ObjectiveThis study aimed to establish a monocrotaline （MCT）-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension （PAH） rat model to systematically evaluate the protective effect of Xiao Qinglongtang （XQLT） on right cardiac function in model rats and further elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanism. MethodsSixty male SD rats were randomly assigned to the normal group， model group， XQLT low-， medium-， and high-dose groups （XQLT-L/M/H）， and the beraprost sodium tablet group （BST）. Except for the normal group， rats in all other groups were given a single subcutaneous injection of MCT （60 mg·kg^-1） to induce PAH. Three weeks after injection， rats in the XQLT-L/M/H groups were administered XQLT intragastrically at 3.07， 6.14， 12.28 g·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively. Rats in the BST group received beraprost sodium at 12.6 μg·kg^-1·d^-1， and rats in the model group received an equal volume of saline. All treatments lasted for 3 weeks. Right ventricular systolic pressure （RVSP） was measured by right ventricular catheterization. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. The right ventricle was weighed to calculate the right ventricular hypertrophy index （RVHI）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， Masson staining， and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe myocardial morphology. Serum metabolomic changes were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. Data-independent acquisition （DIA） proteomics was used to detect differentially expressed （DE） proteins in the right ventricle， and Western blot was used to measure the expression of uncoupling protein 3 （UCP3）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit p110α （PIK3CA）， L1 cell adhesion molecule （L1CAM）， and quinone oxidoreductase （CRYZ）. UPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical components of XQLT. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed significantly increased RVSP and RVHI （P<0.05）， along with pathological changes in myocardial morphology. Compared with the model group， all XQLT-treated groups exhibited reductions in RVSP and RVHI as well as significant improvements in cardiac function and myocardial morphology. Among the XQLT groups， XQLT-M showed the most pronounced effects （P<0.05）， comparable to the BST group. Serum metabolomics revealed 105 differential metabolites in the XQLT groups versus the model group ［variable importance in projection （VIP） >1， P<0.05］， including 58 upregulated and 47 downregulated metabolites. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that XQLT intervention downregulated phenylalanine metabolism （P<0.01） and upregulated unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis （P<0.05）. Proteomics analysis showed that 982 DE proteins were identified in the MCT groups versus the normal group， including 455 upregulated and 527 downregulated proteins （|fold change （FC）| >1.3， P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， 237 DE proteins were identified in the XQLT groups， including 124 upregulated and 113 downregulated proteins （|FC| >1.3， P<0.05）， with 57 overlapping DE proteins. KEGG enrichment suggested that XQLT mainly modulated pathways related to mineral absorption， ribosomal biogenesis， peroxisomes， glycolysis/gluconeogenesis， spliceosomes， and thyroid hormone signaling. Western blot analysis showed that， compared with the model group， XQLT increased the expression of UCP3， PIK3CA， and L1CAM， while decreasing the expression of CRYZ （P<0.05）. ConclusionXQLT exerts a protective effect on right heart function in MCT-induced PAH rats， and its mechanism is associated with maintaining myocardial homeostasis and alleviating right ventricular remodeling.

Objective To externally validate a prediction model based on clinical and CT imaging features for the preoperative identification of high-grade patterns (HGP), such as micropapillary and solid subtypes, in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma, in order to guide clinical treatment decisions. Methods This study conducted an external validation of a previously developed prediction model using a cohort of patients with clinical stage ⅠA lung adenocarcinoma from the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University. The model, which incorporated factors including tumor size, density, and lobulation, was assessed for its discrimination, calibration performance, and clinical impact. Results A total of 650 patients (293 males, 357 females; age range: 30-82 years) were included. The validation showed that the model demonstrated good performance in discriminating HGP (area under the curve>0.7). After recalibration, the model's calibration performance was improved. Decision curve analysis (DCA) indicated that at a threshold probability>0.6, the number of HGP patients predicted by the model closely approximated the actual number of cases. Conclusion This study confirms the effectiveness of a clinical and imaging feature-based prediction model for identifying HGP in stage ⅠA lung adenocarcinoma in a clinical setting. Successful application of this model may be significant for determining surgical strategies and improving patients' prognosis. Despite certain limitations, these findings provide new directions for future research.

Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

Objective:To summarize the electroclinical characteristics of patients with epilepsy with myoclonic absence（EMA）and analyze the relationship with prognosis.Methods:Clinical data of 25 patients with EMA monitored at the pediatric EEG monitoring centers of Peking University People's Hospital and Peking University First Hospital between January 2012 and December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into three groups according to development before and after the onset of the disease to analyze the electroclinical characteristics and the relationship with prognosis.Results:There were 14 males and 11 females in 25 cases，and the median age of epilepy onset was 48（26，74）months.Sixteen cases in the group with normal development before and after the onset of epilepsy（group A），5 cases in the group with normal development before the onset of epilepsy but retarded development after the onset of epilepsy（group B），and 4 cases in the group with retarded development before and after the onset of epilepsy（group C）.The median age at onset was 62（36，82）months，34（21，66）months，and 26（20，32）months in the three groups，with 3，3，and 4 cases of early onset in each group，respectively.The EEG background activity slowed down in 10 cases，with 6，1 and 3 cases in the three groups，respectively.Interictal EEG was normal in 1 and abnormal in 24 cases，which showed generalized discharges，of which 11 cases showed coexisting focal discharges and generalized discharges.Among the focal discharges，there were cases in all three groups，involving the anterior-posterior，temporal and Rolandic regions.Fifteen cases had myoclonic absence（MA）induced by hyperventilation，with 10 cases in group A，4 cases in group B and 1 case in group C.The most prevalent concomitant seizure was myoclonic seizure（MS），with 9，3 and 2 cases in each group respectively.Statistically significant differences were seen in early onset and refractory EMA among the three groups（both P<0.05）.In further two by two comparisons，the proportion of early onset and drug refractory cases was greater in children in group C than in group A，with statistically significant differences（both P<0.017），and the difference in concomitant MS among the three groups was not statistically significant（ P>0.05）. Conclusions:The MA seizures in children with EMA are sensitive to hyperventilation.The common accompanying seizure is MS.Some children with EMA present with early onset and refractory epilepsy，with a tendency towards developmental epileptic encephalopathy.

Objective:To summarize the clinical features of developmental epileptic encephalopathy children with DNM1 gene variants. Methods:The genotypes and clinical features of 15 children with DNM1 variants related epilepsy in the Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital from June 2017 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Results:A total of 8 male and 7 female epilepsy patients with DNM1 gene variants with the age of seizure onset ranging from 15 days to 22 months were recruited, median age was 8 months.All cases belonged to de novo heterozygous variants of the DNM1 gene, including 13 cases of missense variants, 1 case of frame shift variant and 1 case of nonsense variant, 8 cases of ectopic sites have not been reported.Multiple seizure types were observed, including epileptic spasms in 15 patients, focal seizure in 9 patients, atypical absence seizure in 2 patients and tonic seizure in 2 patients.There were various types of seizures in 7 children.Nine cases occurred as infantile spasm for the first time.All 15 patients showed varied degrees of development delay, among them, 11 cases had developmental retardation before epilepsy.Three patients had slow rhythm of electroencephalogram background activity, the electroencephalography showed hypsarrhythmia in 13 patients; clinical seizures were detected in 8 cases, among them, epileptic spasms were captured in 7 patients, tonic seizure was captured in 1 patient.Widened frontotemporal subarachnoid space, cerebral atrophy, and corpus callosum dysplasia were examined in 6, 2 and 3 patients by cranial magnetic resonance imaging, respectively.All 15 cases were diagnosed as developmental epileptic encephalopathy, of which 13 cases were consistent with infantile spasms.The age of the last follow-up ranged from 1 year old to 7 years old.After multi-antiepileptic drug treatment, 2 patients were remission, 1 patient(small size of identical twins) died of severe pneumonia at the age of 2 years, and 12 patients still had intermittent seizures, of which 1 patient was transformed from infantile spasms to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Conclusions:The onset age of developmental epileptic encephalopathy caused by the DNM1 gene variant usually begins in the infantile period, the peak onset age was 8 months.The main types of seizures include epileptic spasms and focal seizures, developmental retardation can occur before seizures.The clinical manifestations are mostly infantile spasms syndrome, and some children can be transformed into Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Objective:To analyze the clinical phenotype and genotype characteristics of infantile spasm (IS) associated with UBA5 gene mutation. Methods:Four cases of IS caused by UBA5 gene variation diagnosed at the Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital from March 2017 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical manifestations, electroencephalogram (EEG), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), treatment, and follow-up results were summarized. Results:In this study, 4 cases (3 males and 1 female) were clinically diagnosed with IS and carried complex heterozygous variation of UBA5 gene.Genetic analysis confirmed that a total of 6 different mutation sites were found, five of which were unreported.All the 4 cases presented with epileptic spasms at the age of 1 d to 8 months after birth, and 2 cases had focal seizures during the course of disease.The EEG of 4 cases showed hypsarrhythmia and cluster or isolated epileptic spasms were detected.Of the 3 patients who had brain MRI results, 2 cases showed nonspecific abnormalities and 1 case was normal.All the 4 patients had developmental delayed before seizure onset, and regressed to varying degrees and made slow progress after onset.One case had microcephaly, and 3 cases had hypertonia.At the last follow-up, the age of the 4 patients ranged from 7 months to 6 years and 4 months.All 4 patients were treated with multiple antiepileptic drugs, but none of them were under control. Conclusions:Children with IS associated with UBA5 gene variation have an early onset age, often accompanied by developmental delayed, microcephaly, dystonia, and refractory seizures.

