Myopia is a highly prevalent refractive error worldwide, with scleral remodeling accompanying excessive axial elongation being one of its core pathological features. As the crucial outer layer responsible for maintaining eyeball morphology and biomechanical stability, the sclera plays a decisive role in the pathogenesis and progression of myopia through abnormal alterations in its cellular components, extracellular matrix(ECM)metabolism, and regulatory networks. This review systematically summarizes recent research advances in scleral remodeling. It focuses on elucidating, from cellular and molecular perspectives, the mechanisms by which dysfunction of scleral fibroblasts, dysregulation of ECM metabolism(e.g., decreased collagen content, disrupted MMP-2/TIMP-2 balance), and complex regulatory networks involving multiple signaling pathways such as TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, and MAPK drive scleral thinning and reduced mechanical strength. Concurrently, the review provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential roles and existing controversies regarding factors like inflammatory responses and novel regulatory axes(e.g., FOXM1/METTL3/APOA1)in scleral remodeling. Furthermore, it discusses the current research status and application prospects of sclera-targeted intervention strategies(e.g., modulating specific pathways, supplementing exogenous factors), aiming to provide a theoretical basis and directional reference for a deeper understanding of myopia pathogenesis and the development of new prevention and treatment approaches.

Objective: To investigate whether fibroblast growth factor 18(FGF18) can induce human gingival fibroblasts(HGFs) isolatedin vitroto differentiate into osteoblast-like cells, and to explore the mechanism of osteogenesis. Methods : HGFs were isolated, cultured and identified by tissue block method. The third generation of HGFs were divided into experimental group and control group. FGF18 and L-DMEM was added to the experimental group while L-DMEM was added to the control group.The effects of different concentrations of FGF18(0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 mg/L) on proliferation of HGFs were detected by Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and alizarin red staining were used to detect the osteogenesis and mineralization ability of the cells after induction. RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry staining, and Western blot were used to detect the expression of genes and proteins related to osteogenesis and BMP2 in the BMP signaling pathway. Results: Compared with the control group, the experimental group could promote the proliferation of HGFs at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11days(P<0.05),ALP activity and mineral salt deposition increased after induction at 14 and 21 days(P<0.05), and the expressions of ALP, OPN, OCN mRNA and BMP2 mRNA in BMP signaling pathway significantly increased(P<0.01). The expressions of OPN, OCN and BMP2 protein at 21 days were significantly higher than those at 14 days(P<0.01). Conclusion FGF18 can promote the proliferation of HGFs, and induce the differentiation of HGFs into functional osteoblasts. The osteogenic mechanism is related to the upregulation of BMP2.

