ObjectiveTo investigate the migration and distribution characteristics of chemical constituents in blood and hippocampal tissues before and after vinegar processing of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride（CRPV）， and to explore the potential material basis and mechanisms underlying their regulatory effects on emotional disorders by comparing the effects of raw and vinegar-processed products of CRPV. MethodsUltra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS） was employed to characterize and identify the chemical constituents of raw and vinegar-processed products of CRPV extracts， as well as their migrating components in blood and hippocampal tissues after oral administration. Reference standards， databases， and relevant literature were utilized for compound annotation， with data processing performed using PeakView 1.2 software. Seventy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into seven groups， including the blank group， model group， diazepam group（2.5 mg·kg^-1）， raw CRPV low/high dose groups（0.6， 1.2 g·kg^-1）， and vinegar-processed CRPV low/high dose groups（0.6， 1.2 g·kg^-1）， with 10 mice per group. Except for the blank group， all other groups underwent chronic restraint stress（2 h·d^-1） for 20 d. Each drug-treated group received oral administration at the predetermined dose starting 10 d after modeling， with a total treatment duration of 10 d. Following model-based drug administration， mice underwent open-field， forced swimming， and elevated plus maze tests. After anesthesia with isoflurane， whole brains were collected from each group of mice， and hippocampi were dissected. Reactive oxygen species（ROS） level in hippocampal tissues was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to observe hippocampal tissue morphology. Immunofluorescence was performed to detect neuronal nuclei（NeuN） and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha（PPARα） expressions in hippocampal tissue. Then， pharmacodynamic evaluations were conducted to assess the effects of raw and vinegar-processed CRPV on mood disorders， exploring the potential mechanisms. ResultsVinegar processing caused significant changes in the chemical composition of CRPV， with 18 components showing increased relative content and 35 components showing decreased relative content. The primary changes occurred in flavonoid compounds， including 20 flavonoids， 20 flavonoid glycosides， 3 triterpenes， 3 phenolic acids， 1 alkaloid， and 6 other compounds. Twenty-one components were detected in blood（15 methoxyflavones， 4 flavonoid glycosides， and 2 phenolic acids）， with 17 shared between raw and vinegar-processed CRPV. Seven components reached hippocampal tissues（all common to both forms）. In regulating emotional disorders， Vinegar-processed CRPV exhibited superior antidepressant-like effects compared to raw products. HE staining revealed that both treatments improved hippocampal neuronal morphology， particularly in the damaged CA1 and CA3 regions. Immunofluorescence and ELISA analyses demonstrated that both raw and vinegar-processed CRPV significantly modulated NeuN and PPARα expressions in hippocampal tissue while alleviating oxidative stress induced by excessive ROS（P<0.05）. ConclusionThe chemical composition of CRPV undergoes changes after vinegar processing， but the migrating components in blood and hippocampus are primarily methoxyflavonoids. These components may serve as the potential material basis for activating the PPARα pathway， thereby negatively regulating ROS generation in the hippocampus， reducing oxidative stress， and promoting the development of NeuN-positive neurons. These findings provide experimental evidence for enhancing quality standards， pharmacodynamic material research， and active drug development of raw and vinegar-processed CRPV.

By systematically reviewing the concept evolution of pre-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （pre-COPD） and the research status of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， as well as considering the clinical practice， this paper puts forward the strategies for the prevention and treatment of pre-COPD with TCM. These strategies include identifying high-risk groups by combining TCM syndrome and constitution， advocating the principle of "treating disease before it arises" and promoting the combination of syndrome differentiation and constitution evaluation to achieve individualized intervention， promoting collaboration between TCM and western medicine， supported by digital and intelligent technologies， to establish a whole-process management mode of "hospital-community-family". The aim is to realize the early diagnosis， early intervention and whole-process management of pre-COPD， thereby helping reduce the incidence of COPD.

Objective: To examine the association between academic stress and anxiety-depression comorbidity among college students and the potential moderating effect of physical activity, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the development of evidence based mental health promotion frameworks in higher education institutions. Methods: From October 2022 to June 2024, a total of 7 980 students from 21 universities across five provinces/municipalities in China, including Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Anhui, using a combination of convenience sampling and stratified random cluster sampling. Physical activity, academic stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed by using the 24 hour Movement Behaviors Questionnaire, the Chinese College Students Mental Health Screening Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, respectively. Binary Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between academic stress and anxiety, depression, and their comorbidity. The PROCESS macro was employed to test the moderating effect of physical activity. Results: The prevalence of anxiety-depression comorbidity among college students was relatively high (11.53%), with significant differences observed across grades and body mass index (BMI) categories ( χ 2=70.30, 24.63, both P <0.01). Binary Logistic regression revealed that, compared with low academic stress, moderate academic stress among male students was significantly associated with greater odds of anxiety ( OR =2.78), depression ( OR =2.75), and anxiety-depression comorbidity ( OR =2.89) (all P <0.01). High academic stress was associated with elevated odds of anxiety ( OR =6.66), depression ( OR =12.81), and anxiety-depression comorbidity ( OR =13.65) (all P <0.01). Among female students, moderate academic stress was associated with anxiety ( OR =2.58), depression ( OR =1.52), and anxiety-depression comorbidity ( OR =1.70) (all P <0.01). High academic stress increased the risk of anxiety ( OR =6.77), depression ( OR =6.81), and anxiety-depression comorbidity ( OR =7.48) (all P <0.05). The moderation analysis indicated that the interaction between total physical activity duration and academic stress had a significant netative moderating effect on anxiety-depression comorbidity among college students ( β =-0.03, P <0.01). Conclusions Academic stress increases the risk of anxiety, depression, and anxiety-depression comorbidity among college students. Physical activity may attenuate the adverse effects of academic stress on anxiety-depression comorbidity.

