Background::Whether the dynamic weight change is an independent risk factor for mortality remains controversial. This study aimed to examine the association between weight change and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality based on the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial (NIT) cohort.Methods::Body weight of 21,028 healthy residents of Linxian, Henan province, aged 40-69 years was measured two times from 1986 to 1991. Outcome events were prospectively collected up to 2016. Weight maintenance group (weight change <2 kg) or stable normal weight group was treated as the reference. Cox proportional hazard model was performed to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to estimate the risk of mortality.Results::A total of 21,028 subjects were included in the final analysis. Compared with the weight maintenance group, subjects with weight loss ≥2 kg had an increased risk of death from all-cause (HR All-cause = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09-1.19, P <0.001), cancer (HR Cancer = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.03-1.21, P = 0.009), and heart disease (HR Heart diseases = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.11-1.31, P <0.001), whereas subjects with weight gain ≥5 kg had 11% (HR Cancer = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79-0.99, P = 0.033) lower risk of cancer mortality and 23% higher risk of stroke mortality (HR Stroke = 1.23,95% CI: 1.12-1.34, P <0.001). For the change of weight status, both going from overweight to normal weight and becoming underweight within 5 years could increase the risk of total death (HR Overweight to normal = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.09-1.27; HR Becoming underweight = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.25-1.46) and cancer death (HR Overweight to normal = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39; HR Becoming underweight = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.24-1.67), while stable overweight could increase the risk of total death (HR Stable overweight = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.17) and death from stroke (HR Stable overweight = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.33-1.56). Interaction effects were observed between age and weight change on cancer mortality, as well as between baseline BMI and weight change on all-cause, heart disease, and stroke mortality (all Pinteraction <0.01). Conclusions::Weight loss was associated with an increased risk of all-cause, cancer, and heart disease mortality, whereas excessive weight gain and stable overweight were associated with a higher risk of stroke mortality. Efforts of weight management should be taken to improve health status.Trial registration::https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT00342654.

Objective:To summarize the trend of disease burden of esophageal cancer in 4 countries with high incidence of esophageal cancer and analyse the proportion of death attribution of three common risk factors, which helps to provide reference for the prevention and control of esophageal cancer.Methods:Based on the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD2019) database and visualization platform, the absolute number and age-standardized rates of incidence, mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALY) of esophageal cancer in 4 countries with high incidence of esophageal cancer (China, Iran, Russia and South Africa) from 1990 to 2019 were described. The Joinpoint regression model was used for time trend analysis, and the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) of age-standardized incidence, age-standardized mortality, and age-standardized DALY rate of esophageal cancer were calculated. The proportion of death attribution of three common risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption and low fruit intake) in 2019 was compared, and the differences in the population attributable fraction (PAF) for risk factors globally and in 4 countries were analyzed. The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer under different socio-demographic index (SDI) were analyzed by drawing fitting curves.Results:From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence, mortality and DALY rates of esophageal cancer showed an overall decreasing trend globally and in 4 countries with high incidence of esophageal cancer. The age-standardized incidence rate of esophageal cancer in China decreased from 21.0/100 000 to 13.9/100 000 (AAPC = -1.4%, 95% CI -1.3% - -1.1%), the age-standardized mortality rate decreased from 22.1/100 000 to 13.1/100 000 (AAPC = -1.8%, 95% CI -1.9% - -1.7%), and the age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 507.0/100 000 to 227.5/100 000 (AAPC = -2.1%, 95% CI -2.2% - -1.9%). These rates in China had been decreasing at a much faster rate than the other 3 countries. Both Chinese men and Russian men had higher rates of esophageal cancer deaths due to smoking and alcohol consumption than the global average (PAF smoking: 59.2%, 56.7% vs. 51.2%; PAF alcohol consumption: 29.7%, 38.3% vs. 28.4%). The proportion of alcohol-related esophageal cancer deaths in Russian women was higher than the global average for women (PAF: 14.9% vs. 7.3%). Attributing low fruit intake to esophageal cancer deaths in South African men and women were higher than the global average for men and women (PAF men: 20.8% vs. 9.8%; PAF women: 21.3% vs. 11.7%). The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates in China and South Africa were consistently higher than would be expected for the same level of SDI, while those in Iran were consistently lower than would be expected, and Russia was broadly in line with expectation. Conclusions:Although the disease burden of countries with high incidence of esophageal cancer in the world has been effectively controlled, the disease burden of esophageal cancer in China is still higher than that in other countries. Targeted prevention measures should be made according to the epidemiological characteristics of esophageal cancer in Chinese population.

