Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as one of the three major causes of death， is a complex systemic disease with high prevalence， high mortality， high disability， frequent acute exacerbations， and a variety of pulmonary complications. The pathogenesis is complex. Western medicine has no effective specificity scheme for a complete cure. However， multiple-component and multiple-target characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrate significant advantages in COPD treatment through multi-link， multi-pathway， and multi-mechanism intervention. Therefore， exploring the essence of COPD pathogenesis and discovering effective TCM treatment drugs through the application of TCM principles and prescriptions is a key focus of modern research. Animal models are of paramount importance in medical research. It is the first consideration to select appropriate animals， adopt reasonable modeling methods to replicate stable animal models that closely resemble the clinical manifestations and pathophysiological characteristics of COPD， and use appropriate evaluation methods to determine the success of COPD animal models in experimental research. The core of experimental research lies in observing the intervention effect of TCM on COPD animal models， exploring the specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms of TCM on COPD disease， and finding TCM monomers， single herbs， and TCM formulas with definite curative effects. At present， animal model research on COPD mainly involves model establishment， model evaluation， efficacy observation， mechanism exploration， and other aspects. In recent years， there has been no systematic organization， update， and reflection on the relevant research on TCM intervention in COPD animal models. This study reviewed the selection of animals for the COPD model， methods for establishing COPD animal models， model evaluation methods， and the intervention effects of TCM on COPD animal models. It aims to grasp the current research status and identify existing problems for further improvement， in order to provide evidence and support for scientific research and clinical treatment of COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， as one of the three major causes of death， is a complex systemic disease with high prevalence， high mortality， high disability， frequent acute exacerbations， and a variety of pulmonary complications. The pathogenesis is complex. Western medicine has no effective specificity scheme for a complete cure. However， multiple-component and multiple-target characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrate significant advantages in COPD treatment through multi-link， multi-pathway， and multi-mechanism intervention. Therefore， exploring the essence of COPD pathogenesis and discovering effective TCM treatment drugs through the application of TCM principles and prescriptions is a key focus of modern research. Animal models are of paramount importance in medical research. It is the first consideration to select appropriate animals， adopt reasonable modeling methods to replicate stable animal models that closely resemble the clinical manifestations and pathophysiological characteristics of COPD， and use appropriate evaluation methods to determine the success of COPD animal models in experimental research. The core of experimental research lies in observing the intervention effect of TCM on COPD animal models， exploring the specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms of TCM on COPD disease， and finding TCM monomers， single herbs， and TCM formulas with definite curative effects. At present， animal model research on COPD mainly involves model establishment， model evaluation， efficacy observation， mechanism exploration， and other aspects. In recent years， there has been no systematic organization， update， and reflection on the relevant research on TCM intervention in COPD animal models. This study reviewed the selection of animals for the COPD model， methods for establishing COPD animal models， model evaluation methods， and the intervention effects of TCM on COPD animal models. It aims to grasp the current research status and identify existing problems for further improvement， in order to provide evidence and support for scientific research and clinical treatment of COPD.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

OBJECTIVE:Prolonged sedentary behavior can acutely reduce peripheral and central vascular function,thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.Interrupting sedentary behavior may be a potential practical strategy to prevent vascular dysfunction caused by prolonged sitting.However,current research findings on its acute effects are inconsistent,and specific application recommendations have not yet been established.This study aims to perform a Meta-analysis on the acute effects of interrupting sedentary behavior on peripheral and central vascular function in adults and to explore its regulatory factors.METHODS:Following PRISMA reporting guidelines,literature search was conducted in March 2024 using the keywords of"interrupting,""sedentary,"and"vascular function"in the Web of Science Core Collection,PubMed,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)databases.Acute randomized crossover trials addressing the acute effects of interrupting sedentary behavior on peripheral and central vascular function in adults were included.Risk of Bias 2 developed by Cochrane was used to assess bias risk,and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE)system was used to evaluate the evidence level.The"meta"and"metaphor"packages in R(version 4.2.0)were used for main effect aggregation(Hedge's g acted as the effect size indicator),publication bias testing,subgroup analysis,and regression analysis.RESULTS:Twenty-two randomized crossover trials involving 364 subjects(aged 21 to 70 years)were included.Meta-analysis results showed that compared with prolonged sitting,interrupting sedentary behavior acutely improved peripheral vascular blood flow volume(Hedge's g=0.48,95%confidence interval:0.14-0.82,P<0.01,I2=63%,low evidence level),shear stress(Hedge's g=0.65,95%confidence interval:0.37-0.93],P<0.01,I2=54%,moderate evidence level),and flow-mediated dilation(Hedge's g=0.43,95%confidence interval:0.15-0.72,P<0.01,I2=61%,moderate evidence level).Disease had a significant moderating effect on the main effect aggregation for blood flow volume(P=0.01 between subgroups),while the mode(P=0.01 between subgroups)and frequency(P=0.02 between subgroups)of interruptions had significant moderating effects on shear stress.Improvements in peripheral vascular shear stress from interrupting sedentary behavior were affected by age(β=-0.02,95%confidence interval:-0.03-0.01,P=0.09)and body mass index(β=-0.10,95%confidence interval:-0.18 to-0.02,P<0.01).Improvements in flow-mediated dilation were influenced by the total number of interruptions(β=-0.09,95%confidence interval:-0.17 to-0.01,P=0.03)and the duration of sitting during the control period(β=-0.21,95%confidence interval:-0.34 to-0.09,P<0.01).Each additional hour of sitting was associated with a 0.67%reduction in the acute improvement effect of flow-mediated dilation from interrupting sedentary behavior(P<0.01),and acute benefits disappeared when sitting control time exceeded 6 hours.A qualitative systematic review found that interrupting sedentary behavior did not significantly affect pulse wave velocity in various populations but could effectively prevent central vascular function decline in older adults due to prolonged sitting.CONCLUSION:Interrupting sedentary behavior acutely improves peripheral vascular blood flow volume(low evidence level),shear stress(moderate evidence level),and flow-mediated dilation(moderate evidence level)in adults and may prevent or protect against central vascular function decline in older adults due to prolonged sitting(very low evidence level).Characteristics of subjects(disease factors,sex,age,and body mass index),interruption intervention schemes(mode,frequency,total number of interruptions),and duration of sitting control all influence the acute improvement effects of interrupting sedentary behavior on vascular function.It is recommended that adults interrupt sedentary behavior with exercises involving large muscle groups,such as stair climbing,at high frequencies(e.g.,once every 40 minutes)with at least 5 minutes of moderate-to low-intensity activity each time,and limit the cumulative duration of prolonged sitting to no more than 6 hours per day.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

