Olfactory receptors (ORs) form the largest superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Traditionally recognized for their role in the nasal olfactory epithelium, where they mediate the sense of smell, accumulating evidence has firmly established their ectopic expression in non-olfactory tissues, including the intestine, lungs, and kidneys. The intestine, as the primary site for nutrient digestion and absorption, harbors a highly complex chemical environment. To adapt to this environment, the gut employs a sophisticated network of “chemosensors” to monitor luminal contents and maintain homeostasis. Among these sensors, intestinal ORs have emerged as crucial functional components, serving as a molecular bridge that connects environmental chemical signals—such as food-derived odorants—to specific physiological responses. This discovery has significantly deepened our understanding of how dietary flavors and compounds influence intestinal physiology at the molecular level. This review systematically summarizes the expression profiles, ligand classification, and biological functions of ORs within the gastrointestinal tract. Studies indicate that intestinal ORs exhibit distinct spatial distribution patterns across different gut segments and display cell-type specificity, particularly within enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. These receptors function as versatile sensors capable of recognizing a wide variety of ligands, including exogenous dietary components, gut microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and endogenous small molecules like azelaic acid. Upon activation by specific ligands, intestinal ORs trigger intracellular signaling cascades, primarily involving the AC-cAMP-PKA pathway or calcium influx channels. A major focus of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors regulate the secretion of gut hormones. Activation of specific ORs in enteroendocrine cells has been shown to stimulate the release of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and serotonin (5-HT), thereby modulating systemic energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and gastrointestinal motility. Furthermore, the review addresses the critical roles of ORs in immune regulation and pathology. Evidence suggests that specific ORs contribute to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and may offer protection against inflammation. Beyond their involvement in inflammatory responses, ORs such as Olfr78 have been shown to regulate the differentiation and function of intestinal endocrine cells. Similarly, Olfr544 has been demonstrated to alleviate intestinal inflammation by remodeling the gut microbiome and metabolome. These findings collectively suggest that specific ORs hold promise as therapeutic targets for mitigating intestinal inflammation and maintaining gut homeostasis. Additionally, the review explores the emerging role of ORs in cancer. Although OR expression is often downregulated in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosa, activation of specific ORs by certain ligands can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration and induce apoptosis via pathways such as MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK. Conversely, other receptors, such as OR7C1, may serve as biomarkers for cancer-initiating cells. In conclusion, intestinal ORs represent a vital component of the gut’s sensory network. The review also discusses the translational potential of these findings. By elucidating the precise pairing relationships between dietary components and specific ORs, novel therapeutic strategies could be developed. Intestinal ORs may thus emerge as promising targets for nutritional and pharmacological interventions in metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and malignancies.

With the widespread application of low-dose computed tomography (CT), the detection rate of multiple lung cancers (MLCs) is gradually increasing. The diagnosis and treatment of MLCs have become a major challenge in clinical practice in thoracic surgery and oncology. In April 2025, the Lung Cancer Professional Committee of the China Anti-Cancer Association (CACA) organized multidisciplinary experts from both domestic and international fields to release the first edition of the CACA Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Lung Cancers, providing systematic recommendations for the diagnostic system, molecularassessment strategies, and surgical and non-surgical management of MLCs. This article provides a detailed interpretation of the core content of this consensus and, by incorporating the latest research progress in the field, delves into the pathogenesis, precise diagnostic strategies, and individualized treatment pathways for multiple lung cancers, aiming to offer a more comprehensive reference for clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy and mechanism of Gongliuxiao capsule combined with dienogest （DNG） in the treatment of refractory/recurrent endometriosis （EMT）. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 94 patients with refractory/recurrent EMT admitted to Qingdao TCM Hospital from January 2022 to January 2025. According to different treatment methods， they were divided into a monotherapy group （47 cases， receiving DNG monotherapy） and a combination group （47 cases， receiving Gongliuxiao capsule combined with DNG）. The cl inical efficacy， symptom and sign scores [Visual Analog Scale （VAS） and Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart （PBAC） scores ] ， vascular endothelial function indicators [serum transforming growth factor-β 1 （TGF-β 1 ）， vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）， matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2）， MMP-9， basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF） ] ， serum pathological factors [carbohydrate antigen 125 （CA125）， CA199， anti-endometrial antibody （EMAb） ] ， and Th1/Th2 drift indicators [interferon-γ （IFN-γ）， interleukin-4 （IL-4） ] were compared between the two groups before and after 6 months of treatment. RESULTS After treatment， the VAS and PBAC scores， serum levels of TGF-β 1 ， VEGF， MMP-2， MMP-9， bFGF， CA125， CA199， EMAb， and IL-4 in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment， while IFN-γ levels were significantly higher than those before treatment （ P ＜0.05）. Moreover， the magnitude of increase or decrease in the combination group was significantly greater than that in the monotherapy group （ P ＜0.05）. The total effective rate in the combination group was significantly higher than that in the monotherapy group （93.62% vs. 76.60%， P ＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The combination of Gongliuxiao capsule and DNG is effective in treating refractory/recurrent EMT， and can effectively improve the degree of dysmenorrhea and abnormal menstrual volume in patients. The mechanism may be related to improving vascular endothelial function， inhibiting the expression of tumor pathological factors， and correcting Th1/Th2 drift.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of leaflet augmentation technique to repair the recurrent mitral valve (MV) regurgitation after mitral repair in children. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of children who underwent redo MV repair for recurrent regurgitation after initial MV repair, using a leaflet augmentation technique combined with a standardized repair strategy at Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, from 2018 to 2022. The pathological features of the MV, key intraoperative procedures, and short- to mid-term follow-up outcomes were analyzed. Results A total of 24 patients (12 male, 12 female) were included, with a median age of 37.6 (range, 16.5–120.0) months. The mean interval from the initial surgery was (24.9±17.0) months. All children had severe mitral regurgitation preoperatively. The cardiopulmonary bypass time was (150.1±49.5) min, and the aortic cross-clamp time was (94.0±24.2) min. There were no early postoperative deaths. During a mean follow-up of (20.3±9.1) months, 3 (12.5%) patients developed moderate or severe mitral regurgitation (2 severe, 1 moderate). One (4.2%) patient died during follow-up, and one (4.2%) patient underwent a second MV reoperation. The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was significantly reduced postoperatively compared to preoperatively [ (43.5±8.6) mm vs. (35.8±7.8)mm, P<0.001]. Conclusion The leaflet augmentation technique combined with a standardized repair strategy can achieve satisfactory short- to mid-term outcomes for the redo mitral repair after previous MV repair. It can be considered a safe and feasible technical option for cases with complex valvular lesions and severe pathological changes.

This study delves into the mechanism of total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot(TFA) in treating ulcerative colitis(UC) and depression via inhibiting M1 polarization of macrophages and reshaping intestinal flora and glycerolphospholipid metabolism. The study established a mouse model of UC and depression induced by chronic restraint stress(CRS) and dextran sulfate sodium(DSS). The fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) experiment after TFA intervention was conducted. Mice in the FMT donor group were modeled and treated, and fecal samples were taken to prepare the bacterial solution. Mice in the FMT receptor group were treated with antibiotic intervention, and then administered bacterial solution by gavage from mice in the donor group, followed by UC depression modeling. After the experiment, behavioral tests were conducted to evaluate depressive-like behaviors by measuring the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in the hippocampus of mice. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in the brain and colon tissue of mice were also measured, and the polarization status of macrophages was evaluated by measuring the mRNA levels of CD86 and CD206. 16S ribosomal RNA(16S rRNA) sequencing technology was used to analyze changes in the intestinal flora of mice. Wide target lipidomics was used to detect serum lipid metabolite levels in mice after FMT,and correlation analysis was conducted between lipids and differential intestinal flora significantly regulated by TFA. In vitro experiments, representative glycerophospholipid metabolites and glycerophospholipid inhibitors were used to intervene in Raw264.7 macrophages, and the mRNA levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,CD86,and CD206 were detected. The results showed that TFA and FMT after intervention could significantly improve depressive-like behavior and intestinal inflammation in mice with UC and depression, significantly downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and CD86 mRNA expression in brain and colon tissue, inhibiting M1 polarization of macrophages, and significantly upregulate CD206 mRNA expression, promoting M2 polarization of macrophages. In addition, the high-dose group had a more significant effect. After TFA intervention, FMT significantly corrected the metabolic disorder of glycerophospholipids in mice with UC and depression, and there was a significant correlation between differential intestinal flora and glycerophospholipids. In vitro experiments showed that glycerophospholipid metabolites, especially lysophosphatidylcholine(LPC),significantly upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and CD86 mRNA expression, promote M1 polarization of macrophages, while glycerophospholipid inhibitors had the opposite effect. The results indicate that TFA effectively treats depression and UC by correcting intestinal flora dysbiosis and reshaping glycerophospholipid metabolism, thereby inhibiting M1 polarization of macrophages.
