Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the first permanent cause of vision loss in developed countries,which is also a disease with high incidence and blindness rate in China.Studies have demonstrated that lipid metabolism is one of the key mechanisms of AMD.However,the precise mechanism remains unclear and medications for AMD treatments based on this mechanism have not yet been established.In this review,we critically review relevant studies to examine the associations between lipid metabolism and AMD from the perspectives of lipoproteins,lipid metabolism-related molecular,and lipid metabolism-related treatments,aiming to help understand the roles that lipid metabolism mechanisms play in the development and progression of AMD and to provide ideas for future targeted lipid metabolism therapies.

Objective To investigate the effect of butorphanol on the malignant biological behavior of glioma cells by regulating the sonic hedgehog (SHH)/glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) signaling pathway. Methods Glioma LN229 cells were divided into control group, low-dose butorphanol group, medium-dose butorphanol group, high-dose butorphanol group, high-dose butorphanol+pcDNA3.1 group and high-dose butorphanol+pc-SHH group. MTT and Edu assays were used to detect cell proliferation; flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis rate; Transwell chamber assay was used to detect cell migration and invasion; real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect SHH mRNA and GLI1 mRNA expression levels; Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of Ki-67, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), cleaved caspase-3, SHH and GLI1. Results Butorphanol could reduce the viability and proliferation rate of LN229 cells, and decreased the number of cell migration and invasion (P < 0.05). Butorphanol could reduce the expression levels of SHH mRNA, GLI1 mRNA and the protein expression of Ki-67, MMP-2, SHH as well as GLI1 in LN229 cells, promote cell apoptosis and increase the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 (P < 0.05). Overexpression of SHH could partially reverse the inhibitory effect of butorphanol on LN229 cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion Butorphanol can inhibit the malignant biological behavior of glioma cells, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the SHH/GLI1 signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the effect of myopia on retinal vascular geometry in young subjects.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study. From June 2018 to December 2018, 235 participants (235 eyes) who took part in routine physical examination in Huadong Sanatorium were included. There were 94 males and 141 females; age was (34.89±6.15) years old; equivalent spherical refraction (SE) was (-3.78±3.25) D. 59 (25.11%, 59/235) were divided into high myopia group (SE≤-6.0 D), along with 131 (55.74%, 131/235) low to moderate myopia group (-0.5 D> SE>-6.0 D), and 45 (19.15%, 45/235) emmetropia group (0.5 D≥SE≥-0.5 D). Retinal vascular geometric measurements, including central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE), central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE), fractal dimension arteriole (FDa), fractal dimension venule (FDv), curvature tortuosity arteriole (CTORTa), curvature tortuosity venule, branch angle arteriole (BAa), branch angle venule, branch coefficient arteriole and branching coefficient venule, were extracted by using a validated computer program. One-way analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were performed to compare the measurements across the high myopia, low to moderate myopia, and emmetropia groups. Linear regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between SE and retinal vascular geometric parameters.Results:The differences in CRAE ( F=65.11), CRVE ( F=61.52), FDa (F=14.26), FDv ( F=8.31), CTORTa ( F=5.07) and BAa (F=6.51) among eys of high myopia group, low to moderate myopia group and emmetropia group remained significant ( P<0.05) after adjusting for age, glycosylated hemoglobin, mean arterial pressure, body mass index, and intraocular pressure. CRAE and CRVE were linearly correlated with the SE ( P<0.05). FDa, FDv, cTORTa and BAa decreased with the decrease of SE in high myopia ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Myopia is associated with the change of the retinal vascular geometric characteristics. With the deepening of myopia, the change of retinal vascular geometric characteristics gradually worsens.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by E. granulosus is a serious helminthic zoonosis in humans, livestock and wildlife. Xinjiang is one of high endemic province for CE in China. A total of 55 sheep and cattle livers containing echinococcal cysts were collected from slaughterhouses in Changji and Yining City, northern region of Xinjiang. PCR was employed for cloning 2 gene fragments, 12S rRNA and CO1 for analysis of phylogenetic diversity of E. granulosus. The results showed that all the samples collected were identified as G1 genotype of E. granulosus. Interestingly, YL5 and CJ75 strains were the older branches compared to those strains from France, Argentina, Australia. CO1 gene fragment showed 20 new genotype haploids and 5 new genotype haplogroups (H1-H5) by the analysis of Network 5.0 software, and the YLY17 strain was identified as the most ancestral haplotype. The major haplotypes, such as CJ75 and YL5 strains, showed identical to the isolates from Middle East. The international and domestic trade of livestock might contribute to the dispersal of different haplotypes for E. granulosus evolution.
Abattoirs ; Animals ; Argentina ; Australia ; Cattle ; China ; Clone Cells ; Cloning, Organism ; Echinococcosis ; Echinococcus granulosus ; Echinococcus ; France ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haploidy ; Haplotypes ; Helminths ; Humans ; Liver ; Livestock ; Middle East ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sheep

Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Viral ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B virus ; immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I ; metabolism ; Humans ; Macaca fascicularis ; Mice ; Protein Binding ; Protein Engineering ; Receptors, Fc ; metabolism

Background Researches showed that the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and autophagy play an important role in the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma.However,whether high pressure will lead to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and autophagy is not elucidated.Objective This study was conducted to explore whether elevated pressure can directly induce the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in cultured RGC-5 cells in vitro.Methods RGC-5 cells were exposed to self-made pressure device and treated by 0,20,40 and 60 mmHg pressure for four hours in pressurized bottles.RGC-5 cells were incubated simultaneously in sealed incubator bottles and served as normal control.The morphological changes of the cells were examined under the inverted phase-contrast microscope.The apoptosis percentages of the cells were detected by flow cytometry.Mitochondrial membrane potentials of the cells were assessed using the JC-1,a fluorescent dye.And the expressions of cytochrome C (Cyt-c),microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1 protein in the cells was detected by Western blot.Results Cultured cells showed fusiform shape in the normal control group and 0 mmHg group with more dendritic process.The cell density was obviously reduced and the number of dead cells was increased in the 20,40 and 60 mmHg groups.The apoptotic percentage was (15.69 ± 0.77)％,(15.77 ± 1.14)％,(18.30± 1.07) ％,(23.28 ± 1.33)％ and (34.47± 1.17)％ in the normal control group and 0,20,40 and 60 mmHg groups,respectively,showing a significant intergroup difference (F =150.90,P＜0.001),and the apoptotic percentage in the 40 mmHg group and 60 mmHg group was significantly increased in comparison with the normal control group (both at P＜0.01).The mitochondrial membrane potential was high in the normal control group and 0 mmHg group,with the reddish fluorescence in the cells,and the reddish fluorescence was weakened in the 20 mmHg group and 40 mmHg group.The lowing of mitochondrial membrane potential was seen in the 60 mmHg group,with the green fluorescence.Compared with the normal control group,the expression of Cyt-c,LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1 proteins in pressured groups was correspondingly increased (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions Elevated pressure induces the morphologic change of RGC-5 cells,results in mitochondrial membrane potential reduction and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and autophagy.

Objective To investigate the etiological features and visual outcomes of endogenous endophthalmitis (EE).Methods A retrospective consecutive case series of 19 patients (23 eyes) presenting with presumed EE from 2009 to 2016 in the Ophthalmology Department of Zhongshan Hospital and Huashan Hospital,Fudan University were included.Patients' medical history (main risk factors),microbial culture results,treatment regimen and visual outcomes were evaluated.Results In total,19 patients (23 eyes) were identified,including 7 female (8 eyes) and 12 male (15 eyes).Mean age was 54.0 ±17.9,ranging from 24 to 85.Most patients had severe underlying diseases,mainly diabetic mellitus (9/19) and liver abscess (8/19).Twenty vitreous samples from 17 cases were cultured,and 12 eyes from 10 cases were positive with a positive rate of 12/20.Fifteen cases had blood or body fluids cultures and 10 were positive,with the positivity rate of 10/15.Candida albicans (5/6) was the most common pathogen isolated in fungal endophthalmitis,and Klebsiella pneumonia (7/13) was the most common pathogen in bacterial endophthalmitis.Patients mainly received vitrectomy,intravitreal injection,and systemic/local antibiotic therapy.Only five eyes had improved visual acuities,and 6 eyes were enucleated or eviscerated.Among the 10 eyes from 8 cases who were treated within one week after onset,5 eyes from 3 cases (5/10) had improved visual acuities;one eye from one case had no visual improvement;four eyes from four cases had no light perception or enucleated.No improved visual acuity occurred in patients who were treated after one week.Conclusions Although the incidence is low,EE has poor visual outcomes.Timely diagnosis and treatment may be helpful to maximize the recovery of vision.

