A portion of patients undergoing implant restoration require bone augmentation procedures to ensure that there is sufficient bone volume around the implant. For the patients with horizontal bone ridge defects at edentulous sites, with or without mild to moderate vertical bone defects, the shell technique serves as a reliable and minimally invasive bone augmentation method with effective space maintenance. The shell technique involves fixating 1 mm cortical bone blocks to the recipient site, using retention screws and filling the gap between the bone block and recipient bed with particulate bone substitute materials, and covering the barrier membrane to achieve bone augmentation. The overlying tension-free soft tissue closure seals the surgical site while local peripheral blood releases osteoclasts and cytokines that gradually degrade the bone block. The rigid fixation of the bone block ensures a stable internal environment for osteogenesis and a new bone regeneration cycle. Although this technique demonstrates favorable bone augmentation outcomes, it is highly technique-sensitive. There are certain differences in the application scenarios and osteogenic processes for autologous and allogeneic bone shells. The selection of bone blocks and particulate bone substitute materials significantly influences the osteogenic biological process and the predictability of bone augmentation results. Complications associated with the shell technique possess distinct characteristics, such as the immunogenicity of allogeneic bone fragments, soft tissue cracking, and bone fragment loosening. Their prevention and subsequent management substantially impact the success rate of osteogenesis. This article delves into the biological mechanisms of osteogenesis in the bone block technique, summarizing the indications, clinical outcomes, classification of bone blocks, and surgical workflow management, as well as complication prevention and management, aiming to provide a reference for the future application and development of the bone shell technique.

Based on the theory of "sweet-flavored medicinals retaining and restoring body fluid"， this paper proposed that the core pathogenesis of hypercoagulable state in malignant tumors is qi deficiency and fluid consumption， blood stasis and vessels stagnation， which evolves dynamically according to the pattern "qi deficiency → fluid consumption → blood stasis". Accordingly， a staged treatment system is established with the general principle of "fortifying the middle jiao， restoring fluid and activating blood circulation". In the initial stage， invigorating the spleen and boosting qi to generate body fluid， targeting the onset of middle jiao deficiency and body fluid consumption； in the middle stage， nourishing yin and unblocking collaterals to facilitate body fluid circulation， addressing the disorder of body fluid transportation and collateral injury caused by internal dryness； in the late stage， consolidating yin and resolving blood stasis to retain body fluid， resolving yin impairment， fluid exhaustion， and binding of stasis and toxin. By regulating body fluid metabolism to improve the hypercoagulable state， this system is intended to provide insights for the prevention and treatment of hypercoagulable state in malignant tumors with traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective: To analyze the demographic characteristics, return donation patterns, and risk of adverse reactions among donors temporarily deferred due to blood pressure abnormalities, so as to provide an evidence-based foundation for optimizing pre-donation blood pressure screening strategies, enhancing donor retention, and ensuring blood supply safety. Methods: Data from 2.939 million donor instances were collected through the Information Management System at the Beijing Red Cross Blood Center between January 2015 and August 2025. The analysis specifically focused on the 11 600 instances of donors temporarily deferred due to abnormal blood pressure, examining demographic characteristics (age, and gender) and donation-related features (number of donations, donation site, and type of donation). Further analysis was conducted on the return donation patterns, including the return rate, time interval to return, and the incidence, type, and severity of adverse reactions among returned donors. Results: Distribution of abnormal blood pressure: Among the 11 600 instances of abnormal blood pressure, the prevalence was significantly higher in males (0.48%, 10 111/2 086 909) than in females (0.17%, 1 465/852 090). The 46-55 age group had the highest prevalence (0.88%, 2 925/329 235), and the differences across age groups were statistically significant. The prevalence was, higher among repeat donors (0.41%, 5 242/1 276 452) than first-time donors (0.38%, 6 334/1 662 547). The prevalence at mobile donation sites outside the blood center (0.06%, 350/596 104) was higher than fixed donor centers (0.50%, 10 225/2 052 290) and group donation drives (0.34%, 1 001/290 608). Return donations: A total of 19.49% (2 256 out of 11 576) deferred donors returner and successfully donated. Among these donors, 36.17% (816 out of 2 256) returned within 7 days, while the highest proportion of returns was observed within 31-182 days (25.44%, 574/2 256). A higher return rate was observed among male donors (20.17%, 2 039/1 0111) compared to female donors (14.81%, 217/1 465). The return rate for repeat donors (43.02%, 2 255/5 242) was significantly higher than that of first-time donors (0.02%, 1/6 334). Individual donors showed a higher return rate (20.95%, 1 986/9 479) than group donors (12.88%, 270/2 097), with all differences being statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences in return rates across age groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Adverse reactions: The incidence of adverse reactions after return was 0.09% (2/2 256), significantly lower than the overall adverse reaction incidence during the same period (0.20%, 5 981/2 938 999). Both adverse reactions were local reaction (category A1, pain or bruising at the puncture site), with no reported cases of systemic vasovagal reactions (VR) or severe adverse events. Conclusion: The current blood pressure screening criteria may lead to the unnecessary deferral of eligible donors. The risk of adverse reactions is extremely low among returned donors who were deferred for abnormal blood pressure. A relaxation of the blood pressure screening criteria is therefore suggested, coupled with the optimization of donation site environment and blood pressure measurement procedure with reference to expert consensus to enhance donor retention and blood supply safety.

As the core vehicle for preserving and transmitting traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） academic thought and clinical experience， the establishment of a robust quality evaluation system for TCM clinical case reports is a crucial component in the current standardization and modernization of TCM. Based on the practical experience of constructing the China Clinical Cases Library of Traditional Chinese Medicine by the China Association of Chinese Medicine， this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of critical challenges， including insufficient authenticity and unfocused evaluation criteria. It proposed a three-dimensional evaluation framework grounded in the structure-process-outcome logic， encompassing three dimensions of authenticity and standardization， characteristics and advantages， application and translational impact. This framework integrated 12 key evaluation indicators in a systematic manner. The model preserved the academic characteristics of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment， while aligning with modern scientific research standards， achieving a balance between individualized TCM experience and standardized evaluation. Concurrently， this study provided theoretical foundations and methodological guidance for evaluating the quality of TCM clinical cases， contributing significantly to the inheritance of TCM knowledge， evidence-based practice， and the reform of talent evaluation mechanisms.

BACKGROUND:Autologous bone,allogeneic bone or artificial bone has been used to promote bone defect repair in the clinic,but the rate of non-healing is still high.The key is to ignore the importance of periosteum in the bone healing process.In the early stage of the project,the project team constructed an electrospinning membrane loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor to highly simulate the intramembranous osteogenesis of natural periosteum at the bone defect site,which promoted bone regeneration to a certain extent.However,the injured area often faces the dilemma of severe inflammatory response mediated by macrophages and lack of seed cells,resulting in the risk of inactivation or diffusion of delivered biological factors.Therefore,it is necessary to further optimize and coordinate the immune regulation and angiogenesis functions of biomimetic periosteum to promote bone repair.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the physicochemical properties of stem cell-engineered bionic periosteum and its role in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment to promote bone repair.METHODS:By combining L-polylactic acid-based microsol electrospinning,type Ⅰ collagen self-assembly and gel stem cell transplantation technology,a bionic periosteum(M@C-B)was constructed,in which the core layer loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor and the shell layer delivered bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to regulate the immune microenvironment of bone defects.The physicochemical properties of the periosteum were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.A co-culture system was established between the bionic periosteum and macrophages,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells to explore immune regulation and in vitro osteogenic and angiogenic abilities.Finally,the osteogenic properties of the stem cell engineered bionic periosteum were further verified in a rat femoral condyle defect model.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Transmission electron microscopy results showed that the micro-sol electrospinning(MS)formed a distinct core-shell structure.Scanning electron microscopy indicated that after the assembly of the collagen-l artificial periosteum(M@C)on the surface of the vascular endothelial growth factor-loaded micro-sol,a distinct"spider web-like"fibrous structure was deposited.Infrared spectroscopy further confirmed the successful self-assembly of collagen-l.Release experiments demonstrated that the M@C group mitigated the burst release phenomenon compared to the MS group,maintaining internal vascular endothelial growth factor activity and sustained release.(2)Live/dead cell staining and CCK-8 assay showed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferated well and survived on three types of artificial periosteum:MS,purely aligned poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA)surface self-assembled collagen-l artificial periosteum(PLLA@C),and vascular endothelial growth factor-loaded micro-sol fiber surface self-assembled collagen-l-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells artificial periosteum(M@C-B).Among them,the M@C-B group had the highest number of live cells and the fastest proliferation rate.(3)Alkaline phosphatase staining,alizarin red staining,and osteopontin immunofluorescence staining showed that the PLLA@C and M@C-B groups significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.Angiogenesis experiments demonstrated that the vascular endothelial growth factor-loaded groups(MS and M@C-B)had longer blood vessel lengths and more reticular vascular-like structures with more cross-linked nodes,with the M@C-B group being the most prominent.(4)Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry showed that artificial periosteum in the M@C-B group significantly inhibited the pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype and promoted the polarization of macrophages towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.(5)In vivo studies further confirmed that the M@C-B group showed superior bone mineral density,trabecular thickness,relative bone volume,and trabecular spacing compared to other groups.(6)These results indicate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-engineered artificial periosteum,through the rapid regulation of the bone defect immune microenvironment by the collagen-l-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells outer phase and the sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor by the micro-sol electrospinning core-shell structure of the inner phase,synergistically promotes bone healing.

BACKGROUND:Autologous bone,allogeneic bone or artificial bone has been used to promote bone defect repair in the clinic,but the rate of non-healing is still high.The key is to ignore the importance of periosteum in the bone healing process.In the early stage of the project,the project team constructed an electrospinning membrane loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor to highly simulate the intramembranous osteogenesis of natural periosteum at the bone defect site,which promoted bone regeneration to a certain extent.However,the injured area often faces the dilemma of severe inflammatory response mediated by macrophages and lack of seed cells,resulting in the risk of inactivation or diffusion of delivered biological factors.Therefore,it is necessary to further optimize and coordinate the immune regulation and angiogenesis functions of biomimetic periosteum to promote bone repair.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the physicochemical properties of stem cell-engineered bionic periosteum and its role in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment to promote bone repair.METHODS:By combining L-polylactic acid-based microsol electrospinning,type Ⅰ collagen self-assembly and gel stem cell transplantation technology,a bionic periosteum(M@C-B)was constructed,in which the core layer loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor and the shell layer delivered bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to regulate the immune microenvironment of bone defects.The physicochemical properties of the periosteum were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.A co-culture system was established between the bionic periosteum and macrophages,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells to explore immune regulation and in vitro osteogenic and angiogenic abilities.Finally,the osteogenic properties of the stem cell engineered bionic periosteum were further verified in a rat femoral condyle defect model.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Transmission electron microscopy results showed that the micro-sol electrospinning(MS)formed a distinct core-shell structure.Scanning electron microscopy indicated that after the assembly of the collagen-l artificial periosteum(M@C)on the surface of the vascular endothelial growth factor-loaded micro-sol,a distinct"spider web-like"fibrous structure was deposited.Infrared spectroscopy further confirmed the successful self-assembly of collagen-l.Release experiments demonstrated that the M@C group mitigated the burst release phenomenon compared to the MS group,maintaining internal vascular endothelial growth factor activity and sustained release.(2)Live/dead cell staining and CCK-8 assay showed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferated well and survived on three types of artificial periosteum:MS,purely aligned poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA)surface self-assembled collagen-l artificial periosteum(PLLA@C),and vascular endothelial growth factor-loaded micro-sol fiber surface self-assembled collagen-l-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells artificial periosteum(M@C-B).Among them,the M@C-B group had the highest number of live cells and the fastest proliferation rate.(3)Alkaline phosphatase staining,alizarin red staining,and osteopontin immunofluorescence staining showed that the PLLA@C and M@C-B groups significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.Angiogenesis experiments demonstrated that the vascular endothelial growth factor-loaded groups(MS and M@C-B)had longer blood vessel lengths and more reticular vascular-like structures with more cross-linked nodes,with the M@C-B group being the most prominent.(4)Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry showed that artificial periosteum in the M@C-B group significantly inhibited the pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype and promoted the polarization of macrophages towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.(5)In vivo studies further confirmed that the M@C-B group showed superior bone mineral density,trabecular thickness,relative bone volume,and trabecular spacing compared to other groups.(6)These results indicate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-engineered artificial periosteum,through the rapid regulation of the bone defect immune microenvironment by the collagen-l-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells outer phase and the sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor by the micro-sol electrospinning core-shell structure of the inner phase,synergistically promotes bone healing.

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy and safety of Tangning Tongluo tablets in the treatment of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy （DR）. MethodsFourteen research centers participated in this study， which spanned a time interval from September 2021 to May 2023. A total of 240 patients with nonproliferative DR were included and randomly assigned into an observation group （120 cases） and a control group （120 cases）. The observation group was treated with Tangning Tongluo tablets， and the control group with calcium dobesilate capsules. Both groups were treated for 24 consecutive weeks. The vision， DR progression rate， retinal microhemangioma， hemorrhage area， exudation area， glycosylated hemoglobin （HbA1c） level， and TCM syndrome score were assessed before and after treatment， and the safety was observed. ResultsThe vision changed in both groups after treatment （P<0.05）， and the observation group showed higher best corrected visual acuity （BCVA） than the control group （P<0.05）. The DR progression was slow with similar rates in the two groups. The fundus hemorrhage area and exudation area did not change significantly after treatment in both groups， while the observation group outperformed the control group in reducing the fundus hemorrhage area and exudation area. There was no significant difference in the number of microhemangiomas between the two groups before treatment. After treatment， the number of microhemangiomas decreased in both the observation group （Z=-1.437， P<0.05） and the control group （Z=-2.238， P<0.05）， and it showed no significant difference between the two groups. As the treatment time prolonged， the number of microhemangiomas gradually decreased in both groups. There was no significant difference in the HbA1c level between the two groups before treatment. After treatment， the decline in the HbA1c level showed no significant difference between the two groups. The TCM syndrome score did not have a statistically significant difference between the two groups before treatment. After treatment， neither the TCM syndrome score nor the response rate had significant difference between the two groups. With the extension of the treatment time， both groups showed amelioration of TCM syndrome compared with the baseline. ConclusionTangning Tongluo tablets are safe and effective in the treatment of nonproliferative DR， being capable of improving vision and reducing hemorrhage and exudation in the fundus.

For patients with a few remaining abutment teeth, traditional removable partial dentures and implant-supported fixed prostheses are common treatment options.However, removable dentures often struggle to provide stability, especially as bone resorption occurs over time. Implant-supported fixed prostheses offer longterm stability but are costly and affected by anatomical and medical factors. A newer option is implant-assisted removable partial dentures, which use a minimal number of implants combined with a surveyed crown. This approach enhances support, retention, and stability while reducing financial and surgical burdens. It also improves the prognosis of the remaining teeth, increases patient satisfaction, and enhances masticatory function, making it a promising alternative to conventional removable dentures.

Purpose: Physiological aging is associated with microvascular dysfunction, including in the penis, and this may contribute to age-related erectile dysfunction (ED). Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT) is a non-invasive intervention for ED, but its effect on penile microvascular function, remains unclear. Our objectives are to (i) evaluate the effect of Li-ESWT (specifically radial type ESWT [rESWT]) on penile microvascular perfusion (PMP) in aging rats, (ii) elucidate a possible mechanism, and (iii) evaluate its impact on angiogenic and smooth muscle biomarkers in cavernosal tissue. Materials and Methods: Male rats (n=9; 15–18 months) were anesthetized and subjected to rESWT while monitoring PMP. The nitric oxide (NO) pathway involvement was assessed by measuring the effect of rESWT on PMP following an intracavernosal injection of N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (NO synthase inhibitor). To elucidate the cellular mechanism, another group of rats received repeated rESWT (n=4) or no treatment (n=4) three times/week for two weeks. Rats were euthanized at the end of the study and penile tissues were analyzed for angiogenic markers (vascular endothelial growth factor-A [VEGF-A], endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS]) and smooth muscle content (α-actin) using immunostaining, Western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: rESWT resulted in more than a 2-fold increase in PMP (from 68.5 arbitrary units; 163.7 AU). L-NAME injection produced a <40%–50% decrease (185.3 to 101.0 AU) in rESWT-induced PMP response. Immunostaining revealed increased α-actin, eNOS, and VEGF-A in the cavernosum and these findings were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot results. Conclusions rESWT improved PMP, which may be mediated via increased VEGF expression, which stimulates the NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, resulting in sustained PMP. rESWT devices could offer a safe, non-invasive treatment for age-related ED.

Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (iNSIP) is recognized as a distinct entity among various types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. It is identified histologically by the nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern. A diagnosis of iNSIP is feasible once secondary causes or underlying diseases are ruled out. Usually presenting with respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath and cough, iNSIP has a subacute or chronic course. It predominantly affects females aged 50 to 60 years who are non-smokers. Key imaging findings on chest high-resolution computed tomography include bilateral reticular opacities in lower lungs, traction bronchiectasis, reduced lung volumes and, ground-glass opacities. Abnormalities are typically diffuse across both lungs with subpleural distributions. Treatment often involves systemic steroids, either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressants, although evidence supporting effectiveness of these treatments is limited. Prognosis is generally more favorable for iNSIP than for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, with many studies reporting a 5-year survival rate above 70%. Antifibrotic agents should be considered in a condition, termed progressive pulmonary fibrosis, where pulmonary fibrosis progressively worsens.