OBJECTIVE:Prolonged sedentary behavior can acutely reduce peripheral and central vascular function,thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.Interrupting sedentary behavior may be a potential practical strategy to prevent vascular dysfunction caused by prolonged sitting.However,current research findings on its acute effects are inconsistent,and specific application recommendations have not yet been established.This study aims to perform a Meta-analysis on the acute effects of interrupting sedentary behavior on peripheral and central vascular function in adults and to explore its regulatory factors.METHODS:Following PRISMA reporting guidelines,literature search was conducted in March 2024 using the keywords of"interrupting,""sedentary,"and"vascular function"in the Web of Science Core Collection,PubMed,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)databases.Acute randomized crossover trials addressing the acute effects of interrupting sedentary behavior on peripheral and central vascular function in adults were included.Risk of Bias 2 developed by Cochrane was used to assess bias risk,and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE)system was used to evaluate the evidence level.The"meta"and"metaphor"packages in R(version 4.2.0)were used for main effect aggregation(Hedge's g acted as the effect size indicator),publication bias testing,subgroup analysis,and regression analysis.RESULTS:Twenty-two randomized crossover trials involving 364 subjects(aged 21 to 70 years)were included.Meta-analysis results showed that compared with prolonged sitting,interrupting sedentary behavior acutely improved peripheral vascular blood flow volume(Hedge's g=0.48,95%confidence interval:0.14-0.82,P<0.01,I2=63%,low evidence level),shear stress(Hedge's g=0.65,95%confidence interval:0.37-0.93],P<0.01,I2=54%,moderate evidence level),and flow-mediated dilation(Hedge's g=0.43,95%confidence interval:0.15-0.72,P<0.01,I2=61%,moderate evidence level).Disease had a significant moderating effect on the main effect aggregation for blood flow volume(P=0.01 between subgroups),while the mode(P=0.01 between subgroups)and frequency(P=0.02 between subgroups)of interruptions had significant moderating effects on shear stress.Improvements in peripheral vascular shear stress from interrupting sedentary behavior were affected by age(β=-0.02,95%confidence interval:-0.03-0.01,P=0.09)and body mass index(β=-0.10,95%confidence interval:-0.18 to-0.02,P<0.01).Improvements in flow-mediated dilation were influenced by the total number of interruptions(β=-0.09,95%confidence interval:-0.17 to-0.01,P=0.03)and the duration of sitting during the control period(β=-0.21,95%confidence interval:-0.34 to-0.09,P<0.01).Each additional hour of sitting was associated with a 0.67%reduction in the acute improvement effect of flow-mediated dilation from interrupting sedentary behavior(P<0.01),and acute benefits disappeared when sitting control time exceeded 6 hours.A qualitative systematic review found that interrupting sedentary behavior did not significantly affect pulse wave velocity in various populations but could effectively prevent central vascular function decline in older adults due to prolonged sitting.CONCLUSION:Interrupting sedentary behavior acutely improves peripheral vascular blood flow volume(low evidence level),shear stress(moderate evidence level),and flow-mediated dilation(moderate evidence level)in adults and may prevent or protect against central vascular function decline in older adults due to prolonged sitting(very low evidence level).Characteristics of subjects(disease factors,sex,age,and body mass index),interruption intervention schemes(mode,frequency,total number of interruptions),and duration of sitting control all influence the acute improvement effects of interrupting sedentary behavior on vascular function.It is recommended that adults interrupt sedentary behavior with exercises involving large muscle groups,such as stair climbing,at high frequencies(e.g.,once every 40 minutes)with at least 5 minutes of moderate-to low-intensity activity each time,and limit the cumulative duration of prolonged sitting to no more than 6 hours per day.

