In recent years,the microorganisms residues in endoscopes have frequently resulted in cross transmis-sion or even the outbreak of hospital-associated infections.It is of great importance to carry out standardized bio-logical surveillance of endoscopes,find out the high-risk links of cleaning and disinfection,and take targeted inter-vention measures to reduce the incidence of endoscopy-related infection.Based on the related guidelines in China and abroad as well as the latest clinical practice researches,the biological surveillance sampling and culture for en-doscopes were summarized in the article so as to enhance the surveillance quality,ensure the reprocessing effect and guarantee the endoscopy-related quality and safety.

OBJECTIVE To systematically analyze the functional system and construction requirements for infection prevention and control('infection control system'in short)in medical institutions so as to facilitate the effective,standardized and practical construction of the infection control system.METHODS The questionnaires were de-signed based on the relevant criteria and literatures that were released in China with the combination of expect con-sultant and were distributed to experts or professionals involving multiple fields such as hospital infection manage-ment,clinical medical treatment and information technology.The questionnaires were recycled,summarized and analyzed.RESULTS The list of functions of the infection control system(consultative draft)was formulated after review of literatures and expert consultation,including fundamental functions such as data management,case sur-veillance and intervention feedback as well as the advanced functions like target surveillance,occupational protec-tion and interconnection.The surveyed subjects agreed unanimously after the questionnaire survey that all of the function modules and elements enlisted were important,the average score of importance was more than 4 points,the score of coefficient of variable(CV)for importance of the function modules was less than 0.25,indicating that there was high consistency in the opinions among the surveyed subjects.The element of tracing and epidemiologi-cal survey function was adopted and added according to the feedback suggestions from some of the subjects;two function elements including data query and clinical interaction were revised,and the list of function requirements for the infection control systems was finally defined.CONCLUSION The requirements for functions of the infection control system that are determined in the study can provide important bases and data support for the research and standardized development of future infection control system.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease. Childhood systemic lupus erythematosus has complex pathogenesis,more severe tissue damage,and higher involvement rates of kidneys and other systems. The treatment goals are to reduce damage and prevent recurrence. B cells play a key role in its pathogenesis,making B-cell-targeted therapy a focus. Various drugs like Rituximab,Belimumab,Obinutuzumab,Telitacicept,and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy have been used. Although each shows efficacy,long-term safety needs research. In the future,precise individualized treatment based on biomarkers is expected.

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a major viral pathogen causing disease in pigs, and effective monitoring of SVA infection is critical for disease control. In this study, we aimed to develop a reliable ELISA method for rapidly detecting neutralizing antibodies against SVA. We used HEK293F cells to express an SVA-specific porcine Fab antibody and verified the biological activity of the Fab antibody by indirect ELISA, immunofluorescence assay, virus neutralization test, and Western blotting. The Fab antibody was biotinylated and used as a competitive antibody to establish a competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SVA. We then evaluated the C-ELISA in terms of sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and result agreement rate with the VNT. The results showed that we successfully prepared an SVA-specific porcine Fab antibody, which showed high affinity for SVA. We named this antibody 1M33Fab and designated it as Bio-1M33Fab after biotin labeling. The assay conditions were optimized as follows: the coating concentration of SVA particles being 1 μg/mL, the working concentration of Bio-1M33Fab being 0.5 μg/mL, the optimal serum dilution of 1:10, and the optimal dilution of enzyme-labeled avidin being 1:30 000. At a percent inhibition (PI) of 47%, the assay demonstrated the highest sensitivity (96.88%) and specificity (100%), with no cross-reactivity observed with the positive sera of major porcine viral diseases. The intra-assay coefficient of variation ranged from 1.12% to 7.34%, while the inter-assay coefficient of variation ranged from 1.10% to 8.97%, indicating good repeatability. In the detection of 224 clinical pig serum samples, C-ELISA and VNT showed a result agreement rate of 93.75%. In conclusion, we successfully develop a C-ELISA method for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SVA by using a porcine-derived Fab antibody, which lays a foundation for the development of detection kits.
Animals ; Swine ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods* ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology* ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology* ; Picornaviridae/immunology* ; Humans ; HEK293 Cells ; Swine Diseases/diagnosis* ; Picornaviridae Infections/diagnosis*

In recent years,the microorganisms residues in endoscopes have frequently resulted in cross transmis-sion or even the outbreak of hospital-associated infections.It is of great importance to carry out standardized bio-logical surveillance of endoscopes,find out the high-risk links of cleaning and disinfection,and take targeted inter-vention measures to reduce the incidence of endoscopy-related infection.Based on the related guidelines in China and abroad as well as the latest clinical practice researches,the biological surveillance sampling and culture for en-doscopes were summarized in the article so as to enhance the surveillance quality,ensure the reprocessing effect and guarantee the endoscopy-related quality and safety.

