ObjectiveBased on the Janus kinase 2 （JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3） signaling pathway， this study explores the protective effect and mechanism of Taohong Siwutang against retinal vasculitis （RV） from the perspective of angiogenesis. MethodsSPF-grade C57BL/6J mice were used to establish a RV model induced by experimental autoimmune uveitis （EAU）， and the protective effect of Taohong Siwutang on RV was investigated. Fifty mice were randomly assigned to a blank group， model group， and low-， medium-， and high-dose Taohong Siwutang groups （3.315、6.63、13.26 g·kg^-1，10 mice in each group）. After modeling， gavage administration was performed for 20 consecutive days. A small-animal retinal imaging system and fluorescein sodium angiography were used to observe pathological changes in the retinal tissue and vessels. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to assess retinal histopathological changes. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate CD31-positive expression. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of JAK2， phosphorylated （p）-JAK2， STAT3， p-STAT3， and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 （VEGFR2） in retinal tissue. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to determine the relative expression level of VEGFR2 mRNA in retinal vessels. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed relative optic disc swelling， multiple areas of inflammatory cell infiltration around retinal veins with partial vascular occlusion， vessel thickening and morphological alterations， uneven retinal thickness， wrinkling and bending of inner and outer layers， vascular dilation， and disordered cellular arrangement. Compared with the model group， the Taohong Siwutang groups showed markedly reduced CD31-positive expression and effectively improved perivascular inflammatory infiltration， vascular tortuous dilation， angiogenesis， vascular occlusion， and hemorrhage. Western blot results showed that compared with the model group， the expression of VEGFR2 and the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3 were significantly decreased in the Taohong Siwutang groups （P0.01）. Real-time PCR results indicated that VEGFR2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the Taohong Siwutang groups compared with the model group （P0.05）. ConclusionTaohong Siwutang can effectively alleviate angiogenesis in RV and， through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway， reduce angiogenesis and improve retinal pathological injury， thereby exerting a protective effect on retinal vessels.

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of the Qi-regulating and phlegm-removing method（Liu Junzitang Combined with Linggang Wuwei Jiangxintang） for treating acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （AECOPD） with increased eosinophils （EOS）. MethodsSixty-eight AECOPD patients with increased EOS who were hospitalized in the Department of Pulmonary Diseases of Jinhua Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from April 2023 to April 2024 were recruited and randomly assigned to an experimental group （EG） or a control group （CG）. Both groups received conventional Western medicine， with the EG additionally receiving Liujunzitang and Linggan Wuwei Jiangxintang. The therapeutic efficacy indicators were measured after the treatment. The main therapeutic efficacy indicators included partial pressure of oxygen （PaO₂） and partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PaCO₂）. The secondary efficacy indicators included the TCM symptom scores， the COPD Assessment Test （CAT） score， the Modified Medical Research Council （mMRC） Dyspnea Scale score， and the length of hospital stay. The indicators were measured at baseline and on days 3 and 7 of intervention. The safety was evaluated based on the adverse events. ResultsBaseline characteristics were not statistically different between the two groups. Compared with CG， EG showed no significant difference in PaO₂ （P=0.773）， PaCO₂ （P=0.632） and or CAT score （P=0.336） at on day 3 but better PaO₂ （P=0.004）， PaCO₂ （P=0.008）， and CAT score （P=0.013） were significantly better at on day 7. Compared with CGAfter treatment， EG had lower TCM syndrome scores of than CG EG on day 3 （P=0.005） and day 7 were significantly decreased （P0.001）. There was no significant difference in mMRC score between the two groups on day 3 （P=0.514） and day 7 （P=0.176） as wasor the length of hospital stay （P=0.915）. The generalized linear mixed model （GLMM） showed that compared with CG， EG had significant improvements over time in PaO₂， PaCO₂， TCM syndrome symptom scores， CAT score， and mMRC score. ConclusionRegulating qi Qi and removing phlegm combined with conventional Western medicine can significantly alleviateimprove the clinical symptoms and improve the lung function of AECOPD patients with increased EOS increased AECOPDwhich has and demonstrates good safety.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the chemical composition of the reference sample of Jinshui Liujunjian and its distribution characteristics in blood and tissues of rats. MethodsUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS） was used to detect the reference sample solution， plasma， and tissue samples of Jinshui Liujunjian under positive and negative ion modes， respectively. Qualitative Analysis 10.0 software and a self-constructed database were employed for primary mass spectrum matching.Compound identification was further validated by comparing retention times， secondary mass spectral fragments， reference standards， and literature data to deduce fragmentation pathways. ResultsA total of 122 compounds were identified in the reference sample of Jinshui Liujunjian， including 47 flavonoids， 5 amino acids， 13 iridoids， 16 triterpenoid saponins， etc.， of which 42 compounds were confirmed by comparison with reference substances. A total of 21 prototype components were identified in blood components； 50 prototype components were identified in different tissues， among which 13， 10， 7， 21， 11， 6， 14， and 40 prototype components were identified in the heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidney， brain， large intestine， and stomach， respectively. Among them， 7 compounds such as ferulic acid， glycyrrhizic acid， and nobiletin were exposed in the target organs of lung and kidney. ConclusionThis study elucidates the material basis of the reference samples of Jinshui Liujunjian， primarily composed of flavonoids and triterpenoid saponins， along with their in vivo distribution characteristics. These findings provide a scientific basis for establishing quality evaluation indicators and offer references for subsequent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations.