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of single and bilateral lung transplantation in the treatment of end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Chinese and English databases were searched by computer, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EMbase, CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP database and CBM. Case-control studies on single lung transplantation or bilateral lung transplantation for COPD were collected from the inception to July 31, 2022. We evaluated the quality of the literature via Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). All results were analyzed using Review Manager V5.3 and STATA 17.0. Results A total of 8 studies were included covering 14076 patients, including 8326 patients in the single lung transplantation group and 5750 patients in the bilateral lung transplantation group. NOS scores were≥6 points. The results of meta-analysis showed that there was no statistical difference in the postoperative 1-year survival between the two groups (P=0.070). The 2-year survival rate (P=0.002), 3-year survival rate (P<0.001), 5-year survival rate (P<0.001), overall survival rate (P＜0.001), postoperative forced expiratory volume in one second/predicted value (P<0.001), postoperative forced vital capacity (P<0.001), and postoperative 6-minute walking distance (P=0.002) were lower or shorter than those in the bilateral lung transplantation group, the postoperative intubation time (P=0.030) was longer than that in the bilateral lung transplantation group. Bilateral lung transplantation group showed better surgical results. There was no statistical difference in the mortality, obliterative bronchiolitis, length of hospitalization, primary graft dysfunction, or postoperative adverse events (P>0.05). Conclusion Bilateral lung transplantation is associated with better long-term survival and postoperative lung function compared with single lung transplantation. In-hospital mortality and postoperative complications are similar between them.

Objective To analyze the risk factors for extrauterine growth retardation(EUGR)in late preterm infants appropriate for gestational age.Methods The clinical data in 1 402 preterm infants appropri-ate for gestational age delivered and hospitalized in this hospital from January 2016 to June 2022 were analyzed retrospectively.They were divided into the EUGR group(n=244)and the non-EUGR group(n=1 158)ac-cording to whether or not the body weight at discharge was below the 10th percentile of the growth curve for the same gestational age at the same period based on the Fenton's preterm growth curve.The clinical data of preterm infants and mothers of the two groups were collected.The risk factors for EUGR occurrence in pre-mature infants were analyzed.Results Among 1 402 preterm infants appropriate for gestational age,EUGR occurred in 244 cases with the EUGR incidence rate of 17.4％.The EUGR incidence rate had no statistical difference among the different fetal ages of premature infants(P＞0.05).The EUGR incidence rate had sta-tistical difference among different birth weights of premature infants(P＜0.05).The logistic regression anal-ysis showed that male(OR=1.694,95％CI:1.144-2.507),low birth weight(OR=0.989,95％CI:0.988-0.991),feeding intolerance(OR=2.719,95％CI:1.234-5.990),short gestational weeks(OR=0.146,95％CI:0.103-0.207)and hospitalization duration extension(OR=1.073,95％CI:1.031-1.117)were the risk factors for EUGR occurrence in late premature infants appropriate for gestational age in discharge.The sub-group analysis showed that male,low birth weight,feeding intolerance and hospitalization duration extension were the risk factors for EUGR occurrence in the preterm infants with gestational ages of 34-＜36 weeks(P＜0.05).Low birth weight and feeding intolerance only affected the preterm infants≥36 weeks of gesta-tional age(P＜0.05).Conclusion Strengthening the pregnant duration health care and active nutritional sup-port after birth may reduce the risk of EUGR occurrence in late premature infants.

The construction of experimental animal models plays an important supporting role in research into the mechanisms of action of Chinese medicines.There have been increasing reports of the construction and evaluation of animal models of spleen deficiency;however,the construction method have involved different standards and there has been insufficient objectification of the evaluation indexes.In this review,we summarize the construction and evaluation method of animal models of spleen deficiency from the aspects of animal selection,model establishment,macroscopic characterization,behavioral experiments,and objective indexes of spleen deficiency,with a view to providing theoretical guidance for the construction of experimental animal models of spleen deficiency and references for the selection of animal model platforms for spleen deficiency.

Traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome (TSOFS) is a symptom complex caused by nerve entrapment in the supraorbital fissure after skull base trauma. If the compressed cranial nerve in the supraorbital fissure is not decompressed surgically, ptosis, diplopia and eye movement disorder may exist for a long time and seriously affect the patients′ quality of life. Since its overall incidence is not high, it is not familiarized with the majority of neurosurgeons and some TSOFS may be complicated with skull base vascular injury. If the supraorbital fissure surgery is performed without treatment of vascular injury, it may cause massive hemorrhage, and disability and even life-threatening in severe cases. At present, there is no consensus or guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS that can be referred to both domestically and internationally. To improve the understanding of TSOFS among clinical physicians and establish standardized diagnosis and treatment plans, the Skull Base Trauma Group of the Neurorepair Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Traumatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome ( version 2024) based on evidence of evidence-based medicine and clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment. This consensus puts forward 12 recommendations on the diagnosis, classification, treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up of TSOFS, aiming to provide references for neurosurgeons from hospitals of all levels to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS.