The development of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, which convert polysaccharide antigens into T-cell-dependent immunogens through covalent conjugation with protein carriers, represents a critical strategy for enhancing immune protection in infants and young children. Globally licensed conjugate vaccines currently employ carrier proteins including Tetanus Toxoid, Diphtheria Toxoid, and Cross-Reacting Material 197. Recent advances have focused on three key areas: novel carrier protein discovery, optimized conjugation strategies, and evaluation of immune interference during co-administration of multivalent formulations. These efforts aim to achieve broader serotype coverage, prolonged protective efficacy, and simplified immunization schedules. This review synthesizes recent progress in carrier protein development, encompassing vaccine design principles, manufacturing processes, safety profiles, and epidemiological effectiveness. Furthermore, it critically examines current selection criteria for carrier proteins, their clinical applications, and persistent challenges, providing strategic insights to inform future conjugate vaccine development and immunization policy optimization in China.

The development of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, which convert polysaccharide antigens into T-cell-dependent immunogens through covalent conjugation with protein carriers, represents a critical strategy for enhancing immune protection in infants and young children. Globally licensed conjugate vaccines currently employ carrier proteins including Tetanus Toxoid, Diphtheria Toxoid, and Cross-Reacting Material 197. Recent advances have focused on three key areas: novel carrier protein discovery, optimized conjugation strategies, and evaluation of immune interference during co-administration of multivalent formulations. These efforts aim to achieve broader serotype coverage, prolonged protective efficacy, and simplified immunization schedules. This review synthesizes recent progress in carrier protein development, encompassing vaccine design principles, manufacturing processes, safety profiles, and epidemiological effectiveness. Furthermore, it critically examines current selection criteria for carrier proteins, their clinical applications, and persistent challenges, providing strategic insights to inform future conjugate vaccine development and immunization policy optimization in China.

Mini health technology assessment (Mini-HTA) was developed from traditional HTA,based on the hospital needs.It is a very important decision making method and reference tool for the hospital policy makers.Currently there is no report of using Mini-HTA ease on introducing new equipment in China.Present paper introduces the Mini-HTA to provide reference for others hospitals in China.

目的探讨脊髓损伤患者尿路感染常见细(真)菌及其对不同抗生素的敏感性和耐药情况。方法取脊髓损伤患者中段尿做尿培养及药敏试验,共计586例次。结果共培养出细(真)菌586株,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌475株(81.1%)、革兰氏阳性球菌83株(14.1%)、真菌28株(4.8%);产ESBL大肠埃希氏菌12株(2.05%)、产ESBL肺炎克雷伯氏菌5株(0.85%)。结论大肠埃希氏菌是导致本组患者尿路感染的最主要细菌,且细菌耐药现象较为严重,应引起临床医生高度重视。

ObjectiveTo investigate the resistance character and trend of bacteria strains producing extend spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) in clinic.MethodsThe ESBLs-producting K. pneumoniae and E.coli producing ESBLs isolated from Apr 2001 to Mar 2004 in our hospital were screened and confirmed according to NCCLs method.ResultsK. pneumoniae and E.coli with the ESBLs phenotype were increased in recent 3 years with the resistance rate and Gm(MIC) also higher than that not producing ESBLs.ConclusionThe dection of bacteria strains producing ESBLs will be enhanced in order to provide reasonable treatment information.

Wistar male rats were divided into two grorps, The experimental group was madethe paraplegia model. BOth groups were received cefazolinum 250 mg through single-dosed intra-venous injection. The concentration was measured by HPLC. The result implied that a).the concentra-tion of cefazolinum in paraplegic group was higher than that in control group either the distributingphase or the eliminating phase(p<0. 001);b). the pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the apparent vlumeof distribution:(v1,v2)was decreased and the elimination. half-life(t1/2β)was more length-y in paraplegia group. So that the drug concentration increased. The conclusion is that the dosege on thepatients with paraplegia should be clinically monitored,especilly following hepatic and renal disfunctionand with the drugs with narrowed safety range.