ObjectiveTo explore the spatial distribution patterns of flavonoid glycosides in Epimedium sagittatum and the influences of environmental factors on the accumulation of these components. MethodsThe spatial statistical analysis and GeoDetector model were used to analyze the distribution patterns of epimedin A，epimedin B，epimedin C，icariin，and total flavonoid glycosides in E. sagittatum samples from 92 different production areas in 36 cities of 13 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions of China，as well as the effects of 28 environmental factors on the accumulation of each component. ResultsThe average content of flavonoid glycosides 64 （69.56%） producing areas and 30 （83.33%） cities met the quality standard of no less than 1.50% of total flavonoid glycosides in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Epimedin A，epimedin B，epimedin C，icariin，and their sum showed significantly high accumulation.The hot spots regions of epimedin A and epimedin B were similar with each other，mainly located in western Hunan，eastern Hubei，eastern Guizhou，and northern Guangxi.The common hot spot areas of epimedin C and total flavonoid glycosides were in western and southwestern Hunan，southern Henan，northern Anhui，eastern Guizhou，and southern Chongqing.The hot spots areas of icariin were in southern Chongqing，western Hunan，and eastern and northeastern Guizhou.The interactions between environmental factors had stronger explanatory power for the accumulation of components than single factors.The strongest single factor and interactive factor affecting the accumulation of epimedin C were precipitation of wettest quarter （q=0.16） and its interaction with temperature seasonality （q=0.35），respectively.The strongest single factor influencing both the accumulation of icariin and total flavonoid glycosides was the precipitation of coldest quarter （q equals 0.15 and 0.22，respectively）.The strongest interactions were observed between precipitation of coldest quarter and gravel content （q=0.34），as well as between precipitation of coldest quarter and aspect （q=0.35）. ConclusionThirteen cities，including Zhumadian and Nanyang in Henan，Huaihua，Shaoyang，and Zhangjiajie in Hunan，and Zunyi，Qiandongnan，and Tongren in Guizhou，were hot spots of total flavonoid glycosides in E.sagittatum.Precipitation，gravel content，temperature seasonality，and aspect significantly influence the accumulation of flavonoid glycosides in E.sagittatum.This study provides reference for the utilization and production zoning of E.sagittatum.

Objective To conduct a scoping review of studies on nurses' self-efficacy in disaster contexts,and to provide references for enhancing nurses' self-efficacy in disaster response.Methods Guided by the methodology of scoping review,we systematically searched PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,CINAHL,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data,VIP Database,and China Biology Medicine disc(CBM)from inception to July 3,2025.Totally 2 researchers independently screened the search results,summarized them,and extracted relevant data.Results A total of 21 studies were included.Nurses' self-efficacy in disaster contexts was generally at a moderate level,influenced by multiple factors including sociodemographic characteristics,occupational background,and physical and mental health status.The main assessment tools were the General Self-Efficacy Scale and the Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale.Interventions included psychological first aid training,scenario simulation training,and immersive movie escape room training.Conclusion Nurses' self-efficacy in disaster contexts is generally at a moderate level with multiple influencing factors.Relevant assessment tools need further optimization,and interventions require further refinement.

Obstructive sleep apnea（OSA）is a common childhood upper airway obstructive disease that disrupts normal ventilation and sleep，causing serious damage to children's physical and mental health.In recent years，the incidence of OSA has risen，drawing social concern.While polysomnography（PSG）is the "gold standard" for diagnosing OSA in children，its clinical application has limitations due to its complexity and time-consuming nature.Impulse oscillometry（IOS）is a new pulmonary function testing technique that offers a quick and easy measurement of airway resistance，reflecting the state of upper airway resistance.It can aid in the screening and evaluation of this disease.This article reviews the progress of IOS in early screening and assessment of OSA in children，aiming to offer new approaches for evaluating and managing OSA.

Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS3) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays critical roles in energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and insulin secretion. Recent structural studies have elucidated BRS3 signaling mechanisms using synthetic ligands, including BA1 and MK-5046. However, the molecular basis of BRS3 activation by bioactive natural compounds and their derivatives, particularly those derived from traditional Chinese medicine, remains unclear. Here, we present high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the human BRS3-G_q complex in both unliganded and active states bound by two herb-derived compounds (DSO-5a and oridonin), at resolutions of 2.9, 2.8, and 2.9 Å, respectively. These structures display distinct ligand recognition patterns between DSO-5a and oridonin. Although both compounds bind to the orthosteric pocket, they differentially engage the interaction network of BRS3, as demonstrated by mutagenesis studies assessing calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate 1 (IP1) accumulation. These findings enhance our understanding of BRS3 activation and provide valuable insights into the development of small-molecule BRS3 modulators with therapeutic potential.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop. The appearance of lesion mimics in rice leads to phytohormone disorders, which affects rice adaptation to environmental stresses and ultimately reduces the yield and quality. To explore whether the changes in the adaptability of rice lesion-mimic mutants to stressful environments are caused by the disorder of phytohormone metabolism in plants. In this study, we screened an ethyl methane sulfonate-treated population of the japonica cultivar 'Taipei 309' for a mutant with rust-like spots on leaves at the early tillering stage and brown-red spots at maturity and named it rsl1 (rust spotted leaf 1). Compared with the wild type, rsl1 showed decreases in plant height, panicle length, primary branch number, secondary branch number, filled grains per panicle, seed-setting rate, and 1 000-grain weight, and an increase in number of effective panicles. Genetic analysis indicated that rsl1 was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. RSL1 was localized between two molecular markers, B7-7 and B7-9, on rice chromosome 7 by map-based cloning. PCR sequencing of the annotated genes in this interval revealed a mutation of C1683A on the eighth exon of SPL5 (LOC_Os07g10390) in rsl1, which resulted in premature termination of protein translation. Exogenous phytohormone treatments showed that rsl1 was less sensitive to salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and indo-3-acetic acid (IAA) and more sensitive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and gibberellin acid (GA) than the wild type. In addition, the survival rate of rsl1 was lower than that of the wild type under salt, alkali, drought, and high temperature stresses, and it was higher than that of the wild type under cold stress. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results showed that RSL1 was involved in the regulation of ABA, SA, MeJA, IAA, and GA-related genes under abiotic stresses. The present study showed that the RSL1 mutation led to the appearance of lesion mimics and affected the growth, development, and stress resistance of rsl1 under abiotic stresses. The study of the functional mechanism of this gene can provide theoretical guidance for the research on rice stress resistance.
Oryza/microbiology* ; Stress, Physiological/genetics* ; Plant Diseases/genetics* ; Cloning, Molecular ; Chromosome Mapping ; Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism* ; Plant Proteins/genetics* ; Mutation ; Cyclopentanes ; Genes, Plant ; Plant Leaves/genetics* ; Oxylipins

Synthetic biology, recognized as one of the most revolutionary interdisciplinary fields in the 21st century, has established innovative strategies for the genetic improvement of rice through the integration of multidisciplinary technologies including genome editing, genetic circuit design, metabolic engineering, and artificial intelligence. This review systematically summarizes recent research advancements and breakthrough achievements in the application of synthetic biology in the genetic improvement of rice, focusing on three critical domains: yield improvement, nutritional quality fortification, and reinforcement of disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. It elucidates that synthetic biology enables precise genomic and metabolic pathway engineering through modular, standard, and systematic approaches, effectively overcoming the limitations of conventional breeding methods characterized by prolonged cycles and restricted trait modification capabilities. The implementation of synthetic biology has facilitated synergistic improvement of multi-traits, thereby providing critical technical references for developing elite rice cultivars with superior productivity and nutritional value. These technological breakthroughs hold significant implications for ensuring global food security and promoting green and sustainable development of agriculture.
Oryza/growth & development* ; Synthetic Biology/methods* ; Metabolic Engineering ; Plant Breeding/methods* ; Gene Editing ; Genetic Engineering/methods* ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics* ; Disease Resistance/genetics*

AIM:To investigate the effect of dyes,Remazol BrOrange yellow(RBY)and erythrosine(ERY),on the outcomes of immunoblotting analysis when used for staining the concentrate gel in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE).METHODS:Polyacrylamide gels were divided into five groups:the control group(prepared according to the conventional kit protocol),the RBY-stained group with a final concentration of 0.08 g/L,the RBY-stained group with a final concentration of 0.16 g/L,the ERY-stained group with a final concentration of 0.08 g/L,and the ERY-stained group with a final concentration of 0.8 g/L.Gels were prepared and subjected to electro-phoresis,followed by coomassie brilliant blue staining to visualize protein bands.Subsequently,proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes,which were then blocked,incubated with primary and secondary antibodies,washed,and finally ex-posed for imaging to observe the target protein vinculin bands.RESULTS:Compared with the unstained concentrate gel,the loading wells of the RBY or ERY pre-stained concentrate gel were more clearly visible.Analysis of the gels stained with coomassie brilliant blue after electrophoresis and marker visualization showed no significant different in protein elec-trophoretic mobility between prestained and unstained gels.Comparative analysis of the immunoblotting also indicated that the detection of protein samples transferred to PVDF membranes was unaffected.CONCLUSION:Prestaining concen-trate gels with RBY or ERY can enhance the efficiency of gel-based electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis.