Objective To develop an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS)method for quantifying serum levels of norepinephrine(NE)and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),and to monitor the dynamic changes in these neurotransmitters during the process of establishing a model of acute reserpine-induced depression-like mice.Methods By evaluating matrix effect,recovery,precision,and accuracy efficiency,an UPLC-MS method for determining the concentrations of NE and 5-HT in serum was established.Forty-eight C57 mice were randomly divided into normal control and model groups,which were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline(10 mL/kg)and reserpine(2.5 mg/kg),respectively.At various time points after intraperitoneal injection,the degree of ptosis and decreases in body temperature of the mice were observed before orbital blood was sample for the determination of NE and 5-HT levels.Results The concentrations of NE and 5-HT showed good linearity within the range of 15.63 to 2000.00 ng/mL,with R2 values greater than 0.999.The results of methodological validation met the requirements for the analysis of biological samples,with a lower limit of quantification of 15.63 ng/mg.After intraperitoneal injection of reserpine,the model mice exhibited varying body temperature decreases and ptosis.At 1 and 2 h post-administration,the depression-like symptoms in the model group were significantly different from those of the normal control group(P＜0.01).The body temperature of mice in the model group was significantly lower than that of mice in the normal control group(P＜0.01),while the score of the eyelid ptosis was significantly higher(P＜0.001).The levels of NE and 5-HT in the serum of model mice were also significantly depleted,and were significantly different from those of the normal control group at 0.5,1 and 2 h(P＜0.05).Conclusion The study process of established a rapid and accurate method for dynamically observing the changes in NE and 5-HT levels during the process of establishing a model of acute reserpine-induced depression-like mice,which might contribute to the study of the pathogenesis of depression and the development of new antidepressant drugs.

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy of axillary transthoracic approach and posterior approach in the treatment of upper thoracic tuberculosis with vertebral clearance, bone graft fusion, and internal fixation surgery.Methods:Fifty five patients with upper thoracic tuberculosis admitted to Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China from March 2017 to March 2022 were selected and divided into axillary transthoracic group and posterior group according to different surgical approaches. The incision length, surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative hospitalization time were compared between the two groups of patients. Two groups of patients were recorded for preoperative and postoperative pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores at 1 week, 3 months, and 12 months, preoperative and postoperative serum inflammatory indicators, CD4 + /CD8 + ratio of T lymphocyte subsets, and complications. Results:The incision length, operation time, and intraoperative blood loss in the axillary transthoracic group were significantly less than those in the posterior group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in postoperative hospitalization time between the two groups of patients ( P>0.05). The VAS and ODI scores of the two groups of patients showed significant improvement compared to preoperative levels at 1 week, 3 months, and 12 months after surgery (all P<0.05); And at 1 week and 3 months after surgery, the VAS scores of patients in the axillary transthoracic group were significantly lower than those in the posterior group (all P<0.05), and the ODI scores at 3 and 12 months after surgery were significantly lower than those in the posterior group (all P<0.05). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and CRP levels of both groups of patients increased significantly one week after surgery compared with preoperative levels (all P<0.05), but the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and CRP levels basically returned to normal levels at three months after surgery. The CD4 + /CD8 + ratio of T lymphocyte subsets in both groups was lower than preoperative levels at one week after surgery, but with the continuation of treatment, the CD4 + /CD8 + ratio increased significantly at three months after surgery. Conclusions:Both axillary and posterior approaches can be used for surgical treatment of upper thoracic tuberculosis, but axillary and thoracic approaches have the advantages of less trauma, less bleeding, and faster recovery.

Vagus nerve reflex is a rare complication of percutaneous renal decompression. It is often induced by excessively rapid decompression of severe hydronephrosis and traction of the main nerves innervating the kidney. The clinical manifestations are irritability, sweating, clammy skin, hiccups, slow heart rate. It is easy to misdiagnose. In this study, 4 patients with vagus nerve excitement after percutaneous renal decompression were treated. After monitoring the patient’s vital signs and giving treatment such as expanding blood volume and raising blood pressure, the symptoms gradually disappeared.