Objective:To investigate the technical key points and clinical effects of laparoscopic surgery using the subgastric approach for infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN).Methods:From October 2020 to October 2021, The clinical data of 6 patients with IPN after severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) undergoing laparoscopic surgery using the subgastric approach at First Hospital and Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University was retrospectively analyzed. Parameters in this report included the operation time, estimated blood loss, and the patient's vital signs, inflammatory marker CRP, and WBC before operation and postoperative 24 h, 3 d, and 1 w, and postoperative complications including pancreatic leakage, organ failure, bleeding, and abdominal infection and incision infection. Follow-up after surgery was completed in outpatient checkups and long-term complications were recorded.Results:There were 4 male and 2 female patients. The median age of the 6 patients was 50 (43.5, 56.5) years. Laparoscopic debridement surgery using the subgastric approach was successfully completed in all the patients and no reoperation was needed. The median operation time was 65 (52.5, 85) min; the median estimated blood loss was 20 (25, 37.5) ml. Median APACHEⅡ score one day before surgery was 11.5 (10.25, 12.75) and the median MCTSI score at initial admission was 8 (7, 8). The inflammatory parameters including CRP, WBC, and neutrophil count on postoperative day 3 and 1w were significantly lower than those before surgery, and all the differences were statistically significant (all P value <0.05). One patient had a postoperative pancreatic fistula and was alleviated after ERCP with pancreatic stent implantation. Another patient had a incision infection after surgery and recovered after complete surgical drainage of the abdominal wall incision. No patients had complications such as heart, lung, and kidney failure, abdominal hemorrhage and infection. During the follow-up, 5 of 6 patients had no newly-occurred diabetes, except one patient who had diabetes before the operation. None of the 6 patients had recurrent IPN. Conclusions:Laparoscopic surgery using the subgastric approach for infected IPN in lesser omental sac is safe and feasible.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics, etiology and outcome of early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) and late-onset neonatal sepsis (LONS).Methods:The clinical data of 265 neonates with NS admitted in the neonatal ward of the the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2014 to September 2020 were enrolled, including 76 cases of EONS and 189 cases of LONS. The general information, clinical manifestation, laboratory findings, pathogen distribution, treatment and outcome of the two groups were analyzed with SPSS25.0 statistical software.Results:The rates of meconium-stained amniotic fluid, prenatal maternal fever, abnormal white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil count in EONS group were significantly higher than those in LONS group ( P<0.05 or <0.01). However, the rates of indwelling central venous catheters, mechanical ventilation, fever, abdominal distension, abnormal platelet count and serum prealbumin level in LONS group were significantly higher than those in EONS group ( P<0.05 or <0.01). Staphylococcus epidermidis(135/265)and Staphylococcus aureus (22/265) were the most common gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli (13/265) was the most common gram-negative bacteria in NS. The proportion of gram-positive bacteria was the highest in both EONS group (85.5%) and LONS group (84.7%), which was mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis of coagulase negative staphylococci. The proportion of Listeria monocytogenes and Streptococcus infections in EONS group was significantly higher than that in LONS group ( P<0.05 or <0.01). The proportion of Staphylococcus aureus infection in LONS group was significantly higher than that in EONS group ( P<0.01). There was no significant difference in case fatality rate between EONS group and LONS group (6.6% vs 2.6%, P>0.05). Conclusions:Perinatal amniotic fluid pollution and prenatal maternal fever are risk factors for the occurrence of EONS, while indwelling central venous catheter and mechanical ventilation are risk factors for the occurrence of LONS. Abnormal platelet count and abnormal serum prealbumin are more common in the LONS group. The bacteria detected in EONS and LONS are mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of EONS and LONS should be managed differently.

Objective:To investigate the clinical risk factors of preterm infants and its severity in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).Methods:Retrospective clinical study was performed. A total of 126 preterm infants with BPD in the Neonatal Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2016 to December 2018 were enrolled in the study. Among them, 69 were males and 57 were females, whose gestational age<32 weeks and birth weight<1500 g. BPD grades Ⅰ , Ⅱ , and Ⅲ were 63, 40, and 23 cases respectively. According to the presence or absence of ROP, children were divided into ROP group and non-ROP group, with 48 (38.1%) and 78 (61.9%) cases respectively. The differences of clinical data between the two groups were compared and analyzed. Quantitative data comparison between groups was performed by t test, and count data comparison was performed by χ2 test. The risk factors of ROP in BPD premature infants were analyzed by multi-factor logistics regression. The correlation between BPD severity and ROP severity was tested by Spearman rank correlation test. Results:Compared with the non-ROP group, the ROP group had a smaller gestational age ( t=5.988), lower birth weight ( t=7.371), higher the application rate of oxygen concentration> 30% (duration of service> 24 h), high rate ( χ2=17.244) and longer noninvasive ventilation time ( t=-7.139), the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). In the logistic regression model, the noninvasive ventilation time was the risk factor for ROP in preterm infants with BPD ( OR≈1.054, P<0.05), while gestational age and birth weight were importantly protective factors for ROP in preterm infants with BPD ( OR≈0.938, 0.996; P<0.05). The results of the correlation analysis found that the severity of BPD was significantly positively correlated with the severity ofROP. As the severity of BPD increased, the severity of ROP increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( rs=0.306, P<0.035). Conclusions:Fetal gestational age, low birth weight, hyperoxia, and long-term non-invasive mechanical ventilation are the main risk factors for ROP in preterm infants with BPD. The severity of BPD is positively correlated with the incidence and severity of ROP.