Objective: To study the roles of miR-497 and PlexinA4 in the progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: The expressions of miR-497 and PlexinA4 in fresh tumor specimens and adjacent normal mucosa tissues as well as in cell lines of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) were detected with qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The association of miR-497 and PlexinA4 expressions with clinicopathologic factors and their prognostic values in LSCC were evaluated PlexinA4 siRNA and pcDNA3.1 (+ )/PlexinA4 plasmid were transfected into the LSCC and measured by Transwell to evaluate their effect on the invasion of LSCC. Results: miR-497 was low expression in LSCC, which related to pathological differentiation, while PlexinA4 mRNA was high expression in LSCC. Kaplan-Meier method showed that the prognosis of patients with high miR-497 expression was better than that of patients with low miR-497 expression (χ²=10.342, P=0.001); . Cox regression analysis showed that miR-497 was an independent prognostic factor for LSCC. The double luciferase reporter gene showed that the variation of the fluorescence activity of wild type PlexinA4 was significantly different from that of the control group (P<0.01). In Hep-2 and TU212 cell line, the number of cells with PlexinA4 siRNA passing through the compartments was 70.00±10.85 and 85.00±6.45, significantly higher than control (F values were 30.251 and 23.936, both P<0.05), the number of cells with pcDNA3.1 (+ ) /PlexinA4 was 170.56±11.95 and 142.00±10.43, also significantly less than control (F values were 35.104 and 29.643, both P<0.05). Conclusion The expression of miR-497 in LSCC is decreased, indicating poor prognosis, which is as an independent risk factor for prognosis of LSCC. miR-497 may modulate LSCC invasion through PlexinA4.

Objective To introduce a single person operation procedure for tail vein injection in conscious tree shrews,and to improve the success rate of injection. Methods The tree shrew was fixed by a canvas glove and a clamp. The tail of the tree shrew was fixed by the operator's left hand, and the drug was injected by the right hand with a 1 mL disposable syringe. Results This method had the advantages of simple operation,economy and practicality,good fixation effect,high matching degree of animals and high success rate of drug administration. Conclusions Compared with other methods,this method has obvious advantages such as single person operation, convenient, time-saving and labor-saving. The cost is low and the effect is good,thus significantly improving the success rate of injection.

Objective To comparison curative effects between radiofrequency coblation and CO 2 laser in treat‐ment of early glottic carcinoma .Methods A total of 104 patients with early glottic cancer (Tis ,T1a ,T1b ) were treated in our department from October 2007 to December 2012 .Among them 64 cases underwent radiofrequency ablation (radiofrequency group) while 40 cases underwent CO2 laser resection (CO2 laser group) .The operation time and the postoperative pain VAS scores were recorded .All of the patients were examined by electronic laryngoscopy and a‐coustic analysis in 1 week ,1 month ,3 months after surgery .Results The mean operation time of radiofrequency group was 8 .75 ± 1 .62(min)and CO2 laser group was 11 .82 ± 1 .51(min) .The radiofrequency group was better than CO2 laser group(P < 0 .05) .The differences of postoperative pain VAS score was not statistically significant be ‐tween radiofrequency group(2 .79 ± 0 .47) and CO2 laser group (2 .96 ± 0 .64)(P> 0 .05) .The mucosal recovery of radiofrequency group in 1 month after surgery was better than the CO2 laser group (χ2 = 13 .842 ,P< 0 .05) .Subjects in radiofrequency group and CO2 laser group showed statistical significance and linear trends in jitter ,shimmer ,HNR over time by univariate test of repeated measurement ANOVA (P < 0 .05) .The differences of acoustic parameters (jitter ,shimmer ,HNR)between radiofrequency group and CO 2 laser group were statistically significant by multiva‐riate test of repeated measurement ANOVA (P< 0 .05) .The differences of 3 - years survival rate ,local recurrence rate ,recurrence rate with anterior commissure involved and postoperative adhesion rate with anterior commissure in ‐volved were not statistically significant between radiofrequency group and CO 2 laser group (P > 0 .05) .All of the patients had not underwent tracheotomy .They did not have cough ,dyspnea ,severe pain ,hemoptysis ,serious compli‐cations after surgery .Conclusion Both radiofrequency coblation and CO 2 laser are safe and effective surgical meth‐ods in the treatment of early glottic carcinoma .The operation time of radiofrequency coblation is shorter than CO 2 laser surgery .The mucosal recovery in 1 month after surgery and acoustic recovery of radiofrequenay coblation are all better than that of the CO2 laser surgery .