To conduct the association between vitamin B12 and mental health in children and adolescents. Five databases were searched for observational studies in any language reporting on mental health and vitamin B12 levels or intake in children and adolescents from inception to March 18, 2022. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of data were performed. The review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022345476). Fifty six studies containing 37,932 participants were identified in the review. Vitamin B12 levels were lower in participants with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (standardized mean difference [SMD], −1.61;95% confidence interval [95% CI], −2.44 to −0.79; p ＜ 0.001), attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (SMD, −0.39; 95% CI, −0.78 to −0.00; p = 0.049) compared with control group. Vitamin B12 intake were lower in participants with ASDs (SMD, −0.86; 95% CI, −1.48 to −0.24; p = 0.006) compared with control group, but showed no difference between depression group (SMD, −0.06; 95% CI, −0.15 to 0.03; p = 0.17) and the control group. Higher vitamin B12 intake were associated with lower risk of depression (odds ratio [OR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63−0.98; p = 0.034) and behavioral problems (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69−0.99; p = 0.04). The vast majority of included studies supported potential positive influence of vitamin B12 on mental health, and vitamin B12 deficiency may be a reversible cause for some mental health disorders in children and adolescents.

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most fatal cancers worldwide. According to GLOBOCAN 2020, it was estimated that there were 600, 000 new EC cases and 540 000 EC deaths, while nearly half of all newly diagnosed cases of EC and associated deaths worldwide occurred in China. The annual incidence and mortality of EC have been reduced in the last 20 years in China. However, the early symptoms and signs of EC are not easily distinguished and the disease tends to be within the middle and late stage of pathogenesis when identified, leading to its low 5-year survival rate. Therefore, it could help effectively reduce the burden of EC by clarifying its etiology and risk factors, as well as taking preventive and early diagnosis measures. This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, screening and early diagnosis of EC in China, to provide systematic references for EC prevention and control.

Humans ; Nephrectomy ; Hemostatics/therapeutic use* ; Laparoscopy ; Kidney Neoplasms/surgery* ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures

Objective To evaluate the feasible cervical cancer screening strategies in rural China. Methods The study was based on the health industry scientific research project of National Health Commission in 2015, cervical cancer screening technology and demonstration research suitable for rural areas in China, we collected health economics and epidemiological parameters and established the unscreening model and screening model with Treeage Pro 2011 software. Combining with the data acquired from site investigation, including population screening, treatment-related clinical materials and cost data, we simulated the occurrence and the development of cervical cancer of rural women in China under different screening and intervention programs and predicted the screening effects [cumulative incidence, cumulative risk of disease, life years and quality adjusted life years (QALY), gains] and costs after 20 years, and using health economic evaluation analysis (cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, cost-benefit analysis). Screening programs included five screening strategies [visual inspection with acetic acid/lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI), careHPV, ThinPrep cytology test (TCT), careHPV+TCT, careHPV+VIA/VILI] and three screening intervals (1-year, 3-year, 5-year), a total of fifteen screening programs. Results Compared with no screening, fifteen screening programs reduced the cumulative incidence by 22.65%-51.76%. Compared with TCT or VIA/VILI, for the same screening interval, the reduced cumulative incidence, the amounts of life-year saved and QALY and benefits gained of careHPV were the highest. The cost-effectiveness ratios of these screening programs ranged (0.44-3.24)×104 Yuan per life-year saved, cost-utility ratios ranged (0.15-1.01)×104 Yuan per QALY, benefit-cost ratios ranged 7.73-59.10. The results of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios showed that VIA/VILI every five years, VIA/VILI every three years, careHPV every five years, careHPV every three years and careHPV every year were dominant programs. Conclusions VIA/VILI screening is cost-effective, careHPV is slightly more expensive but more effective. In rural China, careHPV screening every five years could be recommended. This study provides a basis for the determination of cervical cancer screening methods feasible for rural areas in China.

