Abuse of amphetamine-based stimulants is a primary public health concern. Recent studies have underscored a troubling escalation in the inappropriate use of prescription amphetamine-based stimulants. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the impact of acute methamphetamine exposure (AME) on sleep homeostasis remain to be explored. This study employed non-human primates and electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep staging to evaluate the influence of AME on neural oscillations. The primary focus was on alterations in spindles, delta oscillations, and slow oscillations (SOs) and their interactions as conduits through which AME influences sleep stability. AME predominantly diminishes sleep-spindle waves in the non-rapid eye movement 2 (NREM2) stage, and impacts SOs and delta waves differentially. Furthermore, the competitive relationships between SO/delta waves nesting with sleep spindles were selectively strengthened by methamphetamine. Complexity analysis also revealed that the SO-nested spindles had lost their ability to maintain sleep depth and stability. In summary, this finding could be one of the intrinsic electrophysiological mechanisms by which AME disrupted sleep homeostasis.
Animals ; Methamphetamine ; Electroencephalography ; Male ; Sleep/drug effects* ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; Delta Rhythm/drug effects* ; Sleep Stages/drug effects*

Objective:To explore the clinical distribution characteristics and changes of common inhalant allergens and food allergens in all outpatient and inpatient children visiting Shanghai Children′s Hospital from 2020 to 2024, and to provide a basis for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic diseases in children.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to retrospectively enroll all outpatient and inpatient children who visited Shanghai Children′s Hospital and underwent serum allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) antibody testing from January 2020 to August 2024, and the characteristics and changing trends of allergens in the past 5 years were analyzed. A total of 127 310 tests were included. There were 76 776 male tests (60.31%) and 50 534 female tests (39.69%). There were 27 392 tests (21.52%) aged 0-3 years (infant group), 51 596 tests (40.53%) aged 4-6 years (preschool group), 44 574 tests (35.01%) aged 7-12 years (school-age group), and 3 748 tests (2.94%) aged 13-18 years (adolescent group). The χ2 test was used for statistical analysis. Results:The difference in total positivity rate between different years was statistically significant ( χ2=2 907.478, P<0.001). The positive rates of inhalant allergens such as house dust, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae, cockroach, cat dander, mugwort, Humulus scandens, mold fungi mix, and food allergens such as beef and mutton increased significantly with age (The χ2 values were 649.496, 3 414.686, 303.247, 1 277.408, 40.477, 189.952, 600.737, 203.198, and 15.301, respectively, and the P values were <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001,<0.001,<0.001, and 0.002, respectively). The positive rates of inhalant allergen such as Ambrosia elatior (1.59%) and food allergens such as egg white (17.36%), milk (30.48%), shrimp (8.27%), crab (8.13%), codfish (2.61%), salmon (0.66%), mytilus edulis (2.89%), lobster/scallop (5.27%), cashew nuts (5.09%), peanuts (3.54%), and soybean (1.73%) were highest at the age of 0-3 years and decreased significantly with age (The χ2 values were 10.365, 2 407.443, 139.085, 872.548, 870.245, 106.823, 47.674, 47.244, 559.422, 369.800, 384.788, 153.660, respectively, and the P values were 0.016, 0.000,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001, respectively). Inhaled allergens mainly have a greater impact on children with respiratory-related diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma, while food allergens mainly have a greater impact on children with atopic dermatitis/eczema. The positive rate of sIgE of various allergens in the allergic rhinitis combined asthma group were higher than that of allergic rhinitis alone, and the sIgE positive rate of total allergens and inhaled allergens was significantly higher than that of allergic rhinitis alone ( χ2=20.851, 39.155, the P values were both<0.001). Among them, the sIgE positive rate of Ambrosia elatior and cashew nuts showed significant difference ( χ2=5.044, 8.420, P=0.025, 0.004); and the sIgE positive rate of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae, cat dander, grass pollens mix and mold fungi mix had extremely significant difference ( χ2=26.409, 25.990, 21.283, 16.411, the P values were all <0.001). The inhaled allergens and food allergens with the highest positive rates in the 5 years were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae (56.21%) and milk (47.47%), and as time went by, the positive rates gradually decreased. There is a moderate correlation between the three allergens of Ambrosia elatior, Amaranthus retroflexus, and tree pollens mix (0.55, 0.70, 0.63), and there is a moderate correlation between mango and tree pollens mix (0.50). Conclusion:Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae, cat dander, dog dander, egg white, and milk may be important allergens for children in Shanghai City from 2020 to 2024. The positive rates vary among different genders, age groups, and disease groups, but the positive rates of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae, milk and cat dander allergens remain in the top three.