Animals ; Mice ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Abelmoschus/chemistry* ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology* ; Flavones/administration & dosage* ; Male ; Depression/genetics* ; Glycerophospholipids/metabolism* ; Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the role and mechanism of microRNA-145-5p (miR-145-5p) in hypoxia-induced pyroptosis of human alveolar epithelial cells. METHODS: In vitro, human alveolar epithelial cell line BEAS-2B was cultured. Cells in the logarithmic growth phase were cultured to 80% confluence and then used for the experiment. (1) BEAS-2B cells were cultured under 1% O₂ hypoxic condition, with a normoxic control group. Western blotting was employed to detect the expressions of pyroptosis marker proteins [NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), Gasdermin D N-terminal domain (GSDMD-N), and caspase-1] in cells cultured for 24 hours. Real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of miR-145-5p in cells cultured for 6 hours and 12 hours. (2) Cells were transfected with 30 nmol/L miR-145-5p mimic to overexpress miR-145-5p expression under normoxic condition or 30 nmol/L miR-145-5p inhibitor to suppress miR-145-5p expression under hypoxic condition. Control group and negative control group were respectively set up. After 24 hours of cell culture, Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of pyroptosis marker proteins and nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cells. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. The target genes of miR-145-5p were predicted by miR target gene prediction software miRWalk and verified by Western blotting. (3) Under hypoxic condition, cells were transfected with 6.94 ng/μL silent information regulator 5 (Sirt5) overexpression plasmid or pretreated with 12.5 mmol/L N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) as an ROS inhibitor. The empty plasmid group and control group were set up. After 24 hours of cell culture, Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of Sirt5, Nrf2, and pyroptosis marker proteins in cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the level of ROS in cells. RESULTS: (1) Compared with the normoxic control group, the expression levels of pyroptosis marker proteins in the 24-hour hypoxia group was significantly increased, indicating that hypoxia could induce pyroptosis in BEAS-2B cells. The expression level of miR-145-5p in cells gradually increased with the extension of hypoxia induction time, indicating that hypoxia could cause the increase of miR-145-5p expression level. (2) The expression levels of pyroptosis marker proteins in cells of miR-145-5p mimic group significantly increased under normoxic condition as compared with the control and negative control groups [NLRP3 protein (NLRP3/β-actin): 1.58±0.07 vs. 1.00±0.01, 0.98±0.07, GSDMD-N protein (GSDMD-N/β-actin): 1.71±0.03 vs. 1.01±0.01, 0.85±0.03, caspase-1 protein (caspase-1/β-actin): 2.33±0.04 vs. 1.01±0.01, 1.05±0.04, all P < 0.05], Nrf2 protein expression level was significantly decreased (Nrf2/β-actin: 0.79±0.03 vs. 1.00±0.01, 1.03±0.04, both P < 0.05), ROS level was significantly up-regulated (fluorescence intensity: 1.74±0.03 vs. 1.00±0.01, 0.92±0.03, both P < 0.05). Under hypoxia condition, compared with control group and negative control group, the expression levels of pyroptosis marker proteins in miR-145-5p inhibitor group were significantly decreased [NLRP3 protein (NLRP3/β-actin): 0.21±0.04 vs. 1.70±0.02, 1.63±0.04; GSDMD-N protein (GSDMD-N/β-actin): 1.32±0.02 vs. 2.51±0.02, 2.72±0.03; caspase-1 protein (caspase-1/β-actin): 0.56±0.01 vs. 2.77±0.02, 3.12±0.03; all P < 0.05], Nrf2 protein expression level was significantly increased (Nrf2/β-actin: 1.57±0.04 vs. 1.22±0.01, 1.28±0.04, both P < 0.05), ROS level was significantly down-regulated (fluorescence intensity: 0.64±0.05 vs. 1.87±0.04, 1.70±0.07, both P < 0.05). The results indicated that miR-145-5p could promote cell pyrodeath. The predictive result of miRWalk showed that the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of Sirt5 had complementary base binding sites with miR-145-5p. The expression level of Sirt5 protein in cells of miR-145-5p mimic group was significantly lower than that of control group and negative control group under normoxic condition (Sirt5/β-actin: 0.59±0.03 vs. 1.00±0.01, 1.01±0.03, both P < 0.05), which verified that Sirt5 was the target gene of miR-145-5p. (3) The occurrence of pyrodeath could be partially reversed by transfection with Sirt5 overexpression plasmid or adding ROS inhibitor NAC into cells, and Sirt5 overexpression could also up-regulate Nrf2 expression and eliminate intracellular ROS. CONCLUSION In human alveolar epithelial cells, miR-145-5p can down-regulate Nrf2 by targeting Sirt5, thereby increasing ROS expression and inducing pyrodeath.
