The Type III Secretion System (T3SS) serves as a pivotal virulence apparatus for numerous Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, enabling them to infect both animal and plant hosts. Functioning as a molecular syringe, the T3SS directly translocates bacterial effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm into the interior of eukaryotic host cells. These effectors are central weapons that precisely manipulate a wide spectrum of host cellular physiological processes, ranging from cytoskeletal dynamics to immune signaling, to establish a favorable niche for bacterial survival and proliferation. Among the diverse arsenal of T3SS effectors, the YopJ family constitutes a critical group of virulence factors. Members of this family are characterized by a conserved catalytic triad structure—a hallmark of the CE clan of cysteine proteases that has been evolutionarily repurposed to confer acetyltransferase activity. A defining and intriguing feature of these enzymes is their stringent dependence on a host-derived eukaryotic cofactor, inositol hexakisphosphate (IP₆), for allosteric activation. This requirement acts as a sophisticated molecular safeguard, ensuring enzymatic activity only within the appropriate host environment, thereby preventing detrimental effects on the bacterium itself. While seminal studies on individual members such as Yersinia’s YopJ and Salmonella’s AvrA have provided deep mechanistic insights, a systematic and integrative understanding of the structure-function relationships across the entire family remains fragmented. Key questions persist regarding how a conserved catalytic core has diverged to recognize distinct host substrates in different kingdoms of life. To address this gap, this article provides a systematic review of the YopJ family, focusing on three interconnected aspects: their structural features, their catalytic mechanism, and their divergent immunosuppressive strategies in animal versus plant hosts. By conducting a comparative analysis of the sequences and resolved three-dimensional structures of three representative members (e.g., HopZ1a, PopP2, AvrA), we elucidate regions of significant variation embedded within the conserved core catalytic architecture. These variable regions, often involving surface loops and substrate-binding interfaces, are crucial determinants of target specificity and functional specialization. The functional divergence of this effector family is most apparent when comparing their modes of action in different hosts. In animal hosts, YopJ-family effectors primarily sabotage innate immune signaling pathways. They achieve this by acetylating key serine and threonine residues within the activation loops of critical kinases in the MAPK and NF‑κB pathways. This post-translational modification blocks the phosphorylation and subsequent activation of these kinases, leading to potent suppression of inflammatory cytokine production. Conversely, in plant hosts, the strategy broadens to dismantle the two-tiered plant immune system. YopJ homologs target a more diverse set of substrates, including immune-associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs), microtubule networks via tubulin acetylation (which disrupts cellular trafficking and signaling), and transcription factors central to defense gene regulation. This multi-target approach effectively suppresses both Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) and Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI). In conclusion, this synthesis aims to deepen the mechanistic understanding of YopJ family-mediated pathogenesis by integrating structural biology with cellular function across host kingdoms. Elucidating the precise molecular basis for substrate selection—how conserved platforms achieve target diversity—is a major frontier. Furthermore, this knowledge provides a vital theoretical foundation for developing novel anti-virulence strategies. Targeting the conserved IP₆-binding pocket or the catalytic acetyltransferase activity itself represents a promising avenue for designing broad-spectrum inhibitors that could disarm this critical family of bacterial effectors, potentially offering new therapeutic approaches against a range of pathogenic bacteria.

A portion of patients undergoing implant restoration require bone augmentation procedures to ensure that there is sufficient bone volume around the implant. For the patients with horizontal bone ridge defects at edentulous sites, with or without mild to moderate vertical bone defects, the shell technique serves as a reliable and minimally invasive bone augmentation method with effective space maintenance. The shell technique involves fixating 1 mm cortical bone blocks to the recipient site, using retention screws and filling the gap between the bone block and recipient bed with particulate bone substitute materials, and covering the barrier membrane to achieve bone augmentation. The overlying tension-free soft tissue closure seals the surgical site while local peripheral blood releases osteoclasts and cytokines that gradually degrade the bone block. The rigid fixation of the bone block ensures a stable internal environment for osteogenesis and a new bone regeneration cycle. Although this technique demonstrates favorable bone augmentation outcomes, it is highly technique-sensitive. There are certain differences in the application scenarios and osteogenic processes for autologous and allogeneic bone shells. The selection of bone blocks and particulate bone substitute materials significantly influences the osteogenic biological process and the predictability of bone augmentation results. Complications associated with the shell technique possess distinct characteristics, such as the immunogenicity of allogeneic bone fragments, soft tissue cracking, and bone fragment loosening. Their prevention and subsequent management substantially impact the success rate of osteogenesis. This article delves into the biological mechanisms of osteogenesis in the bone block technique, summarizing the indications, clinical outcomes, classification of bone blocks, and surgical workflow management, as well as complication prevention and management, aiming to provide a reference for the future application and development of the bone shell technique.