Objective:To summarize the genotype and phenotype of epilepsy in patients with interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein-like (IRF2BPL) gene variants.Methods:Data of 6 epilepsy patients with IRF2BPL gene variants seen from May 2017 to September 2020 in the Department of Pediatrics of Peking University First Hospital were retrospectively collected. The clinical characteristics and genetic test results were analyzed.Results:A total of 6 patients with IRF2BPL gene variants (1 boy and 5 girls) were identified. The age of seizure onset was from 3.5 to 7.0 months. Epileptic spasms were observed in 6 patients, tonic seizures and tonic-spasms were observed in 1 patient and focal seizure was observed in 1 patient. All 6 patients presented with developmental delay, 5 patients presented with hypotonia, and 2 patients presented with dysphagia. Microcephaly,nystagmus,chorea and athetosis were observed in 1 patient. The electroencephalography (EEG) showed slow background activity in 2 patients. Hypsarrhythmia was observed in all 6 patients. Focal epileptic discharges were observed in 2 patients. Epileptic spasms were monitored in all 6 patients. Focal seizure and tonic-spasm were monitored in 2 patients respectively. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cerebral atrophy and dysplasia of the corpus callosum in 1 patient, delayed myelination in 2 patients and normal in 3 patients. Two patients had missense variants c.1280C>T/p.L474F and c.1420C>T/p.S427L, 3 patients had frameshift variants c.232delG/p.V78Sfs*73, c.244del/p.A82Pfs*70 and c.283-308del/p.Ala95Thrfs*29, 1 patient had non-frameshift deletion variant c.1453-c.1455delTTC/p.F485del, and all of the 6 cases had de novo variants. All patients were diagnosed with infantile spasms. The last follow-up age ranged from 1 year to 3.8 years. Four patients achieved seizure-free and 2 patients still had frequent seizures after the treatment with antiepileptic drugs (adrenocorticotropic hormone, topiramate, and vigabatrin).Conclusions:IRF2BPL gene variants are mainly de novo. The age of seizure onset is mainly in infancy, and epilepsy and developmental delay are the main clinical manifestations. Infantile spasm is the main phenotype, some patients have hypotonia and dysphagia. Cerebral atrophy can be observed in a few patients.

Objective:To summarize the genotypes and clinical features of neonatal-onset genetic epilepsy.Methods:Patients (114 cases) with identified gene variants were collected from May 2013 to May 2019 in Peking University First Hospital, retrospectively. The genotype, clinical, electroencephalographic and neuroimaging characteristics were analyzed.Results:A total of 141 neonatal-onset epilepsy patients with identified gene variants were enrolled, including 76 males and 65 females and involving 33 epilepsy genes. Top five genes were KCNQ2 (56 cases), SCN2A (25 cases), STXBP1 (9 cases), CDKL5 (8 cases) and KCNT1 (6 cases), accounting for 73.8% (104/141). The age of seizure onset was 3(1-28) days of age, 71.6% (101/141) were within 1 week of age. The age of genetic diagnosis was 4 months (1 month to 13 years) of age. A total of 130 patients presented focal seizures; 47 patients presented epileptic spasms. Other seizure types included generalized tonic-clonic seizures, clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, tonic seizures and absence seizures. Fifty-eight patients experienced multiple seizure types. The results of video-electroencephlogram (VEEG) were abnormal in 127 patients and in 62 patients clinical seizures were captured. Global developmental delay was presented in 122 patients. Epilepsy syndromes were diagnosed in 59 patients. Thirteen patients were diagnosed as Ohtahara syndrome (OS), 9 as epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), 17 as West syndrome (WS), 4 as OS developed to WS, 9 as benign neonatal epilepsy (BNE), 2 as benign familiar neonatal-infantile epilepsy (BFNIE), 2 as benign infantile epilepsy (BIE) and 3 as benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE). Sixty-seven patients were diagnosed as unclassified early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE), 13 patients could not be diagnosed as any epilepsy syndrome, and 2 patients were diagnosed as pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Forty-six patients had abnormal neuroimaging including cortical atrophy, corpus callosum dysplasia and cerebellar atrophy, involving 19 genes.Conclusions:Neonatal-onset epilepsy is related to many different genes. Seizure onset age of most patients is within one week after birth. Focal seizures and epileptic spasms are more common. Some patients show abnormal neuroimaging.