Humans ; MicroRNAs ; Pyroptosis ; Cell Hypoxia ; Alveolar Epithelial Cells/cytology* ; Cell Line ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; Caspase 1/metabolism* ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism* ; Gasdermins ; Phosphate-Binding Proteins

Carbamate pesticides, a new type of broad-spectrum pesticides for controlling pests, mites, and weeds, are developed to address the shortcomings of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides. Their widespread use and slow degradation have led to environmental pollution, causing damage to ecosystems and human health. Managing pesticide residues is a pressing issue in the current environmental protection. This study aims to investigate the expression of SyEst870, a member of the SGNH/GDSL hydrolase family in Sphingobium yanoikuyae, in a prokaryotic system and evaluate the ability of the recombinant protein to degrade carbamate pesticides. The prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a-SyEst870 was constructed and transformed into the Escherichia coli BL21 for heterologous expression. The purified protein was studied in terms of enzyme activity and effects of temperature, pH, and metal ions on the enzyme activity, with p-nitrophenol acetate as the substrate and based on the standard curve of p-nitrophenol. LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) was employed to examine the degradation effects of SyEst870 on carbaryl, metolcarb, and isoprocarb. GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) was employed to detect the degradation products of SyEst870 for the three pesticides. The soluble protein SyEst870 was successfully obtained through the heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, which yielded an enzyme with the activity of 677.5 U after affinity chromatography. SyEst870 exhibited degradation rates of 82.34%, 84.43%, and 92.87% for carbaryl, metolcarb, and isoprocarb, respectively, at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L within 24 h at 30 ℃ and pH 7.0. The primary degradation products of carbaryl were identified as α-naphthol and methyl isocyanate. Metolcarb was mainly degraded into m-cresol and methyl isocyanate, and isoprocarb was mainly degraded into 2-isopropylphenol and methyl isocyanate. Compared with the half-life of carbamate pesticides in the natural environment, which ranges from a few days to several weeks, the recombinant protein SyEst870 can rapidly eliminate the residues of carbamate pesticides. This study lays a foundation for addressing pesticide residues in the environment and in fruits and vegetables.
Escherichia coli/metabolism* ; Sphingomonadaceae/genetics* ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism* ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Esterases/metabolism* ; Pesticides/isolation & purification* ; Carbamates/isolation & purification*

Objective:To compare the differences in clinical characteristics among the patients at clinical high risk for bipolar disorder(CHR-BD),the patients with bipolar disorder(BD),and the healthy controls(HC)at low risk,and to provide the basis for the diognasis and treatment of CHR-BD.Methods:For the first time,the BD risk criteria and prospective structured assessment tools were jointly used in outpatients aged 16-30 years,and 43 CHR-BD patients were included to ensure the accuracy of the assessment.Meanwhile,33 BD patients and 32 HC subjects were also enrolled.The clinical symptoms,neurocognitive function,and global functional levels of the subjects in the three groups were evaluated using observer-rated and self-rated tools.The CHR-BD and BD groups were combined,and Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent influencing factors related to diagnostic status;Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlations between the global functional levels and the symptoms or neurocognitive characteristics of the patients in CHR-BD and BD groups.Results:There were statistically significant differences in the scores of symptom and global functional level scales among HC,CHR-BD,and BD groups(P<0.05).Compared with HC group,the scores of mood symptoms(anxiety,depression,and mania/hypomania),psychotic symptoms,total affective temperament questionnaire scores,and some dimensions(cyclothymic,depressive,irritable,and anxious temperaments)in CHR-BD and BD groups were significantly increased(P<0.001),while the global functional levels were significantly decreased(P<0.001).Compared with BD group,the lowest global functional level score in the past year in CHR-BD group was significantly increased(P=0.022),while the current global functional level score was significantly decreased(P=0.005).No significant differences were observed in neurocognitive function scores among the three groups(P>0.05).The lowest global functional level score in the past year was an independent influencing factor for BD diagnosis[odds ratio(OR)=0.952,95%confidence interval(CI):0.917-0.988,P=0.010].In both CHR-BD and BD patients,the current global functional levels were negatively correlated with depressive(r=-0.417,P=0.005;r=-0.617,P<0.001)and anxiety symptoms(r=-0.360,P=0.018;r=-0.506,P=0.003).In BD patients,the current global functional level was negatively correlated with lifetime manic/hypomanic symptoms(r=-0.360,P=0.039),psychotic symptoms(r=-0.502,P=0.003),and affective temperament scores(r=-0.479,P=0.005),while the lowest global