solution for 7 days. The primary outcome was time-to-cough resolution. The median time-to-cough resolution in both groups was 5.0 days and the antitussive onset median time was only 1 day. This randomized controlled trial showed that JZOL was not inferior to cough suppressant and phlegm resolving western medicine in treating cough and sputum and could comprehensively treat respiratory and systemic discomfort symptoms. Combined with clinical trials, the mechanism of JZOL against AB was uncovered by network target analysis, it was found that the pathways in TRP channels like IL-1β/IL1R/TRPV1/TRPA1, NGF/TrkA/TRPV1/TRPA1, and PGE2/EP/PKA/TRPV1/TRPA1 might play important roles. Animal experiments further confirmed that inflammation and the immune regulatory effect of JZOL in the treatment of AB were of vital importance and TRP channels were the key mechanism of action.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the improvement effects of azithromycin on bronchopulmonary dysplasia （BPD） in neonatal rats based on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α（HIF-1α）/HIF-2α/vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） pathway. METHODS Sixty newborn SD rats were randomly divided into negative control group （NC）， BPD group， azithromycin group and budesonide group （positive control）， with 15 rats in each group. Rats in NC group were given normal breathing air， while rats in other three groups were exposed to high-concentration oxygen for 14 days to establish BPD rat models. After successful modeling， rats in azithromycin group were intraperitoneally injected with azithromycin 200 mg/kg， and rats in budesonide group were atomized with budesonide 1.5 mg/kg once a day for 14 consecutive days， while rats in BPD group and NC group were not treated. Pathological changes of lung tissue， radial alveolar count and mean alveolar intercept of rats were observed in each group. The white blood cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， IL-1β， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （CAT） and malondialdehyde （MDA） were detected； mRNA and protein expressions of VEGF， HIF-1α， HIF-2α were also detected. RESULTS Compared with NC group， the lung tissue in BPD group was obviously damaged； the white blood cell count， average alveolar intercept and the levels of TNF-α， IL-6， IL-1β and MDA were significantly increased； the radial alveolar count， SOD and CAT levels， the relative expressions of VEGF， HIF-1α， HIF-2α mRNA and protein were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. Compared with BPD group， the changes of the above indexes in azithromycin group and budesonide group were significantly reversed （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Azithromycin can obviously improve the symptoms of BPD in rats， reduce inflammation and oxidative stress， and exert lung protection， the mechanism of which may be realized by activating HIF-1α/HIF-2α/VEGF pathway.