ObjectivePolygoni Multiflori Radix is a commonly used tonic traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in clinical practice， but liver injury has often been reported in recent years. Some related preparations containing Polygoni Multiflori Radix have been reported by the National Medical Products Administration many times for the risk of liver injury. This has caused extensive discussion on the potential toxicity of TCM in China and abroad， which has limited the clinical use of Polygoni Multiflori Radix to some extent. To understand the adverse reactions of Polygoni Multiflori Radix， the safe and rational use of Polygoni Multiflori Radix in clinical practice was discussed. MethodsThe pharmacovigilance thought of modern Chinese medicine and the TCM pharmacovigilance system framework of ''identification of poison， use of poison， anti-poison， and detoxification'' were employed to mine the relevant toxicity records， usage and dosage， processing compatibility， and contraindication of taking Polygoni Multiflori Radix in ancient books. The drug safety information of Polygoni Multiflori Radix was summarized by comparing with modern reports. ResultsA total of 74 ancient books related to Polygoni Multiflori Radix were included， suggesting that the toxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix was recognized in ancient times. The main chemical components of Polygoni Multiflori Radix had both efficacy and toxicity， and the adverse reactions may be related to long-term use， excessive use， and individual differences. The results showed that the toxic components of Polygoni Multiflori Radix could be reduced by peeling， steaming with black beans， and processing without iron tools. The toxic effects of Polygoni Multiflori Radix could be reduced by the compatibility of Polygoni Multiflori Radix with Poria， Psoraleae Fructus， and Cistanches Herba. ConclusionReasonable dosage， standard processing， correct compatibility， and syndrome differentiation are the key points to standardize the use of Polygoni Multiflori Radix and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions. Clinically， the toxicity classification of TCM should be strengthened， and the susceptible population should be prioritized. The detection indicators and early warning mechanisms should be improved， and precise drug dosage and course of treatment should be guaranteed. These measures can ensure the safe use of Polygoni Multiflori Radix.

According to the Qi-blood-body fluid theory and the association between the spleen in visceral manifestation theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and mitochondria in modern cellular biology， it is proposed that the role of the spleen in generating and transforming Qi and blood is analogous to the energy-producing function of mitochondria—both serving as fundamental power sources for vital activities of the human body. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， playing a critical role in energy metabolism and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Similarly， mitochondria are vital for maintaining physiological functions such as cellular energy supply， cell survival， and overall human metabolism. Furthermore， spleen deficiency is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly， mitochondrial energy conversion and substance metabolism are regarded as the microscopic essence of the spleen's function in transportation and transformation. Spleen deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the formation of pathological products such as phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis. This aligns with the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， with Qi deficiency as the root cause and phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis as the manifestations. Therefore， the integrative treatment of COPD should follow the therapeutic principle of invigorating the spleen and reinforcing healthy Qi， while also resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis to address both root cause and manifestations. This approach can improve the mitochondrial function， regulate energy metabolism， and reduce oxidative stress levels to alleviate COPD symptoms， slow down disease progression， and improve prognosis. By integrating the holistic concept of TCM with molecular mechanisms of modern medicine， this paper explores the pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of COPD from the spleen-mitochondria correlation. It not only provides a new direction for the modern development of TCM and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine but also offers a theoretical foundation for the integrated treatment of chronic， complex age-related diseases.