functional level in the past year was negatively correlated with lifetime manic/hypomanic symptoms(r=-0.391,P=0.024).Conclusion:CHR-BD patients share similar mood symptom characteristics with BD patients,and their global functional levels are negatively correlated with depressive and anxiety symptoms.BD patients exhibit worse lowest global functional levels in the past year,and their global functional levels are negatively correlated with manic/hypomanic symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and mechanism of Shuangshi Tonglin Capsules (SSTL) in the treatment of prostate fibrosis (PF). METHODS: Human prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) were used for in vitro experiments to establish PF cell models induced with estradiol (E₂). The cell proliferation, migration and clonogenic capacity were determined by cell counting kit-8, scratch assay, and crystal violet staining, respectively. Sprague-Dawley rats were used for in vivo experiments. The changes in histomorphology and organ index of rat prostate by SSTL were determined. Pathologic changes and collagen deposition changes in rat prostate were observed by haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to determine changes in rat PF markers fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), E₂ and prostate specific antigen (PSA). Mechanistically, changes in oxidative stress indicators by SSTL were determined in WPMY-1 cells and PF rats. Then the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad pathway-related proteins as well as Nrf2 and TGF-β1 mRNA were further detected by Western blot or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: In the efficacy study, SSTL significantly reduced the proliferation, migration, and clonogenic ability of cells, improved the morphology of the glandular tissue, significantly reduced the prostate index, reduced glandular fibrous tissue and collagen deposition, and resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of FGF-23, E₂ and PSA (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the mechanistic study, SSTL ameliorated oxidative stress by significantly increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels and decreasing malondialdehyde level in WPMY-1 cells and rats (P<0.01 or P<0.05). SSTL significantly elevated the expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), and Smad7 proteins in both cells and rats, and significantly decreased the expressions of TGF-β1, collagen I, α-smooth muscle actin and Smad4 proteins (P<0.01 or P<0.05). SSTL also elevated the content of Nrf2 mRNA and decreased the content of TGF-β1 mRNA in cells and rats (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 was added in in vitro experiments to further validate the pathway relevance. CONCLUSION SSTL was effective in improving PF in vivo and in vitro, and its mechanism of action may function through the Nrf2/TGF-β1 signaling pathway.
Male ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Humans ; Fibrosis ; Prostate/drug effects* ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects* ; Capsules ; Cell Movement/drug effects* ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects* ; Rats

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Chinese patent medicine Huatuo Zaizao Pill (HTZZ) on neurological function and limb motor in ischemic stroke (IS) patients during convalescence. METHODS: This is a prospective, open-labelled, randomized controlled trial. Patients with IS were recruited from the Neurology Department of Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences from May 2021 to June 2023. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to the HTZZ (40 cases) or control group (40 cases) at a ratio of 1:1. The HTZZ group was treated with oral HTZZ (8 g, thrice daily) combined with conventional treatment, while the control group received only conventional treatment. The treatment duration was 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score from baseline to week 6 and 12. Secondary outcomes included changes in scores of National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FM), and Barthel Index (BI) from baseline to week 6 and 12, as well as lipid indices after 12 weeks. All adverse events (AEs) were recorded and liver and kidney indices were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients completed the study (38 in the HTZZ group and 34 in the control group). Compared with the control group, the HTZZ group demonstrated significant improvements in MAS, NIHSS, FM, and BI scores following 6 and 12 weeks of treatment in both intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses (all P<0.05). No significant differences were noted between groups in lipid indices, AEs, and liver and kidney dysfunction after 12 weeks (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS HTZZ alleviated spasticity and enhanced neurological function and prognosis of IS patients during convalescence. However, further evaluation of HTZZ's effect on IS outcomes is warranted in clinical trials with larger sample sizes and extended observation periods. (Trial registration No. NCT04910256).
Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Male ; Female ; Ischemic Stroke/physiopathology* ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Recovery of Function/drug effects* ; Convalescence ; Extremities/physiopathology* ; Treatment Outcome ; Prospective Studies