Background In 2021, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) emerged as the forth leading cause of death in the world. However, the impact of air pollutants on COPD is still inconsistent across current studies. Objective To analyze the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide (SO₂) exposure and hospital admissions for COPD in Lanzhou, and to examine the modified effects of SO₂ across different genders, age groups, and seasons. Methods A total of 20718 hospital admission records for COPD were collected from Lanzhou between 2016 and 2020, alongside synchronized data on SO₂ concentration and meteorological variables. A generalized additive model integrated with a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to assess the relationship and the lag effects between SO₂ exposure and COPD admissions. Potential confounders, including meteorological factors, day-of-the-week effect, and holidays, were controlled for, with a maximum lag period set at 7 d. Two-pollutant models and sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure robustness. Results are expressed as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results During the study period, the average daily number of COPD admissions was 11.34±7.03. The average mass concentration of SO₂ was (23.72±12.35) μg·m⁻³. SO₂ exposure was positively correlated with COPD admissions; specifically, each 10 μg·m⁻³ increase in SO₂ concentration was associated with an RR of 1.440 (95%CI: 1.317, 1.573). Stratified analyses found that at a cumulative lag of 7 d, the RRs were higher among females, individuals aged ≥65 years, and during the cold season. Conversely, no significant increase in COPD admission risk related to SO₂ was observed during the warm season. For every 10 μg·m⁻³ increase in SO₂ concentration, the RR was 1.483 (95%CI: 1.311, 1.678) for females, 1.441 (95%CI: 1.311, 1.583) for those aged > 65 years， and 1.595 (95%CI: 1.313, 1.937) during the cold season. Conclusion Short-term exposure to ambient SO₂ exposure in Lanzhou is associated with an increased risk of COPD admission. The association is more pronounced among females, the elderly (aged> 65 years) and during the cold season.

Pneumoconiosis is a chronic interstitial lung disease caused by occupational exposure to mineral dust, characterized by persistent inflammation and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Effective therapeutic options, however, remain limited. Recent multi-omics studies have revealed that glucose metabolic reprogramming, particularly the abnormal activation of glycolysis, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. This review summarized the key components involved in glycolytic reprogramming, including rate-limiting enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as regulatory factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Their roles in metabolic regulation and fibrogenesis were elaborated. Special emphasis was placed on alveolar macrophages and fibroblasts, in which enhanced glycolysis and lactate accumulation drive inflammatory responses and collagen deposition, contributing to disease progression. Advances on pharmacological agents such as nintedanib, 2-deoxyglucose, quercetin, metformin, and resveratrol were reviewed, highlighting their antifibrotic potential through modulation of glycolytic enzymes or related signaling pathways. Additionally, the interactions between glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation were discussed, underscoring the significance of multi-pathway coupling in pneumoconiosis. Metabolic abnormalities in pneumoconiosis result from multi-level interactions across cells, molecules, and tissues. Consequently, future therapeutic strategies should shift from single-target interventions toward coordinated regulation of multiple pathways, integrating tissue-targeted drug delivery, metabolism-based stratified interventions, and multi-target combination therapies to achieve precision and personalized treatment.

Objective To investigate the etiology and treatment of dysuria shortly after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), so as to improve the therapeutic efficacy. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 1361 BPH patients who received HoLEP at our hospital during Mar. 2018 and Mar. 2025. All patients underwent ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), urethral probing or radiography, cystourethroscopy, and urodynamic testing. The causes, treatments and prognosis of dysuria after operation were summarized. Results ninety-eight patients (7.2%) experienced dysuria within 3 months after surgery, and all patients received initial urethral dilation. Among the 62 cases with urethral stricture, 28 were treated with urethral dilation (average of 8 sessions), 16 underwent external urethral incision, 8 underwent anterior urethroplasty, and 10 underwent transurethral plasma incision for urethral stricture. Of the 12 cases with residual prostate tissue, 5 underwent urethral plasma prostatectomy and 7 received medication. All of the 12 cases with bladder neck contracture underwent transurethral plasma incision of the bladder neck and local drug injection. Five cases with intravesical blood clots underwent urethral blood clot irrigation, 2 of which developed active bleeding and then underwent electrocoagulation. Four cases with detrusor dysfunction had catheters re-indwelled for one week followed by medication. Two cases with stone and one case with tissue fragment impacted in the urethra underwent urethral holmium lithotripsy and cystoscopic removal. All patients underwent reoperation successfully and experienced complete resolution or significant improvement of urinary difficulties. Conclusion A certain proportion of patients experience dysuria after HoLEP, with diverse etiologies. The combination of prevention and treatment can reduce the incidence of dysuria.