BACKGROUND:The mechanical strength of nerve conduits made by chitosan is poor and easy to col apse, which is not conducive to the nerve regeneration. OBJECTIVE:To explore the feasibility of chitosan/polylactic acid complex in the repair of peripheral nerve defects in rats. METHODS:Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were enrol ed to establish models of unilateral sciatic nerve defects, and then randomly divided into three groups:autologous nerve, silicone catheter and chitosan/polylactic acid complex were used for defect repair in the three groups, respectively. At 12 weeks after operation, appearance of bridged nerves, surface adhesion, formation of neuroma were observed;nerve conduction velocity, action potential amplitude and latent period were determined;hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the number of regenerated axons and area of regenerated nerves;wet weight of the complete triceps surae was measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 12 weeks after repair, the regenerated nerves in the three groups al passed through the 5 mm nerve defect gaps, and neuroma only formed in the silicone catheter group. The diameter of regenerated nerves in the three groups was ranked as fol ows:autologous nerve group>chitosan/polylactic acid group>silicone catheter group (P<0.05). High-density regenerated axons neatly arranged in the autologous nerve and chitosan/polylactic acid groups, and the number of regenerated axons was higher than that in the silicone catheter group (P<0.05). Moreover, the nerve conduction velocity, action potential amplitude and wet weight of the complete triceps surae were significantly higher in the autologous nerve and chitosan/polylactic acid groups than in the silicone catheter group (P<0.05), but the latent period was lower than that in the silicone catheter group (P<0.05). These findings indicate that the chitosan/polylactic acid conduits can promote peripheral nerve regeneration.

Objective To study the impact of changes in the pharynx on the vocal functions and resonance functions to evaluate the effects of UPPP on voice and in order to provide a reference for the selection of UPPP sur‐gery population .Methods The 30 male adult patients who underwent UPPP surgery were recorded pre-surgery ,1-week post-surgery and 3-month post-surgery speech .Then the multi-dimensional voice program (MDVP) , linear prediction coding (LPC) ,the Nasometer Ⅱ(model 6450) were used to evaluate the vocal functions ,the oral resonance functions and the nasal resonance function .Results F0 ,jitter ,shimmer ,and NHR were unchanged from the pre-surgery to the post-surgery condition .One week after the surgery ,F1 ,F2 of /a/,/i/and /u/were un‐changed (P>0 .05) .Three months after surgery ,F1 ,F2 of the vowel /a/and F1 of the vowel /u/were remained essentially unchanged (P>0 .05);while the frequency of F1 ,F2 of the vowel /a/and of F2 of the vowel /u/were significantly higher compared to pre-surgery values (P<0 .05) .One week after the surgery ,the nasalance scores of the oral sentence ,the oranasal sentence ,and the nasal sentence were unchanged (P>0 .05) .Three months after surgery ,the nasalance scores of the oral sentence and the oranasal sentence were unchanged (P>0 .05);while the nasalance scores of the nasal sentence were significantly higher compared to pre-surgery values (P<0 .05) .Conclu‐sion UPPP doses not affect the vocal function .But it might have a certain effect on resonance function ,demonstra‐ted by the change of several formant frequency and nasalance .UPPP in all professional voice users should be cau‐tious .Such patients who want to undergo UPPP must be informed of this potential modification of the voice after sursery .

Objective To investigate the relationship between pleural resonance features and the chest volume and vital capacity in young male adults .Methods A total of 60 healthy young male adults were included in this study .Energy distribution of pleural resonance was measured with the multi-channel voice analysis system when they pronounced /a:/.The frequency spectrums were 0~999 Hz (FR1 ) ,1 000~1 999 Hz (FR2 ) ,2 000~2 999 Hz (FR3 ) ,3 000~4 000 Hz (FR4 ) .Fast 3D reconstruction of chest was detected by multi slice spiral CT to calcu‐late the chest volume .The vital capacity was evaluated by aerodynamics system .SPSS 18 .0 software was used to analyze the data .Results The vital capacity in healthy young male adults was 4 .31 ± 0 .63 L ,the chest volume was 5 .69 ± 0 .52 L .The frequency spectrum of FR1 was 53 .38% ± 2 .14% ,FR2 was 30 .72% ± 1 .59% ,FR3 was 10 . 53% ± 2 .75% ,FR4 was 5 .35% ± 2 .32% ,respectively .There was a highly positive correlation between the chest volume and FR1 (r=0 .854) ,moderately positive correlation between the volume and FR2 (r=0 .740) ,moderately negative correlation between the volume and FR3 (r= -0 .587) ,moderately negative correlation between the volume and FR4 (r= -0 .565);There was a highly positive correlation between the vital capacity and FR1 (r=0 .744) ,mod‐erately positive correlation between the volume and FR2 (r=0 .699) ,moderately negative correlation between thevolume and FR3 (r= -0 .632) ,weakly negative correlation between the volume and FR4 (r= -0 .429) .Conclusion There was a high correlation between the chest volume and pleural resonance ,high correlation between vital capacity and pleural resonance in young male adults ,which may be a influencing factor of pronunciation effect .