Objective: To explore the feasibility of the modified RUSS (Resorlu-Unsal Stone Score) renal stone scoring system in predicting the stone free rate after Flexible Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy(FURL). Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on 104 cases of renal stones treated by FURL from March 2017 to January 2019 in the second affiliated hospital of zhengzhou university, including 75 males and 29 females. Age 20-75 (47.79±13.21) years. BMI 18.2-38.3 (24.4±3.7) kg/m²; Crushed stone site: left 56 cases, right 48 cases. There were 23 cases of renal inferior calyces calculi, 81 cases of non-inferior calyces calculi, and 19 cases of renal inferior calyces calculi with IPA<45°; American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) scores: 65 cases of grade Ⅰ, 39 cases of grade Ⅱ; There were 71 patients with urinary tract infection before operation. There were 6 cases of renal puncture fistula before operation. Preoperative indwelling ureteral stent in 26 cases; There were 32 cases with history of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. There were 27 patients with a history of urolithiasis therapy. The same physician used preoperative urinary CT+ 3D reconstruction imaging data to measure the factors influencing the postoperative stone free rate. RUSS renal stone scoring system was used to score the stones of patients before operation, and the relationship between the scores and the stones free rate was analyzed. The RUSS renal stone scoring system was supplemented and improved by including staghorn stone, duplicate renal, caliceal diverticulum, renal malrotation, stone area, and CT value related indexes. The modified RUSS renal stone scoring system was used to score the preoperative stone condition of patients, and the relationship between the score and the stone free rate was analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the modified RUSS, the characteristics of the stones, and RUSS system. Results: The stone free rate was 69.2% (72/104) 4 weeks after the operation, and there were no postoperative complications. Single-factor analysis showed that stone area, CT value, number of renal calyx involved by stone, multiple stones, IPA, stone size grading, renal anatomic structure abnormality, staghorn stone were all related risk factors affecting postoperative patients. Multi-factor analysis showed that stone area, number of renal calyces involved by stone, multiple stones, IPA and stone size were independent risk factors affecting the stone free rate after FURL. RUSS scores ranged from 0 to 3 points, corresponding to stone clearing rates of 86.8% (33/38), 67.7% (23/34), 58.3% (14/24) and 25.0% (2/8), respectively. Stone clearing rates were significantly correlated with stone grading (P<0.05). The total scores of stone free group and residual stone group were (0.87±0.96) points and (1.53±0.98) points, respectively, with significant differences between the groups (P<0.05). The range of modified RUSS score was 0-4 points, corresponding to the stone clearing rate of 100.0% (25/25), 92.3% (24/26), 54.2% (13/24), 47.4% (9/19), and 10.0% (1/10), respectively. Stone free rate was significantly correlated with stone grading (P<0.05). The total scores of stone free group and residual stone group were (1.15±1.13) points and (2.81±0.93) points, respectively, with significant differences between the groups (P<0.05). The AUC of stone features was smaller than that of the modified RUSS scoring system. The AUC of RUSS scoring system (0.707, 95%CI 0.598-0.815) was smaller than that of the modified RUSS scoring system (0.865, 95%CI 0.797-0.933). Conclusions Both the RUSS scoring system and the modified RUSS scoring system could accurately predict the postoperative stone free status of FURL, while the modified RUSS scoring was more accurate than the RUSS scoring.

Objective To systematically evaluate the optimal indwelling time of double?J stent in the treatment of ureteral complicated calculi post?ureteroscopy. Methods A total of 161 patients with complicated ureteral calculi were enrolled in this study from August 2012 to August 2015. All patients received the treatment of ureteroscopic holmium YAG Laser lithotripsy and were randomly divided into 3 groups according to varied double?J stent indwelling time: group A < 2 weeks (n = 43),group B from 2 ~ 6 weeks(n = 67),and group C>6 weeks (n = 51). Complications of three groups were compared and the hydronephrosis after removing double?J stent was recorded. Results The rate of complications of group C was significantly higher than that in group A and group B (P<0.017). However,group A(10/43)has a higher rate of ureterostenosis after removing double?J stent compared with group B(4/67)and group C(3/51),while no statistical significance was observed between group B and group C. Conclusion The incidence of complications after lithotripsy increased with the indwelling time of double?J stent,but the short indwelling time would led to ureterostenosis. Therefore,the optimal indwelling time of double?J stent after flexible ureteroscopy was 2 to 6 weeks,and the indwelling time for patients with injury ureteral mucosa could be appropriately prolonged.

OBJECTIVE To study the influence of glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK3β) over expres?sion in the hippocampus on the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of total flavoids from Xiaobuxin Tang (XBXT-2). METHODS Adeno-associated virus containing GSK3β(S9A) mutation was microinjected into the hippocampus. After three weeks of recovery, GSK3βand p-GSK3βwere detected by Western blotting, and open field test (OFT) was used to evaluate the locomotor activity. Then, AAV group and GSK3β over expression group were divided into administration group and solvent group, respectively. XBXT-2 (100 mg · kg-1) and solvent were ig administered chronically. After 14 d and 16 d of administra?tion, the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) were used to investigate the influence of GSK3βover expression on the antidepressant effect of XBXT-2, respectively. After 18 d and 20 d of administration, the elevated plus maze test (EPMT) and staircase test (ST) were used to investigate the influence of GSK3β over expression on the anxiolytic effects of XBXT-2, respectively. RESULTS Western blotting analysis showed that the protein level of GSK3βincreased significantly in GSK3βover expression group (P<0.01) compared with AAV group, but there was no significant difference in p-GSK3β. In OFT, the number of crossings and rearings showed no difference between AAV group and GSK3β over expression group. The results of TST and FST showed that compared with AAV group, the immobility time was significantly reduced in AAV+XBXT-2 group (P<0.05, P<0.01), but compared with GSK3β over expression group, the immobility time showed no difference in GSK3β over expression+XBXT-2 group. In EPMT, compared with AAV group, the percentage of entrances and time into open arms in AAV+XBXT-2 group was significantly increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), but compared with GSK3βover expression group, these indexes showed no difference in GSK3βover expression+XBXT-2 group. In ST, compared with AAV group, the number of rearings was significantly reduced in AAV+XBXT-2 group (P<0.05), but there was no difference between GSK3β over expression+XBXT-2 group and GSK3βover expression group. CONCLUSION GSK3βover expression in the hippocampus can reverse the antidepressant effects of XBXT-2 in the TST and FST, and the anxiolytic effects in the EPM and ST.

OBJECTIVE To explore the antidepressant effect and the underlying mechanisms of schisandrin (SCH), a component of the fruits of Schizandra chinesis. METHODS The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice were used to evaluate the antidepressant activity of SCH (5, 10, and 30 mg · kg-1) following single administration intragastrically, and the locomotor activity was investigated to exclude its neural excitatory effects. Effects of SCH on neural monoamine systems were studied in two pharmacological models, including reserpine induced monoamine depletion test and yohimbine toxicity potentiation test. RESULTS In behavioral despair models, SCH (30 mg·kg-1) signif?icantly decreased the immobility time in the TST and FST (P<0.05) compared with normal control group. Results of the locomotor activity experiment showed that SCH had no excitatory or inhibitory actions on the central nervous system. In the reserpine reversal experiment, SCH (30 mg · kg-1) antagonized thepalpebral ptosis and akinesia symptoms caused by reserpine(2.5 mg · kg-1) treatment (P<0.05) compared with model group, but had little effect on the drop of the anal temperature. Moreover, SCH did not increase the lethality caused by subcutaneous injection of yohimbine (30 mg · kg-1)at the threshold lethal dosage. CONCLUSION SCH exerts potential antidepressant-like effect in mice.