Acute lung injury （ALI） is a life-threatening condition characterized by uncontrolled pulmonary inflammatory responses， presenting high morbidity and mortality rates that pose serious threats to patient health. The pathogenesis of ALI involves complex interactions among pathological mechanisms including immune-inflammatory responses， disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier， mesenchymal stem cell dysfunction， metabolic disorders， ferroptosis， and alterations in the gut microbiota. The dysregulation of programmed cell death （PCD） has increasingly emerged as a research focus. PCD represents a genetically regulated autonomous process of cell death， crucial for maintaining the internal stability of organisms. Recent studies indicate that multiple PCD modes， including apoptosis， pyroptosis， necroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis， participate in the development and progression of ALI by mediating pathological processes such as alveolar epithelial cell injury and vascular endothelial barrier disruption. Current therapeutic approaches for ALI encompass lung-protective ventilation， body fluid management， mesenchymal stem cell therapy， and pharmacological interventions. While these measures may alleviate clinical symptoms， they remain unable to reverse the pathological progression of lung injury. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） possesses the unique advantages of a holistic perspective and syndrome differentiation-based treatment， achieving breakthrough progress in targeted PCD intervention for ALI. It can mitigate pulmonary tissue injury by suppressing inflammatory responses， regulating immune function， and improving coagulation disorders， thereby delaying the onset and progression of ALI. This paper delves into the molecular mechanisms of PCD in ALI， systematically reviewing the effects of TCM extracts， active constituents （terpenoids， saponins， flavonoids， and phenols）， and compound formulas （e.g.， Qingjie Huagong prescription， Maxing Kugan Tang， and Yifei Jianpi prescription） in improving pulmonary epithelial cell function and mitigating lung injury by modulating PCD pathways. This review aims to provide theoretical underpinnings and novel directions for drug development in the clinical prevention and treatment of ALI.

Acute lung injury （ALI） is a life-threatening condition characterized by uncontrolled pulmonary inflammatory responses， presenting high morbidity and mortality rates that pose serious threats to patient health. The pathogenesis of ALI involves complex interactions among pathological mechanisms including immune-inflammatory responses， disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier， mesenchymal stem cell dysfunction， metabolic disorders， ferroptosis， and alterations in the gut microbiota. The dysregulation of programmed cell death （PCD） has increasingly emerged as a research focus. PCD represents a genetically regulated autonomous process of cell death， crucial for maintaining the internal stability of organisms. Recent studies indicate that multiple PCD modes， including apoptosis， pyroptosis， necroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis， participate in the development and progression of ALI by mediating pathological processes such as alveolar epithelial cell injury and vascular endothelial barrier disruption. Current therapeutic approaches for ALI encompass lung-protective ventilation， body fluid management， mesenchymal stem cell therapy， and pharmacological interventions. While these measures may alleviate clinical symptoms， they remain unable to reverse the pathological progression of lung injury. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） possesses the unique advantages of a holistic perspective and syndrome differentiation-based treatment， achieving breakthrough progress in targeted PCD intervention for ALI. It can mitigate pulmonary tissue injury by suppressing inflammatory responses， regulating immune function， and improving coagulation disorders， thereby delaying the onset and progression of ALI. This paper delves into the molecular mechanisms of PCD in ALI， systematically reviewing the effects of TCM extracts， active constituents （terpenoids， saponins， flavonoids， and phenols）， and compound formulas （e.g.， Qingjie Huagong prescription， Maxing Kugan Tang， and Yifei Jianpi prescription） in improving pulmonary epithelial cell function and mitigating lung injury by modulating PCD pathways. This review aims to provide theoretical underpinnings and novel directions for drug development in the clinical prevention and treatment of ALI.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of Castor branching stent in treating Stanford type B aortic dissection(TBAD)involving aortic arch.Methods The clinical data of 18 patients with Stanford TBAD,who were treated with Castor branching stent at the Suining Municipal Central Hospital of China from January 2020 to January 2022,were retrospectively analyzed.Results The main bracket and branch bracket of Castor branching stent were successfully released in all the 18 patients with a surgical success rate of 100％,and no internal leakage occurred during operation.During the perioperative period,there were neither aorta-related deaths nor serious complications such as stroke,upper limb ischemia,internal leakage,or stent displacement.The patients were followed up for(14.7±8.3)months,no aorta-related death,stroke,upper limb ischemia,internal leakage,or stent displacement was observed,the blood flow of the left subclavian artery(LSA)was unobstructed,but there was thrombosis formation within the false lumen of the covered stent segment.Conclusion The Castor branching stent has the advantages of reasonable release mode,accurate positioning,effective isolation of the first rupture of Stanford TBAD and reconstruction of LSA,with no serious short-term complications.However,further follow-up observation is needed before its long-term efficacy can be clarified.

Carbon dioxide(CO2),a colorless,odorless,low-density negative contrast agent with no nephrotoxicity or allergic reactions,has seen increasingly widespread application in the field of vascular imaging in recent years,particularly in patients with iodine allergy or renal insufficiency.When combined with digital subtraction angiography,CO2 angiography has demonstrated high-quality imaging in various arterial and venous sites such as the abdominal aorta,renal arteries,iliac arteries,lower limb arteries,and inferior vena cava.It has also shown safety and efficacy in clinical scenarios such as peripheral arterial disease,dialysis access evaluation,and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedures.This review systematically summarizes domestic and international research progress on CO2 angiography,outlines its physicochemical properties,injection dosages and parameters,clinical indications,and imaging characteristics,and compares its image quality with that of iodine-based contrast agents.Common complications,their mechanisms,and preventive measures are also discussed.Although the image quality of CO2 is slightly inferior to that of iodine agents,it remains sufficient for most diagnostic and therapeutic needs,with a low overall incidence of mainly mild and transient adverse effects.With the development of automated injection systems and digital variance angiography technology,CO2 imaging quality is expected to continue improving,and its application scope is likely to expand further.Future efforts should focus on strengthening multicenter clinical research and establishing standardized operational protocols to promote the broader adoption and regulated use of this technology.

Resistant ovary syndrome(ROS)and premature ovarian insufficiency(POI)fall under the cat-egory of hypogonadotropic amenorrhea,sharing similar clinical features that often pose challenges in differentiation.ROS can be easily misdiagnosed as POI,which presents a significant obstacle to subsequent treatment.Therefore,it is crucial for patients with fertility requirements to have a clear understanding of the etiology,clinical features,and diagnostic criteria of ROS and POI in order to establish an early diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan.This article provides a systematic and comprehensive discussion on the research progress regarding the eti-ology and pathogenesis,clinical features and diagnosis,as well as individualized management of ROS and POI.The aim is to offer reference for clinicians in achieving early clarification of diagnoses,avoiding misdiagnosis or mistreatment,while assisting patients in improving symptoms and realizing their fertility aspirations through person-alized management.

To promote the understanding of the requirements of sheet for oral solid preparation in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2025 edition)and improve the quality control level of related parties in production and use,the key quality control items specified in Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China and the testing points were analyzed and discussed combined with the current situation of sheet for oral solid preparation industry and relevant standards at home and abroad.Suggestion was given that quality control should be carried out according to product characteristics,application,production process,and risk assessment,and reasonable limits should be set.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory infections(ARIs)during the autumn-winter season in Beijing,providing evidence for the prevention,control,diagnosis,and treatment of ARIs.Methods A convenience sampling method was employed,enrolling patients who visited Peking Union Medical College Hospital(PUMCH)between September 2023 and February 2024 due to ARIs.Na-sopharyngeal swabs were collected,and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect six common respiratory pathogens[influenza A virus(FluA),influenza B virus(FluB),human rhinovirus(HRV),Myco-plasma pneumoniae(MP),respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),and adenovirus(ADV)],as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection.The distribution patterns of pathogen infections were analyzed.Results A total of 5556 eligible patients were included.The overall positivity rate for the six common respiratory pathogens was 63.7％,with sin-gle-pathogen positivity at 54.0％,dual-pathogen positivity at 8.9％,and triple or more pathogen positivity at 0.7％.The predominant pathogens detected were FluA(16.1％)and RSV(15.7％),followed by ADV(11.1％),MP(11.1％),HRV(10.0％),and FluB(10.0％).No significant difference in overall pathogen positivity was observed between genders.However,significant differences were found between autumn and winter(x2=34.617,P＜0.001)and among pediatric,young/middle-aged,and elderly patients(x2=422.38,P＜0.001).Specifically,MP(x2=8.647,P=0.003),FluA(x2=131.932,P＜0.001),and HRV(x2=174.199,P＜0.001)exhibited significantly higher positivity rates in autumn than in winter,whereas FluB was more prevalent in winter(x2=287.894,P＜0.001).In pediatric patients,MP,RSV,HRV,and ADV positivity rates were significantly higher than in young/middle-aged and elderly patients(all P＜0.001),whereas FluB was more common in young/middle-aged patients(both P＜0.001).The positivity rates of the six common respiratory pathogens significantly declined during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic period,exhibiting an asynchronous seasonal pattern.Conclusions The prevalence of respiratory pathogens in Beijing is associated with age and season.Tar-geted preventive measures should be implemented in different seasons and for key populations.