Pachychoroid spectrum diseases includes central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC),pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy,pachychoroid neovasculopathy,and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,which share common characteristics,including focal or diffused increased choroidal thickness,choroidal hyperpermeability,and dilated choroidal vessels.These diseases are likely to represent a continuum of the same pathogenic process.Similar features and association among them suggest that they may have similar etiology.It is of great clinical significance to understand the composition and typical morphological changes of pachychoroid-related diseases and to explore its possible pathogenesis.

Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Diabetes,Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia(DHL) Knowledge Instrument in community diabetic patients.Methods A face-to-face interview was conducted among 513 patients with diabetes in the community from January to March 2016 by using the Chinese version of DHL Knowledge Instrument.Forty of them were randomly sampled and reinvestigated 4 weeks later.The analyses on Cronbach's α coefficient,test-retest reliability,content validity,discriminant validity and construct validity were performed to evaluate reliability and validity of the DHL Knowledge Instrument.Results The qualified questionnaires were collected from 488 participants,including 232 males and 256 females with a mean age of (66 ± 6)years.The overall scores of the Chinese version of DHL Knowledge Instrument was 67.7 ± 18.0 and the scores of diabetes,hypertension,hyperlipidemia,medications and general issues sub-scales were 82.0 ± 22.5,65.9 ± 25.2,38.2 ± 34.3,75.5 ± 20.8 and 72.1 ± 22.9,respectively.The standardized Cronbach's α coefficient of the total scale was 0.849 and the test-retest reliability of the total scale was 0.706 (P ＜ 0.01).In term of content validity,the correlation coefficient was from 0.580 to 0.827 among total scale and sub-scales (P ＜ 0.01).In term of discriminant validity,the difference between the high and the low score group on total scale and sub-scales were significant (t value =-13.486 to-35.528,all P ＜ 0.01).In term of construct validity,based on exploratory factor analysis,the scale was revised.According to confirmatory factor analysis of revised scale,four factor model containing 20 items was well fitted (X2 =159.689,df =134,P =0.064);the GFI (goodness of fit index) =0.966,AGFI (adjusted goodness of fit index) =0.952,RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation) =0.020.Conclusion The Chinese version of DHL Knowledge Instrument possesses good reliability and validity and is suitable to evaluate the knowledge of community diabetic patients,and the modified version may work better than the original one.

Objective To explore the impact of TIMP 3 regulated by miR-181b as a target gene on invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vitro.Methods The expressions of miR-181b were detected using SYBR Green real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction on liver cancer specimens and on HCC cell lines.The protein expression of TIMP 3 in HCC was detected using westen blot,and SKHep-1 as a cell line expressing high miR-181b was chosen through reporter gene experiment.TIMP-3 as a target gene regulated by miR-181b and its effect on invasion and migration treated by anti-miR-181 b were studied using transwell and cell scarification test,respectively.Results The expression of miR-181b in HCC was higher than cancer-adjacent tissues and normal liver tissues.The differences among them were significant.There was a correlation between the high expression of miR-181b and invasiveness and metastasis in HCC.The protein expression of TIMP-3 in HCC was significantly lower than normal liver tissues and cancer-adjacent tissues.Expression of miR-181b mRNA was detected in various HCC cell lines such as Hep3B,HepG2,Huh 7,SKHep-1,SNU182,SNU449 and hepatocyte,with the expression of miR-181b in SKHep-1 being the highest (P＜0.01).TIMP3-3UTR was low when the expression of miR-181b was high (P＜0.05).The invasion and migration abilities of SKHep-1 were significantly inhibited by anti-miR-181b (P＜0.05).Conclusion The data suggested that miR-181b promoted invasion and migration of SKHep-1 by down-regulating TIMP-3 in HCC.