Objective:To explore the clinical distribution characteristics and changes of common inhalant allergens and food allergens in all outpatient and inpatient children visiting Shanghai Children′s Hospital from 2020 to 2024, and to provide a basis for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic diseases in children.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to retrospectively enroll all outpatient and inpatient children who visited Shanghai Children′s Hospital and underwent serum allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) antibody testing from January 2020 to August 2024, and the characteristics and changing trends of allergens in the past 5 years were analyzed. A total of 127 310 tests were included. There were 76 776 male tests (60.31%) and 50 534 female tests (39.69%). There were 27 392 tests (21.52%) aged 0-3 years (infant group), 51 596 tests (40.53%) aged 4-6 years (preschool group), 44 574 tests (35.01%) aged 7-12 years (school-age group), and 3 748 tests (2.94%) aged 13-18 years (adolescent group). The χ2 test was used for statistical analysis. Results:The difference in total positivity rate between different years was statistically significant ( χ2=2 907.478, P<0.001). The positive rates of inhalant allergens such as house dust, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae, cockroach, cat dander, mugwort, Humulus scandens, mold fungi mix, and food allergens such as beef and mutton increased significantly with age (The χ2 values were 649.496, 3 414.686, 303.247, 1 277.408, 40.477, 189.952, 600.737, 203.198, and 15.301, respectively, and the P values were <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001,<0.001,<0.001, and 0.002, respectively). The positive rates of inhalant allergen such as Ambrosia elatior (1.59%) and food allergens such as egg white (17.36%), milk (30.48%), shrimp (8.27%), crab (8.13%), codfish (2.61%), salmon (0.66%), mytilus edulis (2.89%), lobster/scallop (5.27%), cashew nuts (5.09%), peanuts (3.54%), and soybean (1.73%) were highest at the age of 0-3 years and decreased significantly with age (The χ2 values were 10.365, 2 407.443, 139.085, 872.548, 870.245, 106.823, 47.674, 47.244, 559.422, 369.800, 384.788, 153.660, respectively, and the P values were 0.016, 0.000,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001, respectively). Inhaled allergens mainly have a greater impact on children with respiratory-related diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma, while food allergens mainly have a greater impact on children with atopic dermatitis/eczema. The positive rate of sIgE of various allergens in the allergic rhinitis combined asthma group were higher than that of allergic rhinitis alone, and the sIgE positive rate of total allergens and inhaled allergens was significantly higher than that of allergic rhinitis alone ( χ2=20.851, 39.155, the P values were both<0.001). Among them, the sIgE positive rate of Ambrosia elatior and cashew nuts showed significant difference ( χ2=5.044, 8.420, P=0.025, 0.004); and the sIgE positive rate of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae, cat dander, grass pollens mix and mold fungi mix had extremely significant difference ( χ2=26.409, 25.990, 21.283, 16.411, the P values were all <0.001). The inhaled allergens and food allergens with the highest positive rates in the 5 years were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae (56.21%) and milk (47.47%), and as time went by, the positive rates gradually decreased. There is a moderate correlation between the three allergens of Ambrosia elatior, Amaranthus retroflexus, and tree pollens mix (0.55, 0.70, 0.63), and there is a moderate correlation between mango and tree pollens mix (0.50). Conclusion:Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae, cat dander, dog dander, egg white, and milk may be important allergens for children in Shanghai City from 2020 to 2024. The positive rates vary among different genders, age groups, and disease groups, but the positive rates of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/ Dermatophagoides farinae, milk and cat dander allergens remain in the top three.

The polyfoliate perforator flap is a new type of flap that was developed on the basis of the traditional polyfoliate myocutaneous flap, polyfoliate fascial flap and perforator flap. It overturns the traditional idea that the deep fascial vascular network is the fundamental for a survival of the flap, and enables the flaps to achieve the best profile and function of the recipient areas with minimal damage to the donor area. In order to improve the understanding of the polyfoliate perforator flap and further standardise its clinical application, this paper forms a consensus on the definition, classification, indications, operative points and precautions of the polyfoliate perforator flap, so as to provide references in diagnosis and treatment process and practical application for the surgeons.

The polyfoliate perforator flap is a new type of flap that was developed on the basis of the traditional polyfoliate myocutaneous flap, polyfoliate fascial flap and perforator flap. It overturns the traditional idea that the deep fascial vascular network is the fundamental for a survival of the flap, and enables the flaps to achieve the best profile and function of the recipient areas with minimal damage to the donor area. In order to improve the understanding of the polyfoliate perforator flap and further standardise its clinical application, this paper forms a consensus on the definition, classification, indications, operative points and precautions of the polyfoliate perforator flap, so as to provide references in diagnosis and treatment process and practical application for the surgeons.

Post-marketing vaccine safety surveillance, including both passive and active surveillances, aims to detect and alert to signals of adverse events following immunization (AEFI), and to further ensure public safety and public confidence in vaccination. Active surveillance could proactively seek information of AEFI and timely investigate the potential safety signals, therefore, it has become the main development trend of post-marketing surveillance worldwide. Nowadays, there is an ongoing interest in developing active surveillance systems that can incorporate and use existing electronic data such as administrative claims and electronic health records. Researchers have also began exploring ways of accruing data closer to "real-time" in order to speed the recognition of potential safety problems.This near real-time vaccine safety surveillance is gradually emerging worldwide. This study reviews the development and methodology of near real-time surveillance and aims to accelerate the foundation of the active surveillance system for vaccine safety in China.

To summarize the development and application of tree-based scan statistic (TreeScan), explain the methodology and provide a reference for future use of this method by reviewing the original pharmacoepidemiological and vaccine studies using the TreeScan. Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases were used for the retrieval of eligible studies using keywords related to TreeScan. A total of 15 eligible studies were included, in which 9 studies explored the adverse events of drugs and 6 studies focused on the safety of vaccines. Three types of models (Poisson probability model, Bernoulli probability model and tree-temporal scan statistic model) of TreeScan were used. The major differences among the three models were 1) whether predefined control was used according to research question, 2) whether the time from exposure to onset of adverse events was considered. Several studies explored its ability by comparing with other methods for adverse event detection or by using known adverse events. This review shows that TreeScan is an effective method for the safety signal detection of drugs or vaccines, which develops rapidly and globally. It is very necessary to promote its use in drug safety monitoring and other related fields in China.

OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical features of patients carrying deletions of the rod domain of the dystrophin gene. METHODS Clinical data of 12 Chinese patients with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) and such deletions was reviewed. RESULTS Most patients complained of muscle weakness of lower limbs. Two patients had muscle cramps, one had increased creatine kinase (CK) level, and one had dilated cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSION Compared with DMD, the clinical features of BMD are much more variable, particularly for those carrying deletions of the rod domain of the dystrophin gene. Muscular weakness may not be the sole complaint of BMD. The diagnosis of BMD cannot be excluded by moderately elevated CK. For male patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, the possibility of BMD should be considered.

Objective To explore the correlation between serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) level with the occurrence of ischemic stroke and prognosis in the patients with hypertension . Methods Eighty-eight patients with hypertension in this hospital from January 2013 to January 2016 were se-lected ,including 34 cases of simple hypertension and 54 cases of hypertension complicating ischemic stroke . The Lp-PLA2 level was detected .The severity of ischemic stroke was evaluated on 1 ,14 d after admission by adopting the NIHSS .The patients with hypertension complicating ischemic stroke were divided into the good prognosis group and poor prognosis group according to the NIHSS change situation .Moreover the independent predictive factors of prognosis were evaluated by adopting the Logistic multivariate regression .Results The Lp-PLA2 level in the patients with hypertension complicating ischemic stroke was significantly higher than that in the patients with simple hypertension .The Lp-PLA2 level (OR=1 .523 ,95％ CI=1 .323-1 .657) and NIHSS score (OR=3 .275 ,95％ CI=1 .402 -6 .208) at admission were the independent predictive factors of poor prognosis .Conclusion Serum Lp-PLA2 level is closely correlated with the occurrence and prognosis of ische-mic stroke in the patients with hypertension ,which can serve an evaluation index for the occurrence and prognosis of ischemic stroke in the patients with hypertension and provides an objective basis for the clinical therapy .