Purpose To explore the clinical value of quantitative assessment of renal perfusion using ultrasound contrast imaging for the auxiliary diagnosis of type 2 diabetic nephropathy.Materials and Methods This prospective study was conducted from May 2017 to December 2019 at the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital.A total of 41 patients with type 2 diabetes and renal function abnormalities,who were scheduled for renal biopsy,underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasound.Differences in contrast imaging parameters,including time to peak in the renal cortex,peak enhancement,mean transit time local,and area under the curve between diabetic nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis were compared,and the correlation between imaging parameters and pathological results was analyzed.Results Among 41 patients,30 cases were diagnosed as diabetic nephropathy,and 11 cases were diagnosed as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.The peak enhancement and area under the curve in the diabetic nephropathy group were significantly lower than those in the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis group[peak enhancement:3 837.16(2 449.16,5 929.16)vs.8 508.00(4 334.88,21 201.00),Z=-2.766,P=0.006;area under the curve:0.14±0.05 vs.0.19±0.05,t=-3.135,P=0.003].In the diabetic nephropathy group,peak enhancement showed a negative correlation with the global glomerulosclerosis rate(r=-0.489,P=0.006).Conclusion Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can quantitatively evaluate renal perfusion and has certain clinical value in assisting the diagnosis of type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To establish the quality control system of the Capital's Funds for Health(CFH),strengthen the process management,and improve the clinical research capacity.Methods The framework,contents and implementation method of the quality control system were developed with comprehensively adopting methodologies of literature analysis,expert discussion,summaries of policy and practice experiences.Results This quality control system of the Capital's Funds for Health is comprised of three tiers.The first tier is self-assessment,the principle investigator takes the responsibility;the second tier is the sponsor verification,the sponsor organization takes the responsibility;the third tier is the independent audit,the CFH office takes the responsibility.The contents of quality control focus on the compliance with ethical approval and informed consent,data authenticity,protocol deviation,progress of project,and quality assurance methods taken during the project implementation.Conclusions This three-tier quality control system of the Capital's Funds for Health provides a new idea and scheme for the quality control of clinical research projects supported by funding agencies in China,and its impacts will be evaluated in next implementation practices.

Objective To investigate the effects of curcumin on acute kidney injury in endotoxic shock rabbits and discuss the possible mechanism.Methods Forty healthy male New Zealand white rabbits aged 2 months were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group (group C),curcumin control group (group Cur,curcumin 50 mg/kg),endotoxic shock group (group L,LPS 5 mg/ kg) and curcumin pretreatment group (group CurL,curcumin 50 mg/kg,LPS 5 mg/kg 30 minutes later),10 in each group.The concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were detected,and the rabbits were sacrificed 6 h after LPS treatment.The pathological changes of renal tissue were examined and the pathological scores were recorded.SOD activities were measured by xanthine oxidase method.MDA contents were assayed according to thiobarbituric acid method.Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to investigate the mRNA levels of Nrf2 and HO 1.The expressions of Nrf2 total protein,Nrf2 nuclear protein and HO-1 protein in the renal tissue were determined by Western blot.Results No abnormal structures were visible in groups C and Cur.The histopathological changes of the kidneys included glomerular shrinkage,cellu lar swelling,vacuolization and desquamation in tubules,interstitial edema and massive inflammatory cells infiltration in group L.Compared with group C,the pathological manifestations was relieved obviously in group CurL.Compared with group C,the pathological score,the concentrations of BUN,Cr,and MDA were obviously increased,while SOD activity was significantly decreased,the mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1,the protein levels of Nrf2 total,Nrf2 nuclear and HO-1 in the renal tissues were distinctly increased in groups L and CurL (P＜0.05).Compared with group L,the pathological score,the concentrations of BUN,Cr and MDA were obviously decreased,while SOD activity was significantly increased,the mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO 1,the protein levels of Nrf2 total,Nrf2 nuclear and HO-1 in the renal tissues were significantly increased in group CurL (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Curcumin can ameliorate acute kidney injury induced by endotoxic shock in rabbits,and its mechanism may be relate to activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

This article applied stochastic frontier analysis to estimate the efficiency of the 2007 Beijing Medicine Development Foundation,and analyzed the dominant influencing factors of the performance.The following results were found out..(1) The performance of 2007 Beijing Medicine Development Foundation was good in general,however there was a 23％ gap between the actual output and the frontier output.As time passes by,the expected performance will get better.(2) There are large differences existed between various categories of projects and the different levels of institutions and project leaders.The relatively high profile projects,which means large input and more complexity,requires higher level of facility and environmental support,project manager's degree,professional title,while technical efficiency is not obvious for small scale independent innovation projects.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the written project approval Indexes System of Capital Medical Ddevelopment Research Foundation.We analyzed the approval results of application projects and proposed measures to improve the index system.Methods We evaluated its reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient,split-half reliability; validity was evaluated with contract validity and content validity,discrimination was studies according to discretion grouping law,and feasibility was studied with the percentage-of-completion method.Results ① Reliability:Cronbach's alpha coefficient of factor and total scores'and split-half reliability were all over 0.80.②Contract validity:the standard factor loading coefficients of the index system were over 0.70 (range:0.57～0.86),indicating path performed well.All factor loading coefficients were statistical significant (T-values were 30.49～54.25,all were over 1.96).Fit Indexes (RMSEA =0.065、NNFI =0.99、IFI =0.99、CFI =0.99、GFI =0.95、AGFI =0.93、X2 =1028.21、X2/DF =11.82) indicated the system's goodness of fit was good.③ Content validity:Scale-level CVI,S-CVI was 0.97 and Interrater agreement was 0.93,over 0.90,which indicated that indexes system's whole Content validity performed well.Except for the item Academic thought item-level CVI being 0.57 all items' item-level CVI were 1.00.④Discrimination:Discrimination index of every primary index,secondary index and total score ranged from 0.51 to 0.76 (all were over 0.40),meaning that discrimination performed extremely well.Conclusion The indexes system's reliability,contract validity,content validity and discrimination conformed to the actual application projects appraisal results.

Objective To study the putative mechanisms underlying fetal alcohol syndrome by comparative protein-profile analysis between normal and ethanol-treated zebrafish embryo with twodimensional electrophoresis (2-DE).Methods Zebrafish embryos were exposed in 400 mmol/L ethanol at dome stage for 3 hours,and then ethanol-induced abnormalities were observed.Proteomes of zebrafish embryos at early stages including zygote stage,dome stage,shield stage and 5-somite stage,were separated by 2-DE.The subtraction analysis method was applied to eliminate the interference from maternal derived proteins.The ethanol-treated embryos at 5-somite stage was analyzed by 2-DE,and the protein profile was compared with that generated from control embryos at the same stage.The data obtained from 2-DE analysis were verified by in-situ hybridization.Results 400 mmol/L ethanol treatment caused axial malformation (62%) and cyclopia (60%) in zebrafish embryos.The 2-DE analysis showed that the expression of Collagen2al (Col2a1) and TAR DNA binding protein (TDP) was decreased in 12 hours post fertilization (12 hpf) ethanol-treated embryos by 81% and 73%,respectively.The in-situ hybridization also demonstrated that the expression of Col2al in axial mesoderm was reduced by ethanol treatment at the same stage.But for 24 hpf ethanoltreated embryos,the expression of Col2al in axis recovered to a comparable level to that in control embryos,while the structure of neural tube was disrupted severely by ethanol exposure.Conclusions It is suggested that the expressions of Col2al and TDP were disrupted by ethanol during early stage,which might induce the zebrafish developmental abnormalities.The ethanol interference on early expression of Col2al is supposed to be one of the major reasons leading to later abnormalities of axis and neutral tube.

Objective To establish the determination method of Astragaloside Ⅳ in Shenqi-wuweizi tablet. Methods A high performance liquid chromatography method with evaporate light scattering detection was adopted. The analytes were successfully separated with Agilent-C18 column using acetonitrile and water (30:70) as mobile phase at 1.0ml/min. The parameter of ELSD was set at a evaporation tube temperature of 90℃ and nebulization at 50℃. The column temperature was set at 35℃. Results The linear range of Astragaloside Ⅳ was 41.68～521μg/ml, and the calibration curve was lnA=1.5461lnC+5.9564 with a coefficient of 0.9995 (n=6). The average recovery rate was 100.42%, with a relative standard deviation of 1.74%. Conclusion The method was simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate. Besides, it showed good repeatability as well as specificity, suitable for the quality control of Shenqi-wuweizi tablet.