Objective To study the reason and the preventive measures that adverse effects of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) for renal stones during treatment.Methods From April 2015 to January 2016,165 patients who underwent ESWL treatment for renal stones were enrolled this retrospective study.All patients were in supine position.Direction of shockwave was by the path of preabdomen.The adverse effects during treatment were observed.The related factors were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis.Results There were 70 cases(42.4％) with pain,10 cases(6.1％) with cold sweat,8 cases (4.8％) with accelerated heart rate,5 cases (3.0％)with descent of heart rate,2 cases (1.2％) with nausea and vomiting.In the univariate Logistic regression analysis,four variables (BMI,history of ESWL treatment,stone location and energy) were found showing statistical significance.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the final significant related factors were BMI ＜ 24.0 kg/m2 (OR =4.155,CI 1.373-12.571),history of ESWL treatment (OR =0.163,CI 0.058-0.454),stone in pelvis(OR =123.051,CI 17.638-858.439),stone in middle calyceal (OR =169.171,CI 29.677-964.343),energy 86.3-94.7J (OR =0.094,CI 0.025-0.362).Conclusions Pain was the most common adverse effect during the treatment of ESWL.Stone location (pelvis and middle calyceal) was an independent risk factor,BMI ＜ 24.0 kg/m2 was one of the related risk factors.Both energy 86.3-94.7J and history of ESWL treatment were preventive factors.

Aim To investigate the effect of the total flaconoids extracted from Xiaobuxin-Tan g ( XBXT-2 )
on the hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in mouse learned helplessness model. Methods Learned helplessness was induced by inescapable foot shock stress over 1h session for 5 days. After screen-ing, we divided learned helplessness mice into five groups:IS, inescapable shock;Dlx, dulxetine(20 mg ·kg-1);XBXT-2(25,50 mg·kg-1). Latency to es-cape shocks and escape failure had been recorded. During the test, Dlx(20 mg·kg-1 ) and XBXT-2(25, 50 mg·kg-1 ) were administered intragastrically once daily for four days. Serum corticosterone level and ad-renocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) level were meas-ured by ELISA, and expression of glucocorticoids re-ceptor ( GR) α/β and brain-derived neurotrophic fac-tor ( BDNF ) in hippocampus was determined using Western blot method. Results XBXT-2 (25,50 mg·
kg-1 ) or duloxetine treatment showed antidepressant effect in mouse learned helplessness model, as demon-strated by the decreased escape failure and escape la-tency. Our ELISA results showed that XBXT-2 or du-loxetine significantly decreased serum corticosterone level and its upstream stress hormone ACTH level in learned helplessness mice. Furthermore, Western blot result demonstrated XBXT-2 treatment increased GRs and BDNF expression in hippocampus. Conclusions XBXT-2 produces significant antidepressant effect on learned helplessness mice. In addition, the modulation of HPA axis produced by XBXT-2 may be important mechanism underlying its antidepressant-like effect in mouse learned helplessness model.

Objective To observe the curative effect of external physical vibration lithecbole (EPVL) therapy after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in upper urinary calculi.Methods A total of 133 patients of upper urinary calculi with randomly divided into 2 groups after ESWL therapy during the period of 2012 October to 2013 February.The EPVL group (66 cases) used the physical vibration lithecbole treatment,and the natural lithecbole group (67 cases) used the method by drinking water,adding exercise and other natural lithecbole method.Of the EPVL group,6 of the stones were located in the upper or middle calyx,13 in renal pelvis,16 in lower renal calyx and 31 in ureter,the stone diameter was 10-15 mm.Of the natural lithecbole group,8 of the stones were located in the upper or middle calyx,17 in renal pelvis,15 in lower renal calyx and 27 in ureter,the stone diameter was 10-15 mm.The clinical data of the curative effect,side-effect,and complications were collected and analyzed systematically.Results In the EPVL group,the average times of lithagogue treatment was 2.6 times,51 patients (77％) expelled stones on the day of lithecbole,and the stone free rate in a week was 79％ (52/66).Especially,81％ (13/16) of the lower renal calyx expelled stones on the day of lithecbole,and the stone free rate in a week was 88％ (14/16).Whereas,30 patients (45％) in the natural lithecbole group expelled stones on the day of ESWL,and the stone free rate in a week was 49％ (33/67) ; the lower renal calyx stone expulsion rate on the day of ESWL was 33％ (5/15),and the stone free rate in a week was 40％ (6/15).The curative effects were significantly different between the 2 groups (P＜ 0.05).There were no serious complications in both groups.Conclusions EPVL machine can significantly promote the stone expulsion after ESWL.Compared with traditional methods,EPVL therapy has a better curative effect,especially on lower renal calyx stones.EPVL is a safe and noninvasive treatment.