A variety of plants are used as Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br medicine in some areas.According to statistics,there are 7 genera and 16 species of Orchidaceae.There is confusion in medicinal varieties,which seriously affects drug safety and rational utilization of resources.Based on the national standards,this article conducted a textual research from the aspects of ancient herbs,modern monographs,the name of the reference,base,property and taste and efficacy and other aspects.The results showed that,the Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br medicine is named Erheten nai gar,and the Tibetan medicine is named Wangla,and most of the herbs take"Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br"as the name.The mainstream varieties of Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br,a plant of the genus Gymnadenia of Orchidaceae,were born in arid grassland or wetland and meadow,with palmlike roots,green stems and leaves and pink and white flowers.Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br is different in property and taste and efficacy when used as different ethnic medicines,but it has the commonness of tonifying kidney,producing sperm and strengthening yang and nourishing.The conclusion of textual research could provide references for the resource conservation,rational research and utilization,and artificial cultivation of Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br resources.

Objective:To compare the clinical characteristics and laboratory findings between elderly rheumatoid arthritis(ERA)with those of non-elderly rheumatoid arthritis(NERA)patients.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.The study collected laboratory indicators of 1, 286 ERA and 3, 211 NERA patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University between January 2015 and December 2022, including inflammatory indicators, complete blood count, liver/kidney function tests, blood lipid, and glycated hemoglobin(HbA 1c), etc. Results:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor in ERA patients were higher than those in NERA patients( t=13.940, 8.453, 3.400, all P<0.001). Hemoglobin, red blood cell count, red blood cell distribution width, albumin and total protein in ERA patients were lower than those in NERA patients( t=2.380, 6.546, 1.954, 12.800, 10.490, all P<0.05). The levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, total bile acid, globulin, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and urea nitrogen in ERA patients were higher than those in NERA patients( t=3.366, 3.422, 2.760, 4.520, 3.676, Z=8.678, t=10.630, 17.640, all P<0.05). The levels of uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose and HbA 1c in female ERA patients were higher than those in NERA group( t=6.009, 1.100, 2.111, 3.954, 4.262, 2.667, all P<0.05). Decreased RBC, ALB, TP, GLB( OR=0.279, 95% CI: 0.133-0.582; OR=0.867, 95% CI: 0.809-0.930; OR=0.948, 95% CI: 0.903-0.996; OR=0.817, 95% CI: 0.798-0.833), and increased ALT, AST, Scr, BUN, LDL-C and TC( OR=1.013, 95% CI: 0.997-1.018; OR=1.046, 95% CI: 1.015-1.079; OR=1.026, 95% CI: 1.005-1.047; OR=1.034, 95% CI: 1.019-1.051; OR=1.373, 95% CI: 1.088-1.733; OR=1.266, 95% CI: 1.022-1.569)were independent influencing factors of ERA. Conclusions:ERA patients exhibit elevated inflammatory markers and are more prone to anemia, liver and kidney function damage, and malnutrition.Furthermore, female ERA patients are more likely to have abnormal uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, blood lipids, and blood glucose.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of integrating clinical pathological characteristics with genetic testing for occult lymph node metastasis(OLNM)in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC).Methods A total of 104 PTMC patients admitted to our hospital between May 2023 and May 2025 were included in the study.All patients showed no evidence of suspicious lymph node metastasis on preoperative imaging and underwent standard thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection.Based on postoperative pathological con-firmation of central lymph node metastasis status,patients were classified into an OLNM-positive group(n=53)and an OLNM-negative group(n=51).Baseline characteristics,clinicopathological features,BRAFV600E gene mutation status,and TERT promoter mutation status were compared between the two groups.To identify factors independently associated with OLNM in PTMC patients,multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)was utilized to assess the predictive performance of a combined model incorporating clinical,pathological,and genetic features for OLNM.Results Compared with the OLNM-negative group,the OLNM-positive group exhibited significantly higher preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)levels(P<0.05).Moreover,the OLNM-positive group demonstrated significantly greater proportions of tumors with diameter>0.5 cm,multifocality,microcalcifications,capsule invasion,extrathyroidal extension,T3 stage,BRAFV600E mutation,and TERT promoter mutation(all P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified preoperative TSH level,tumor diameter>0.5 cm,multifocal lesions,capsule invasion,extrathyroidal extension,T stage,BRAFV600E mutation,and TERT promoter mutation as independent risk factors for OLNM in patients with PTMC(all P<0.05).ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the integrated model combining clinical pathological features-including tumor diameter,number of lesions,microcalcification,capsule invasion,extrathy-roidal extension,and T stage-with genetic markers(BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations)exhibited the highest predictive performance,yielding an AUC of 0.940.This was significantly higher than the model based solely on clinical pathological features(AUC=0.736)or those relying exclusively on genetic testing(BRAFV600E:AUC=0.860;TERT:AUC=0.882),with all comparisons reaching statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusions The integration of clinical pathological features with genetic testing significantly improved the predictive accuracy of OLNM in PTMC patients,surpassing models based solely on individual clinical pathological characteristics or genetic tests alone.This multimodal strategy offers a robust,evidence-based foundation for personalized surgical planning and enhances the precision of clinical decision-making in the management of PTMC.