Objective To assess the CT characteristics of thoracoabdominal localized Castleman disease (LCD) in 55 cases and correlate with histopathologic features. Methods Fifty-five patients with LCD proved histopathologically in thorax ( n = 25 ) and abdomen ( n = 30 ) were collected during past 20 years. The unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT were performed in all patients. Two radiologists reviewed CT images and the CT findings were analyzed simultaneously. Results In 54 patients with hyaline-vascular type ( n = 50 ) and mixed type ( n = 4 ) localized CD, the lesion typically presented as solitary mass (90. 7% , 49 cases), with irregular or lobular or infiltrative margin ( 83.3% , 45 cases),central calcification (38. 9%, 21 cases), marked enhancement (100% , 54 cases), focal non-necrosis low attenuation areas (72. 2%, 39 cases), lymphadenopathy (70.4%, 38 cases) and dilated feeding vessels adjacent to the mass (96.3%, 52 cases). One lesion with plasma cell type localized CD presented as a mass with irregular margin, mild enhancement and central necrosis. Four morphologic patterns wereclassified on CT, including solitary mass with well-circumscribed margin (n =4), irregular or lobular margin ( n = 30), infiltrative or halo-like margin ( n = 16 ), and multiple coalescent maasses ( n = 5 ). Conclusion CT features of thoracoabdominal localized CD are closely related to the location and pathological type. LCD with hyaline-vascular and mixed type has typical CT characteristics, while LCD with plasma cell type has no typical CT findings.

Objective To approach the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS)for the detection of traumatic laceration of pancreas. Methods Sixty cases of pancreatic traumatic model were made in twelve healthy swines after the animals were anesthetized and laparotomized. Then the conventional ultrasonography(US) and CEUS were performed in each case to diagnose the traumatic region,immediately. The results were compared with surgical findings. Results Among sixty injuries,the detection rate of conventional ultrasonography was 66. 7%,the detection rate of CEUS was 88.3%. Conclusions CEUS shows higher detection rate than conventional US in diagnosing pancreatic laceration,and it also can improve the diagnostic value of ultrasound for the detection of pancreatic laceration.

Objective To study the effect of retinal dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitor (4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde,DEAB) on embryonic CSrdiac develclpment of zebrafish model with retinoic acid(RA)deficiency. Methods Zebrafish embryos were treated with DEAB at various concentrations including 1×10~(-6),5×10~(-6),10×10~(-6),25×10~(-6)mol/L at 5,8 and 10.3 hours post fertilization,respectively.The effects of DEAB on the embryonic development were assessed under microscope.1×10~(-9)mol/L exogenous RA was then added to detect the antagonistic effect against DEAB.The abnormal cardiac phenotype,heart rate and ventricular systolic fraction were observed and analyzed between wild type and DEAB treated groups.The expression of specific cardiac gene, natriuretic peptide precursor A,was monitored by whole-mount in situ hybridization to demonstrate the effect of RA signaling on early cardiac development. Results The survival rate of zebrafish embryos declined with the increase of DEAB concentration at different developmental stage.The percentage of abnormal embryos reached 100% when DEAB over 5×10~(-6)mol/L.1×10~(-9) mol/L exogenous RA could eliminate the teratogenic effect of DEAB(≥5×10~(-6)mol/L).DEAB treated embryos presented abnormal cardiac phenotype,including tubular heart,incomplete D-loop,abnormal atrioventricular development,regurgitation,slow blood flow and weak heart beat.The difference of heart rate and ventrieular systolic fraction between wild type and RA deficiency embryos was of statistical significance(P<0.05).The natriuretic peptide precursor A expression remained in the ventricle,but reduced obviously in the atrium with RA signaling deficiency. Conclusions The effects of DEAB on the embryonic development are dose-dependent and time-dependent,and could be rescued by exogenous RA.RA signaling plays a critical role in several key stages of early cardiac development and natriuretie peptide precursor A expression.