OBJECTIVE To systematically analyze the functional system and construction requirements for infection prevention and control('infection control system'in short)in medical institutions so as to facilitate the effective,standardized and practical construction of the infection control system.METHODS The questionnaires were de-signed based on the relevant criteria and literatures that were released in China with the combination of expect con-sultant and were distributed to experts or professionals involving multiple fields such as hospital infection manage-ment,clinical medical treatment and information technology.The questionnaires were recycled,summarized and analyzed.RESULTS The list of functions of the infection control system(consultative draft)was formulated after review of literatures and expert consultation,including fundamental functions such as data management,case sur-veillance and intervention feedback as well as the advanced functions like target surveillance,occupational protec-tion and interconnection.The surveyed subjects agreed unanimously after the questionnaire survey that all of the function modules and elements enlisted were important,the average score of importance was more than 4 points,the score of coefficient of variable(CV)for importance of the function modules was less than 0.25,indicating that there was high consistency in the opinions among the surveyed subjects.The element of tracing and epidemiologi-cal survey function was adopted and added according to the feedback suggestions from some of the subjects;two function elements including data query and clinical interaction were revised,and the list of function requirements for the infection control systems was finally defined.CONCLUSION The requirements for functions of the infection control system that are determined in the study can provide important bases and data support for the research and standardized development of future infection control system.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease. Childhood systemic lupus erythematosus has complex pathogenesis,more severe tissue damage,and higher involvement rates of kidneys and other systems. The treatment goals are to reduce damage and prevent recurrence. B cells play a key role in its pathogenesis,making B-cell-targeted therapy a focus. Various drugs like Rituximab,Belimumab,Obinutuzumab,Telitacicept,and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy have been used. Although each shows efficacy,long-term safety needs research. In the future,precise individualized treatment based on biomarkers is expected.

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of hemoperfusion (HP) and gammaglobulin on the treatment of Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura (HSP) with gastrointestinal bleeding in children.Methods:Case-control study.A total of 39 HSP children combined with gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosed in the Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2015 to December 2019 were retrospectively recruited.They were divided into the HP group and the gammaglobulin group according to the therapeutic strategy.Clinical data were collected, and a 6-month follow-up survey was conducted for monitoring the relapse of gastrointestinal bleeding and the occurrence of kidney injury.The differences between groups were compared by Fisher′s exact test, two independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis H-test, and One-Way ANOVA. Results:(1) There were 20 cases in the HP group and 19 cases were included in the gammaglobulin group.The gammaglobulin group was younger than the HP treatment group.(2) In addition to gastrointestinal bleeding, children in both groups had other clinical symptoms, such as abdominal pain, angioneurotic edema, and hematuria.(3)Comparison of laboratory indexes: Inflammatory indexes: white blood cell count (WBC), C-creative protein (CRP) and coagulation function indexes: fibrin degradation products (FDP), D-dimer (DD) were significantly elevated before treatment in the 2 groups, and there was no difference between the 2 groups ( P>0.05); WBC, CRP and FDP, DD declined in the 2 groups after treatment compared with the former, and there was no difference between the 2 groups ( P>0.05); (4) Comparison of clinical manifestations: when HP was applied with gammaglobulin in the treatment window within 3 d, the difference in the time of abdominal pain relief in the HP group was shorter than that of the gammaglobulin group [1.00(1.00, 1.00) d vs.2.00(1.75, 6.50) d, P=0.011]; comparing the time of gastrointestinal bleeding stopping when HP was applied with gammaglobulin comparison, the difference in gastrointestinal bleeding cessation time was not statistically significant ( P>0.05); (5) Comparison of hospitalization time: within 3 d application of HP compared with other window period hospitalization time were significantly reduced [(16.89±4.99) d than (19.20±2.39) d than (34.83±8.40) d, both P<0.05]; (6) Comparison of hospitalization costs: within 3 d application of HP compared with other window period hospitalization costs were significantly reduced [25 554.03 (22 168.61, 28 527.30) yuan than 33 619.48 (32 661.18, 36 971.47) yuan than 51 290.34 (34 163.04, 64 772.66) yuan, both P<0.05]; There were no statistically significant difference in the hospitalization time and hospitalization cost between and within the gammaglobulin group (all P>0.05); (7) Comparison of hormone dosages: the difference in the results of the initial dose of hormone use, pre-treatment dose of gammaglobulin/HP, and post-treatment dose of gammaglobulin/HP between the two groups of children was not statistically significant(all P>0.05). Safety profile was comparable between groups.The difference in hormone dosage before and after treatment within the gammaglobulin and HP treatment group was statistically different ( P<0.001). Conclusions:For children with severe HSP accompanied by gastrointestinal bleeding, early treatment with blood purification can rapidly relieve clinical symptoms and reduce the number of hospital days and hospitalization costs.For cases where blood purification is not available or suitable, gammaglobulin treatment is another option.