Objective To evaluate the effects of phonosurgery combined with voice therapy in patients with vocal polyps accompanied with muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) .Methods The study retrospectively enrolled 117 patients with a diagnosis of vocal polyps accompanied with MTD .All the patients were divided into two groups ac‐cording to the different remedies:the surgery group (n=57) ,and the combination group (n=60) .The Xion acous‐tic analysis was carried out on the two groups before and after therapy .We compared the results in each group ,the results of post-therapy between two groups ,and that of post-therapy with the control group(n=50) .The acous‐tic parameters were jitter percent (jitter) ,shimmer percent (shimmer) ,dysphonia severity index (DSI) .Results The results obtained in the study showed that all the voice analysis parameters were significantly improved after therapy in both the surgery group and combination group(P<0 .05) .Jitter and shimmer in post -therapeutic out‐come of the combination group were lower than those of in surgery group ,and DSI was even higher(P<0 .05) .Jit‐ter and shimmer in post-therapeutic outcome of surgery group were higher than those of in normal group ,and DSI was lower than those of in normal group(P<0 .05) .But there were no clinically significant differences in post -therapeutic outcomes of combination group compared with control group(P>0 .05) .Conclusion As for vocal polyps accompanied with M TD ,successful phonosurgical treatment and voice therapy can improve patients’ voice quality .

Objective To investigate the etiologies and clinical features for bilateral acute sensorineural hearing loss (bi-ASNHL).Methods The clinical data of 19 cases presenting with bi-ASNHL were retrospectively analyzed,including the clinical features,systemic examinations,laboratory examinations,audiology and radiology results,as well as the prognosis.Results There were 15 nonotologic diseases in 19 patients,accounting for 78.9％ of the total cases,most of which were disorders with multisystem and multi-organ disorder.The central nervous system diseases including fungal meningitis,tuberculous meningitis,and viral encephalitis in 3 patients.The clinical features of deafness were bilateral,progressive,accompanied with fever,headache,dizziness,nausea,vomiting and change of mental status.There was a decrease in speech recognition score (SRS),and speech recognition threshold (SRT) was obviously inferior to pure tone average (PTA) disproportionally.Diseases of immune system including antineural cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated systemic vasculitis (AASV),relapsing polychondritis (RP),rheumatoid arthritis(RA),and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 5 patients.They showed the characteristics of bilateral,progressive and simultaneous autoimmune disease.Hematological and endocrine system diseases including diabetes mellitus,leukemia,and thyroid hypofunction in 5 patients.The deafness had the characteristics of symmetry and progressivity.Otologic diseases including large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS) and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) in 4 patients; Drug-induced sensorineural deafness happened in 2 patients.After the treatment aimed at the causes,1 case was cured,3 patients were markedly effective,7 patients were effective,and 8 patients were ineffective(including dead and refusal cases),with a total effective rate of 57.9％.Conclusions The most of bi-ASNHL cases are often associated with systemic diseases.Clinicians should analyze the history and clinical characteristics in detail,and complete specific laboratory examinations,audiology and imaging examinations in order to reveal the causative diseases.It should be treated aimed at the etiology.

Objective To investigate the reactive characteristics of normal vocal cord tissues to photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the damage effects of different concentration of photosensitizer and different light on normal rabbit vocal cord.Making the preliminary research of PDT in clinical treatment of chronic inflammation of the vocal cords and precancerous lesions.Methods Twenty-five healthy Japanese big ear experimental rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups: low work rate low dose group A (100 mW, 10％5-ALA), high work rate low dose group B(200 mW,10％5-ALA), high work rate high dose group C (200 mW,20％5-ALA), low work rate high dose group D(100 mW,20％5-ALA) and normal control group E.The issue damage and wound recovery were observed in 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d after intervention.Results A severe inflammation reaction was observed in group A, B, C, D after intervened with PDT compared to normal group.The reaction of group A was lighter, and the reaction of group C was the most serious.The content of collagenous fiber, hyaluronic acid and fibronectin in vocal fold lamina layer was significantly higher than that in normal group (P ＜ 0.05).Different degrees of fiber proliferation were observed in all groups.The content of each component of vocal fold lamina layer tended to be normal slightly higher level in 28 d.Observation by electron microscope showed that there were no significant differences in A, B, C, D, E in 28 d after intervention.Conclusion Recoverable damage repair process can be detected in rabbit vocal after intervened with PDT, which began in 7 d and basically completed in 28 d.In a certain concentration (10％-20％) and dose range (100-200 mW).The higher of photodynamic dose, the more serious of the damage.And the damage was basically reversible.

Objective To explore the effect of FESS on nasal resonance characteristics in patient with chronic sinusitis .Methods Detected 50 cases of adult patients with type Ⅱ chronic sinusitis ,and collected the date about the application of multi-channel voice analysis system that tested the pronunciation /i/before and three months af-ter FESS spectrum - energy distribution while compared with 50 normal subjects .Results Patients with type Ⅱchronic sinusitis before surgery compared with normal subjects ,the head of the low -frequency energy was higher , high-frequency was lower ,the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .001) .Voice energy distribution after three months compared with preoperative ,the head of the high-frequency resonance energy improved than preop-erative ,but still relatively low compared with the normal ,the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05) . While the mouth ,chest and throat in addition to oral FR3 ,FR4 ,postoperative throat FR4 and preoperative chest FR4 ,other frequency -energy compared with normal subjects no significant change was not statistically significant (P>0 .05) .Conclusion For patients with chronic sinusitis ,low -frequency of the voice of nasal resonance de-creased ,and high-frequency increased after FESS .