Objective: To explore the most economically feasible cervical cancer screening strategies in urban China. Methods: A series of Markov models were constructed to evaluate health and economic outcomes of different screening strategies. There were 24 screening strategies including four screening methods: liquid-based cytology (LBC), human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA genotyping, HPV DNA genotyping with LBC triage (HPV DNA+ LBC), HPV DNA genotyping and LBC co-testing (HPV DNA-LBC), along with three intervals (every 1, 3 or 5 years) and two starting age for screening (30 or 35 years old) were compared. Models parameters were obtained from a cervical cancer screening study in urban China and literature reviews. Results: The cumulative incidence and mortality risk of cervical cancer declined over 69% and 82% respectively for each screening strategy as compared with the no screening scenario. LBC every five years starting from 35 years old strategy cost the least (RMB 690 per capita) and could save life years compared with no screening. The cost effectiveness ratios of 24 strategies ranged from -10 903 to 117 992 RMB per life year saved. All strategies were cost-effective compared to no screening. In the incremental cost-effectiveness analysis, LBC every 5 years starting from 30 strategy, HPV DNA genotyping every 3 years starting from 30 strategy, LBC every 3 years starting from 30 strategy and LBC every year starting from 30 strategy were dominant strategies. Conclusions Screening can effectively prevent cervical cancer. In urban Chinese areas with insufficient socioeconomic resources, LBC every 5 years from 35 years old strategy is recommended. In relatively more affluent areas, LBC every 5 years from 30 years old strategy, LBC every 3 years from 30 years old strategy, HPV DNA genotyping every 3 years from 30 years old strategy, and LBC every year from 30 years old strategy are recommended successively.

Objective: To evaluate the feasible cervical cancer screening strategies in rural China. Methods: The study was based on the health industry scientific research project of National Health Commission in 2015, cervical cancer screening technology and demonstration research suitable for rural areas in China, we collected health economics and epidemiological parameters and established the unscreening model and screening model with Treeage Pro 2011 software. Combining with the data acquired from site investigation, including population screening, treatment-related clinical materials and cost data, we simulated the occurrence and the development of cervical cancer of rural women in China under different screening and intervention programs and predicted the screening effects [cumulative incidence, cumulative risk of disease, life years and quality adjusted life years (QALY) , gains] and costs after 20 years, and using health economic evaluation analysis (cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, cost-benefit analysis). Screening programs included five screening strategies [visual inspection with acetic acid/lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI), careHPV, ThinPrep cytology test (TCT), careHPV+TCT, careHPV+VIA/VILI] and three screening intervals (1-year, 3-year, 5-year), a total of fifteen screening programs. Results: Compared with no screening, fifteen screening programs reduced the cumulative incidence by 22.65%-51.76%. Compared with TCT or VIA/VILI, for the same screening interval, the reduced cumulative incidence, the amounts of life-year saved and QALY and benefits gained of careHPV were the highest. The cost-effectiveness ratios of these screening programs ranged (0.44-3.24)×10⁴ Yuan per life-year saved, cost-utility ratios ranged (0.15- 1.01)×10⁴ Yuan per QALY, benefit-cost ratios ranged 7.73-59.10. The results of incremental costeffectiveness ratios showed that VIA/VILI every five years, VIA/VILI every three years, careHPV every five years, careHPV every three years and careHPV every year were dominant programs. Conclusions VIA/VILI screening is cost-effective, careHPV is slightly more expensive but more effective. In rural China, careHPV screening every five years could be recommended. This study provides a basis for the determination of cervical cancer screening methods feasible for rural areas in China.

Objective: To account the direct cost of uterine cervix carcinoma treatment in China and to explore the related factors which influence the direct financial burden of the disease. Methods: Data was collected through the medical record system and telephone interviews in 14 county-level hospitals and 9 provincial and municipal hospitals from 14 provinces/municipalities enrolled in the Chinese National Health Industry Research Project in 2015. The direct financial burden of uterine cervix carcinoma treatment consisted of the direct medical cost and the direct non-medical cost of treatment in different pathological cervical cancer stages and precancerous lesions. Multiple liner regression method was used to analyze the factors affecting the costs. Results: The age of the 3 246 patients was (46.40±10.43) years, including 2 423 patients from provincial and municipal hospitals and 823 patients from county-level hospitals. The direct financial burden for one patient of pathological uterine cervix carcinoma stage or precancerous lesion ranged from 10 156.3 yuan to 75 716.4 yuan in provincial and municipal hospitals, and for patients from county-level hospitals, the cost was between 4 927.9 yuan and 47 524.8 yuan per person. There was a wide gap between the direct financial burden of patients in different disease stages. The direct financial burden of patients with precancerous lesions ranged from 4 927.9 yuan per person to 11 243.0 yuan per person, as for patients of pathological uterine cervix carcinoma stages, the direct financial burden was between 29 274.6 yuan and 75 716.4 yuan per person. The factors which influence direct financial burden would include: the levels of the hospital, pathological period, medicare reimbursement, days of treatment, and the methods of treatment (P<0.001). Conclusion The direct financial burden of diseases in patients with pathological uterine cervix carcinoma stage or precancerous lesion differed in different levels of hospital and pathological periods. In addition, medicare reimbursement, days of treatment, and the methods of treatment all had impact on it.