ObjectiveBased on the Janus kinase 2 （JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3） signaling pathway， this study explores the protective effect and mechanism of Taohong Siwutang against retinal vasculitis （RV） from the perspective of angiogenesis. MethodsSPF-grade C57BL/6J mice were used to establish a RV model induced by experimental autoimmune uveitis （EAU）， and the protective effect of Taohong Siwutang on RV was investigated. Fifty mice were randomly assigned to a blank group， model group， and low-， medium-， and high-dose Taohong Siwutang groups （3.315、6.63、13.26 g·kg^-1，10 mice in each group）. After modeling， gavage administration was performed for 20 consecutive days. A small-animal retinal imaging system and fluorescein sodium angiography were used to observe pathological changes in the retinal tissue and vessels. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to assess retinal histopathological changes. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate CD31-positive expression. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of JAK2， phosphorylated （p）-JAK2， STAT3， p-STAT3， and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 （VEGFR2） in retinal tissue. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to determine the relative expression level of VEGFR2 mRNA in retinal vessels. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed relative optic disc swelling， multiple areas of inflammatory cell infiltration around retinal veins with partial vascular occlusion， vessel thickening and morphological alterations， uneven retinal thickness， wrinkling and bending of inner and outer layers， vascular dilation， and disordered cellular arrangement. Compared with the model group， the Taohong Siwutang groups showed markedly reduced CD31-positive expression and effectively improved perivascular inflammatory infiltration， vascular tortuous dilation， angiogenesis， vascular occlusion， and hemorrhage. Western blot results showed that compared with the model group， the expression of VEGFR2 and the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3 were significantly decreased in the Taohong Siwutang groups （P0.01）. Real-time PCR results indicated that VEGFR2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the Taohong Siwutang groups compared with the model group （P0.05）. ConclusionTaohong Siwutang can effectively alleviate angiogenesis in RV and， through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway， reduce angiogenesis and improve retinal pathological injury， thereby exerting a protective effect on retinal vessels.

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of the Qi-regulating and phlegm-removing method（Liu Junzitang Combined with Linggang Wuwei Jiangxintang） for treating acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （AECOPD） with increased eosinophils （EOS）. MethodsSixty-eight AECOPD patients with increased EOS who were hospitalized in the Department of Pulmonary Diseases of Jinhua Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from April 2023 to April 2024 were recruited and randomly assigned to an experimental group （EG） or a control group （CG）. Both groups received conventional Western medicine， with the EG additionally receiving Liujunzitang and Linggan Wuwei Jiangxintang. The therapeutic efficacy indicators were measured after the treatment. The main therapeutic efficacy indicators included partial pressure of oxygen （PaO₂） and partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PaCO₂）. The secondary efficacy indicators included the TCM symptom scores， the COPD Assessment Test （CAT） score， the Modified Medical Research Council （mMRC） Dyspnea Scale score， and the length of hospital stay. The indicators were measured at baseline and on days 3 and 7 of intervention. The safety was evaluated based on the adverse events. ResultsBaseline characteristics were not statistically different between the two groups. Compared with CG， EG showed no significant difference in PaO₂ （P=0.773）， PaCO₂ （P=0.632） and or CAT score （P=0.336） at on day 3 but better PaO₂ （P=0.004）， PaCO₂ （P=0.008）， and CAT score （P=0.013） were significantly better at on day 7. Compared with CGAfter treatment， EG had lower TCM syndrome scores of than CG EG on day 3 （P=0.005） and day 7 were significantly decreased （P0.001）. There was no significant difference in mMRC score between the two groups on day 3 （P=0.514） and day 7 （P=0.176） as wasor the length of hospital stay （P=0.915）. The generalized linear mixed model （GLMM） showed that compared with CG， EG had significant improvements over time in PaO₂， PaCO₂， TCM syndrome symptom scores， CAT score， and mMRC score. ConclusionRegulating qi Qi and removing phlegm combined with conventional Western medicine can significantly alleviateimprove the clinical symptoms and improve the lung function of AECOPD patients with increased EOS increased AECOPDwhich has and demonstrates good safety.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the chemical composition of the reference sample of Jinshui Liujunjian and its distribution characteristics in blood and tissues of rats. MethodsUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS） was used to detect the reference sample solution， plasma， and tissue samples of Jinshui Liujunjian under positive and negative ion modes， respectively. Qualitative Analysis 10.0 software and a self-constructed database were employed for primary mass spectrum matching.Compound identification was further validated by comparing retention times， secondary mass spectral fragments， reference standards， and literature data to deduce fragmentation pathways. ResultsA total of 122 compounds were identified in the reference sample of Jinshui Liujunjian， including 47 flavonoids， 5 amino acids， 13 iridoids， 16 triterpenoid saponins， etc.， of which 42 compounds were confirmed by comparison with reference substances. A total of 21 prototype components were identified in blood components； 50 prototype components were identified in different tissues， among which 13， 10， 7， 21， 11， 6， 14， and 40 prototype components were identified in the heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidney， brain， large intestine， and stomach， respectively. Among them， 7 compounds such as ferulic acid， glycyrrhizic acid， and nobiletin were exposed in the target organs of lung and kidney. ConclusionThis study elucidates the material basis of the reference samples of Jinshui Liujunjian， primarily composed of flavonoids and triterpenoid saponins， along with their in vivo distribution characteristics. These findings provide a scientific basis for establishing quality evaluation indicators and offer references for subsequent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations.