Objective:To summarize the clinical characteristics and the features of electroencephalograph (EEG) of children with DEPDC5 gene variants related epilepsy.Methods:The clinical data, gene variation, EEG and head magnetic resonance image (MRI) of 20 epileptic children with DEPDC5 gene variants admitted to Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital from May 2017 to November 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Twenty patients with heterozygous DEPDC5 gene variants were enrolled, 8 of 20 patients were nonsense variants, 6 were missense variants, 3 were frame-shift variants, 2 were splicing variants, and 1 was large fragment deletion. Sixteen cases had hereditary variation and 4 had de novo variation. Fifteen of variations were novel. Nine were male, while 11 were female. Their latest follow-up age ranged from 10 months to 13 years and one month.The epilepsy onset age ranged from 3 hours to 11 years and 3 months, the median age was 10.5 months. Twelve (60%) patients had developmental delay. Nineteen patients had focal seizures, 7 had epileptic spasms, 1 had multiple seizure types including tonic, atypical absence, dystonic and myoclonic seizures. Epileptic form discharges were observed in 18 patients during the interictal phase, and 11 were focal discharges, 7 were multifocal discharges. Ten (50%) patients had abnormal brain MRI, including focal cortical dysplasia in 5 patients, undefined malformation of cortical development in 4 patients, hemimegalencephaly in 1 patient. Four patients were diagnosed as West syndrome and one patient was diagnosed as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Fourteen (70%) patients were diagnosed as drug-resistant epilepsy. Four patients became seizure-free by treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. Three children were treated with surgery, and 2 of them became seizure-free, 1 had more than 75% reduction in seizures.Conclusions:DEPDC5 gene variant epilepsy is inherited with incomplete penetrance and focal seizure is the major seizure type. However, epileptic spasms, generalized seizures can also be observed. Half of the patients brain malformations. Most of the patients are drug-resistant epilepsy. Patients with clear epileptogenic zones can be treated with surgery. Treatment-resistant patients are more likely to be complicated with developmental delay.

Objective:To summarize the genotypes and phenotypes of children with ALG13 gene related congenital disorders of glycosylation type Ⅰ. Methods:Four epilepsy patients with ALG13 variants visiting the Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital from January 2016 to July 2019 were included.Their clinical data and gene results were analyzed. Results:There were 1 boy and 3 girls.Three patients had p. N107S variant, and 1 case had p. W112X variant.Two patients inherited the variants from their asymptomatic mother and 2 patients had de novo variants.The seizure began at 3 months to 2 years old.Focal seizure was observed in 1 patient, and epileptic spasms in 2 patients.Focal seizure, tonic seizure and epileptic spasms were observed in 1 patient simultaneously.Three patients were diagnosed with infantile spasms.All patients with ALG13 variants had developmental delay, including autistic-like features in 3 cases, hypotonia in 2 cases, and visual disorders in 1 case.The electroencephalography showed hypsarrhythmia in 3 children, and focal spikes and waves in 1 child, and spasms in 2 children.The brain magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebral atrophy in 1 patient, while the other 3 cases were normal.The last follow-up age was 2 years and 2 months to 4 years and 4 months.Four patients still had frequent seizures after treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Conclusions:ALG13 variants were mainly de novo, and p. N107S is a hot variant.ALG13 gene variations mainly occur to infants, characterized by developmental delay and spasms.Infantile spasm is the most common phenotype.Some patients have autistic-like features, hypotonia, visual disorders and cerebral atrophy.