OBJECTIVE To screen potential adverse drug event （ADE） signals for the treatment of multiple sclerosis （MS） with ofatumumab， and to provide reference for the safe use of drugs in clinical practice. METHODS Using “ofatumumab” and the trade name “Kesimpta” as the search keywords， adverse event （AE） reports related to ofatumumab included in FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database from January 2009 to December 2023 were screened， and their reason contained the “multiple sclerosis”； ADE signal mining and analysis were conducted by reporting odds ratio method and proportional reporting ratio method. RESULTS A total of 21 759 eligible AE reports were selected， involving 62 449 AE cases； 27 system organ classes included general diseases and various reactions at the site of administration （15 021 cases）， neurological diseases （9 668 cases）， infectious and invasive diseases （5 967 cases）， injury， poisoning and surgical complications （4 952 cases）， musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders （4 647 cases）. A total of 21 759 AE reports correspond to 606 ADE signals， including 234 ADE positive signals. A total of 107 ADE positive signals were not included in drug instruction of ofatumumab， including flu-like diseases， nasopharyngitis， cough， urinary tract infection， sore throat， insomnia， runny nose， anemia， hair loss， atrial fibrillation， and thrombocytopenia， etc. CONCLUSIONS In the process of using ofatumumab for MS， sufficient attention should be paid to ADE included in drug instructions. The ADE with strong signal strength screened in this study should also be paid special attention to， such as flu-like diseases， hemocytopenia， temperature intolerance， optic neuritis， and moyamoya disease. The increased risk of infection， cardiovascular disease， and potential damage to the respiratory and spiritual systems caused by ofatumumab can not be ignored.

Objective: To explore the impact of smart physical education assignment on physical health of male university students, so as to provide theoretical support and practical references for physical health improvement of male university students and implementing smart sports assignments. Methods: From September 2023 to January 2024, 317 sophomore male students from six Taekwondo elective classes at Hunan Institute of Engineering were selected and were randomly divided into an intervention group (n=157) and a control group (n=160). The intervention group was given sports assignments twice a week through smart means with an intervention duration of 15 weeks, each time for 25-35 minutes, in addition to the teaching according to the public course syllabus, while the control group was taught according to the public course syllabus. The physical and health indicators of both groups were tested before and after intervention,then the differences in various physical health indicators between two groups of students before and after intervention were compared through ttest and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: After the intervention, the vital capacity, 50 m run, sitandreach, 1 000 m run, and pullup scores of the intervention group significantly improved compared to those before intervention. The scores improved from (3 918.27±737.34)mL, 7.88(7.53,8.45)s, 9.80(2.70,15.75) cm, 4.30(4.12,4.50) min and 3.00(0.00,7.50) times to (4 574.19±800.61) mL, 7.65(7.37,8.12)s, 17.20(11.80,21.55)cm, 4.13(3.58,4.31)min and 5.00(1.00,10.00) times,respectively (t/Z=-7.60, 2.61, -8.39, 5.62, -2.72, P<0.05). Before intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in physical health indicators between the intervention group and the control group (P>0.05).After intervention,the scores of the intervention group on the vital capacity,50 m run,sitandreach,1 000 m run and pullup, were significantly higher than those of the control group [(4 310.97±808.90)mL, 7.75(7.40,8.30)s, 14.10(8.42,17.87)cm, 4.29(4.08,4.45)min and 4.00(1.00,7.00) times] (t/Z=2.91, -4.55, -4.75, -4.15, 2.58, P<0.05). Conclusions Having 25-35 min smart physical education assignment twice a week can effectively improve physical health level of male college students. It is recommended to assign appropriate amount of smart sports homework to improve physical health level of college students, while ensuring the amount and intensity of physical activity in public physical education courses.