Exosomes are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm. They contain a variety of biological molecules including proteins, lipids, and genetic materials by which they can act as mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Increasing studies on exosomes have elucidate the mechanism of communication between immune cells. Mast cells are found to release exosomes in both resting and activated states, but the quantity, contents and functions of the exosomes are significantly different in different states. Mast cell-derived exosomes are involved in the maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells, and mediate the activation of T lymphocytes and the polarization of macrophages. These results provide new insights into the role of exosomes in mast cell function and immune regulation.

Collagen contains abundant cell binding motifs, which are conducive to adhesion, migration, and differentiation, maintain cell vitality and promote cell proliferation. However, pure collagen hydrogel has some shortcomings such as poor mechanical properties, poor thermal stability and fast degradation. Numerous studies have shown that the properties of collagen can be improved by combining it with natural polysaccharides such as alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid and cellulose. In this paper, the research status and biological application fields of four kinds of composite hydrogels, including collagen-alginate composite hydrogels, collagen-chitosan hydrogels, collagen-hyaluronic acid hydrogels and collagen-cellulose hydrogels, were summarized. The common preparation methods of four kinds of composite hydrogels were introduced, and the future development direction of collagen-based composite hydrogels was prospected.
Hydrogels/chemical synthesis* ; Collagen/chemistry* ; Polysaccharides/chemistry* ; Alginates/chemistry* ; Hyaluronic Acid/chemistry* ; Chitosan/chemistry* ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry* ; Humans ; Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Cellulose/chemistry* ; Tissue Scaffolds

Objective To evaluate the prognostic value of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on recurrence after hepatectomy for AFP negative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Clinical data of 68 AFP negative HCC patients undergoing radical hepatectomy from September 2010 to January 2013 were analyzed retrospectively.According to preoperative NLR,patients were divided into low NLR group (NLR ＜ 2.78) and high NLR group (NLR ≥ 2.78),respectively.Univariate analysis was performed to assess for a significant difference in clinicopathological characteristics influencing disease-free suvival after hepatectomy.A multivariate analysis was performed by Cox regression for variables significant on univariate analysis.Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess disease-free survival rate.Results The overall 1,2,and 3-year disease-free survival rate was 79.7％,37.5％,and 18.2％ respectively.The disease-free survival of high NLR group was significantly lower than the low NLR group (1,2,and 3-year overall survival were 70.3％,35.1％,and 13.5％ vs 85.2％,40.7％,and 18.5％,respectively,P =0.042).Preoperative NLR ≥2.78,tumor size (＞ 5 cm),microvascular invasion and liver cirrhosis were risk factors of poor disease-free survival.Cox regression analysis revealed that all of these four factors were independent predictors of poorer disease-free survival.Conclusions Preoperative NLR≥2.78 was one of independent adverse predictors for disease-free survival in AFP negative HCC patients after hepatectomy.

Objective To explore the treatment of primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors (PHNET).Methods The therapeutic treatments of 9 PHNET patients from January 2003 to January 2010 in 3 hospitals were retrospective analyzed and followed up.Results Diagnosis of PHNET was confirmed immunohistochemically and by excluding extrahepatic primary sites.The survival is significantly dependent on tumor resectability.One patient received only radiotherapy and one with only chemotherapy,one with radiofrequency ablation.Six patients received R0 resection,one received postoperative radiotherapy,one with TACE perioperatively and internal radiotherapy.Two patients were lost to follow up 3 patients died and 4 were alive.Intrahepatic recurrence was found in 1 patient and metastasis to bone in 2 patients.Survival time ranged from 11 days to 66 months.Conclusions PHNET is an extremely rare entity with difficulty in early diagnosis.Curative liver resection integrated with transarterial chemoembolization or radiotherapy is considered to be an effective modality.

AIM: To observe the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.f.alba. (Sal) on the mitochondrial ultra-structure, oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by ischemia injury in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.METHODS: The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model was established by a modified Longa occlusion method. Adult male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, simple ischemia reperfusion group, Sal with ischemia reperfusion group and butylphthalide with ischemia reperfusion group. To study the protective effects of Sal and its mechanism, the intervention of Sal was given and the ultra-structure of mitochondria, functions of mitochondria under oxidative stress and the incidence of apoptosis of brain cells were determined.RESULTS: Many electron dense toxic granulation and vacuolus in mitochondria were observed in the rat brain of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Under the condition of ischemia and reperfusion, the mitochondria membrane was disaggregative, and the tubular cristae of mitochondrion disappeared. MDA content was obviously increased and the activity of glutathione peroxidase decreased significantly. The apoptosis of brain cells were observed in a great quantity. The changes of ultra-structure of mitochondria and the activity of GSH-Pxase were significantly improved by the treatment of Sal. Furthermore, treatment with Sal delayed the decrease of GSH-Pxase activity, and inhibited the increase in MDA content in brain tissue after ischemia and reperfusion. The incidence of apoptosis of brain cells was also decreased.CONCLUSION: Sal protects the brain tissue from ischemia injury.

Objective To observe the effect of acupuncture combined with integrated Chinese-Western neuromuscular facilitation technique on persistent vegetative state (PVS).Methods41 PVS cases were randomly divided into the observation group (n=21) and control group (n=20). The observation group was treated with acupuncture, neuromuscular facilitation technique combined with reasonable obligatory exercise, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, manipulation treatment and Chinese medicine. The control group was treated with the Western and Chinese medicines, and hyperbaric oxygen.ResultsAfter 1～3 months treatment, 7 cases cured,8 cases were markedly effective, 5 cases were effective, 1 cases were ineffective in the observation group with a total markedly effective rate (71.4%) and effective rate (95.2%). While, in the control group, 3 cases cured, 5 cases were markedly effective, 6 cases were effective, 6 cases were ineffective and total markedly effective rate was 40%, effective rate was 70%. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the total markedly effective rate and the effective rate ( P<0.05). The average PVS score increased by 7.46±1.22 in the observation group and 4.59±1.21 in the control group. Also there was a significant difference between the two groups ( P<0.001).ConclusionThe therapy of acupuncture combined with integrated Chinese-Western neuromuscular facilitation technique can markedly promote PVS patients coming round and improve patients' prognosis.

ObjectiveTo study effects of treating acute progressive cerebral infarction by the brain-located mild hypothermia therapy.Methods60 patients were randomly divided into the treatment group (30 cases) and the control group (30 cases). Drugs were used in both groups, and the located mild hypothermia therapy was only applied in the treatment group. After 72 hours and 7 days, the volume of cerebral infarction and the nerve function deficiency (NFD) scores of hemiplegic limbs were compared.ResultsThe volume of cerebral infarction of the treatment group was significantly smaller than that of the control group (P<0.01).There were significant differences on the neurological impairment scores between two groups (P<0.01).Conclusions The brain-located mild hypothermia therapy can reduce hydrocephalus of patients with acute progressive cerebral infarction, and have brain protection. These results provide an important theoretical foundation for the treatment of cerebral infraction with low-temperature therapy.

Objective To study the protective effects of estrogen on brain injured by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in ovariectomized rats.Methods 30 d after bilateral ovariectomy,the benzestrofol 100 ?g/(kg?d)were intramusculari injected in to the models of ovariectomied rats for 14 d. Then the rat models of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion were made. The expressions of CD54 and TNF-? in brain tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. The apoptotic cells were assayed by TUNEL,and the ultramicrostructural changes of neuron membrane was observed by electron microscope. Results Compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group and ovariectomized group,the expressions of CD54 and TNF-? of brain tissue in the estrogen group were significantly lower,and the apoptosis was reduced (all P