ObjectivePolygoni Multiflori Radix is a commonly used tonic traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in clinical practice， but liver injury has often been reported in recent years. Some related preparations containing Polygoni Multiflori Radix have been reported by the National Medical Products Administration many times for the risk of liver injury. This has caused extensive discussion on the potential toxicity of TCM in China and abroad， which has limited the clinical use of Polygoni Multiflori Radix to some extent. To understand the adverse reactions of Polygoni Multiflori Radix， the safe and rational use of Polygoni Multiflori Radix in clinical practice was discussed. MethodsThe pharmacovigilance thought of modern Chinese medicine and the TCM pharmacovigilance system framework of ''identification of poison， use of poison， anti-poison， and detoxification'' were employed to mine the relevant toxicity records， usage and dosage， processing compatibility， and contraindication of taking Polygoni Multiflori Radix in ancient books. The drug safety information of Polygoni Multiflori Radix was summarized by comparing with modern reports. ResultsA total of 74 ancient books related to Polygoni Multiflori Radix were included， suggesting that the toxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix was recognized in ancient times. The main chemical components of Polygoni Multiflori Radix had both efficacy and toxicity， and the adverse reactions may be related to long-term use， excessive use， and individual differences. The results showed that the toxic components of Polygoni Multiflori Radix could be reduced by peeling， steaming with black beans， and processing without iron tools. The toxic effects of Polygoni Multiflori Radix could be reduced by the compatibility of Polygoni Multiflori Radix with Poria， Psoraleae Fructus， and Cistanches Herba. ConclusionReasonable dosage， standard processing， correct compatibility， and syndrome differentiation are the key points to standardize the use of Polygoni Multiflori Radix and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions. Clinically， the toxicity classification of TCM should be strengthened， and the susceptible population should be prioritized. The detection indicators and early warning mechanisms should be improved， and precise drug dosage and course of treatment should be guaranteed. These measures can ensure the safe use of Polygoni Multiflori Radix.

According to the Qi-blood-body fluid theory and the association between the spleen in visceral manifestation theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and mitochondria in modern cellular biology， it is proposed that the role of the spleen in generating and transforming Qi and blood is analogous to the energy-producing function of mitochondria—both serving as fundamental power sources for vital activities of the human body. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， playing a critical role in energy metabolism and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Similarly， mitochondria are vital for maintaining physiological functions such as cellular energy supply， cell survival， and overall human metabolism. Furthermore， spleen deficiency is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly， mitochondrial energy conversion and substance metabolism are regarded as the microscopic essence of the spleen's function in transportation and transformation. Spleen deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the formation of pathological products such as phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis. This aligns with the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， with Qi deficiency as the root cause and phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis as the manifestations. Therefore， the integrative treatment of COPD should follow the therapeutic principle of invigorating the spleen and reinforcing healthy Qi， while also resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis to address both root cause and manifestations. This approach can improve the mitochondrial function， regulate energy metabolism， and reduce oxidative stress levels to alleviate COPD symptoms， slow down disease progression， and improve prognosis. By integrating the holistic concept of TCM with molecular mechanisms of modern medicine， this paper explores the pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of COPD from the spleen-mitochondria correlation. It not only provides a new direction for the modern development of TCM and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine but also offers a theoretical foundation for the integrated treatment of chronic， complex age-related diseases.