A variety of plants are used as Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br medicine in some areas.According to statistics,there are 7 genera and 16 species of Orchidaceae.There is confusion in medicinal varieties,which seriously affects drug safety and rational utilization of resources.Based on the national standards,this article conducted a textual research from the aspects of ancient herbs,modern monographs,the name of the reference,base,property and taste and efficacy and other aspects.The results showed that,the Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br medicine is named Erheten nai gar,and the Tibetan medicine is named Wangla,and most of the herbs take"Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br"as the name.The mainstream varieties of Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br,a plant of the genus Gymnadenia of Orchidaceae,were born in arid grassland or wetland and meadow,with palmlike roots,green stems and leaves and pink and white flowers.Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br is different in property and taste and efficacy when used as different ethnic medicines,but it has the commonness of tonifying kidney,producing sperm and strengthening yang and nourishing.The conclusion of textual research could provide references for the resource conservation,rational research and utilization,and artificial cultivation of Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br resources.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of integrating clinical pathological characteristics with genetic testing for occult lymph node metastasis(OLNM)in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC).Methods A total of 104 PTMC patients admitted to our hospital between May 2023 and May 2025 were included in the study.All patients showed no evidence of suspicious lymph node metastasis on preoperative imaging and underwent standard thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection.Based on postoperative pathological con-firmation of central lymph node metastasis status,patients were classified into an OLNM-positive group(n=53)and an OLNM-negative group(n=51).Baseline characteristics,clinicopathological features,BRAFV600E gene mutation status,and TERT promoter mutation status were compared between the two groups.To identify factors independently associated with OLNM in PTMC patients,multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)was utilized to assess the predictive performance of a combined model incorporating clinical,pathological,and genetic features for OLNM.Results Compared with the OLNM-negative group,the OLNM-positive group exhibited significantly higher preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)levels(P<0.05).Moreover,the OLNM-positive group demonstrated significantly greater proportions of tumors with diameter>0.5 cm,multifocality,microcalcifications,capsule invasion,extrathyroidal extension,T3 stage,BRAFV600E mutation,and TERT promoter mutation(all P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified preoperative TSH level,tumor diameter>0.5 cm,multifocal lesions,capsule invasion,extrathyroidal extension,T stage,BRAFV600E mutation,and TERT promoter mutation as independent risk factors for OLNM in patients with PTMC(all P<0.05).ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the integrated model combining clinical pathological features-including tumor diameter,number of lesions,microcalcification,capsule invasion,extrathy-roidal extension,and T stage-with genetic markers(BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations)exhibited the highest predictive performance,yielding an AUC of 0.940.This was significantly higher than the model based solely on clinical pathological features(AUC=0.736)or those relying exclusively on genetic testing(BRAFV600E:AUC=0.860;TERT:AUC=0.882),with all comparisons reaching statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusions The integration of clinical pathological features with genetic testing significantly improved the predictive accuracy of OLNM in PTMC patients,surpassing models based solely on individual clinical pathological characteristics or genetic tests alone.This multimodal strategy offers a robust,evidence-based foundation for personalized surgical planning and enhances the precision of clinical decision-making in the management of PTMC.

Objective:To compare the clinical characteristics and laboratory findings between elderly rheumatoid arthritis(ERA)with those of non-elderly rheumatoid arthritis(NERA)patients.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.The study collected laboratory indicators of 1, 286 ERA and 3, 211 NERA patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University between January 2015 and December 2022, including inflammatory indicators, complete blood count, liver/kidney function tests, blood lipid, and glycated hemoglobin(HbA 1c), etc. Results:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor in ERA patients were higher than those in NERA patients( t=13.940, 8.453, 3.400, all P<0.001). Hemoglobin, red blood cell count, red blood cell distribution width, albumin and total protein in ERA patients were lower than those in NERA patients( t=2.380, 6.546, 1.954, 12.800, 10.490, all P<0.05). The levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, total bile acid, globulin, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and urea nitrogen in ERA patients were higher than those in NERA patients( t=3.366, 3.422, 2.760, 4.520, 3.676, Z=8.678, t=10.630, 17.640, all P<0.05). The levels of uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose and HbA 1c in female ERA patients were higher than those in NERA group( t=6.009, 1.100, 2.111, 3.954, 4.262, 2.667, all P<0.05). Decreased RBC, ALB, TP, GLB( OR=0.279, 95% CI: 0.133-0.582; OR=0.867, 95% CI: 0.809-0.930; OR=0.948, 95% CI: 0.903-0.996; OR=0.817, 95% CI: 0.798-0.833), and increased ALT, AST, Scr, BUN, LDL-C and TC( OR=1.013, 95% CI: 0.997-1.018; OR=1.046, 95% CI: 1.015-1.079; OR=1.026, 95% CI: 1.005-1.047; OR=1.034, 95% CI: 1.019-1.051; OR=1.373, 95% CI: 1.088-1.733; OR=1.266, 95% CI: 1.022-1.569)were independent influencing factors of ERA. Conclusions:ERA patients exhibit elevated inflammatory markers and are more prone to anemia, liver and kidney function damage, and malnutrition.Furthermore, female ERA patients are more likely to have abnormal uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, blood lipids, and blood glucose.

Human-animal interaction has a long-standing tradition dating back to ancient times. With the rapid advancements in intelligent chips, wearable devices, and machine algorithms, the intelligent interaction between animals and electronic technology, facilitated by electronic devices and systems for communication, perception, and control, has become a reality. These electronic devices aim to implement an animal-centric working mode to enhance human understanding of animals and promote the development of animal intelligence and creativity. This article takes medium-sized and large animals as research objects, with the goal of developing their ability enhancement, and introduces the concept of “intelligent animal augmentation system (IAAS)”. This concept is used to describe the characteristics of such devices and provides a comprehensive overview of existing animal and computer interface solutions. In general, IAAS can be divided into implantable and non-implantable types, each composed of interface platforms, perception and interpretation, control and instruction components. Through various levels of enhancement systems and architectural patterns, intelligent interaction between humans and animals can be realized. Although existing IAAS still lack a complete independent interaction system architecture, they hold great promise and development space in the future. Not only can they be applied as substitutes for cutting-edge devices and transportation equipment, but they are also expected to achieve cross-species information interaction through intelligent interconnection. Additionally, IAAS can promote bidirectional interaction between humans and animals, playing a significant role in advancing animal ethics and ecological protection. Furthermore, the development of interaction models based on animal subjects can provide insightful research experiences for the design of human-computer interaction systems, thereby contributing to the more efficient realization of the ambitious goal of human-machine integration.

ObjectiveGastric cancer (GC) seriously affects human health and life, and research has shown that it is closely related to the serine/glycine metabolism. The proliferation ability of tumor cells is greatly influenced by the metabolism of serine and glycine. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of serine/glycine metabolism can affect the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. MethodsIn this work, a stable metabolic dynamic model of gastric cancer cells was established via a large-scale metabolic network dynamic modeling method in terms of a potential landscape description of stochastic and non-gradient systems. Based on the regulation of the model, a quantitative analysis was conducted to investigate the dynamic mechanism of serine/glycine metabolism affecting the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. We introduced random noise to the kinetic equations of the general metabolic network, and applied stochastic kinetic decomposition to obtain the Lyapunov function of the metabolic network parameter space. A stable metabolic network was achieved by further reducing the change in the Lyapunov function tied to the stochastic fluctuations. ResultsDespite the unavailability of a large number of dynamic parameters, we were able to successfully construct a dynamic model for the metabolic network in gastric cancer cells. When extracellular serine is available, the model preferentially consumes serine. In addition, when the conversion rate of glycine to serine increases, the model significantly upregulates the steady-state fluxes of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH). ConclusionIn this paper, we provide evidence supporting the preferential uptake of serine by gastric cancer cells and the important role of serine/glycine conversion rate in SAM generation, which may affect the proliferation ability of gastric cancer cells by regulating the cellular methylation process. This provides a new idea and direction for targeted cancer therapy based on serine/glycine metabolism.