OBJECTIVE To clarify the current development status of clinical pharmacist training bases and the pharmacist workforce in China， and to provide evidence for standardizing base construction and promoting the high-quality development of hospital pharmacy. METHODS Questionnaires were distributed to all clinical pharmacist training bases for urgently-needed health professionals and clinical pharmacist training bases under the Chinese Hospital Association that had been approved by the end of 2023 to collect data including base profiles and pharmacist staffing conditions. Expert teams carried out field investigations to verify the collected data. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted on the quantity， type and regional distribution of training bases， and the influencing factors of pharmacist staffing in the bases were analyzed. RESULTS Field surveys were completed covering 297 training bases across 31 provincial-level administrative regions. Among the base hospitals， 87.88% were Grade A tertiary general hospitals， and 65.32% were located in provincial capitals. The eastern region had the largest number of bases （136， accounting for 45.79%）， followed by the western region （79， 26.60%）. Great disparities existed among provinces in terms of base quantity and hospital scale. The median proportion of pharmaceutical technical personnel in base hospitals was 4.05%， and the median number of clinical pharmacists per 100 hospital beds was 0.53. Both indicators reached the highest in the eastern region （0.57， 4.43%） and the lowest in the northeastern region （0.45， 3.01%）. A total of 3 627 full-time clinical pharmacists were employed in all surveyed bases， among whom 83.68% held clinical pharmacist training certificates， 35.43% possessed senior professional titles， and 78.19% had postgraduate or higher educational background. The total annual training capacity of the surveyed bases was 4 291 trainees， with obvious differences in annual training capacity across regions and provinces. Training specialties covered 19 specialized disciplines plus one general discipline， and no province could deliver training for all 20 specialties simultaneously. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that geographic region exerte d a significant impact on the proportion of pharmaceutical technical personnel （≥4%） （ P ＜0.05）， while the approval time of training bases and hospital scale had significant effects on the number of clinical pharmacists per 100 beds （≥0.6） （ P ＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS China’s clinical pharmacist training system has basically matured and taken initial shape. The distribution of clinical pharmacist training resources is generally consistent with regional population and economic development levels. However， the allocation of pharmaceutical staff and clinical pharmacists has not yet met national standards and clinical service demands.

OBJECTIVE To clarify the current development status of clinical pharmacist training bases and the pharmacist workforce in China， and to provide evidence for standardizing base construction and promoting the high-quality development of hospital pharmacy. METHODS Questionnaires were distributed to all clinical pharmacist training bases for urgently-needed health professionals and clinical pharmacist training bases under the Chinese Hospital Association that had been approved by the end of 2023 to collect data including base profiles and pharmacist staffing conditions. Expert teams carried out field investigations to verify the collected data. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted on the quantity， type and regional distribution of training bases， and the influencing factors of pharmacist staffing in the bases were analyzed. RESULTS Field surveys were completed covering 297 training bases across 31 provincial-level administrative regions. Among the base hospitals， 87.88% were Grade A tertiary general hospitals， and 65.32% were located in provincial capitals. The eastern region had the largest number of bases （136， accounting for 45.79%）， followed by the western region （79， 26.60%）. Great disparities existed among provinces in terms of base quantity and hospital scale. The median proportion of pharmaceutical technical personnel in base hospitals was 4.05%， and the median number of clinical pharmacists per 100 hospital beds was 0.53. Both indicators reached the highest in the eastern region （0.57， 4.43%） and the lowest in the northeastern region （0.45， 3.01%）. A total of 3 627 full-time clinical pharmacists were employed in all surveyed bases， among whom 83.68% held clinical pharmacist training certificates， 35.43% possessed senior professional titles， and 78.19% had postgraduate or higher educational background. The total annual training capacity of the surveyed bases was 4 291 trainees， with obvious differences in annual training capacity across regions and provinces. Training specialties covered 19 specialized disciplines plus one general discipline， and no province could deliver training for all 20 specialties simultaneously. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that geographic region exerte d a significant impact on the proportion of pharmaceutical technical personnel （≥4%） （ P ＜0.05）， while the approval time of training bases and hospital scale had significant effects on the number of clinical pharmacists per 100 beds （≥0.6） （ P ＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS China’s clinical pharmacist training system has basically matured and taken initial shape. The distribution of clinical pharmacist training resources is generally consistent with regional population and economic development levels. However， the allocation of pharmaceutical staff and clinical pharmacists has not yet met national standards and clinical service demands.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the current status of quality management in clinical pharmacist training bases in China， and to provide references for the standardized development and improvement of these bases. METHODS A combined approach of questionnaire survey and on-site investigation was adopted， targeting the healthcare highly sought-after talent （clinical pharmacist） training bases in 31 provinces of China as well as the clinical pharmacist training bases affiliated with the Chinese Hospital Association. A training quality management evaluation index system consisting of 25 tertiary indicators was established. Investigations were conducted from two dimensions： structural quality of training and quality management of training processes. Data were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. RESULTS On-site investigations were completed for 297 clinical pharmacist training bases across the 31 provinces， among which 284 were affiliated with the Chinese Hospital Association and 271 were healthcare highly sought-after talent （clinical pharmacist） training bases. In terms of structural quality， the core indicator compliance rate for hospital-level training systems exceeded 80%， the rate of special fund utilization for designated purposes reached 80.13%， and the overall compliance rate for software and hardware facilities surpassed 88%. A total of 1 348 preceptors were employed across the training bases， among whom those with senior professional titles and full-time specialist clinical pharmacists as lead preceptors accounted for 62.91% and 94.36%， respectively. Regarding process quality， the compliance rate for “establishment of clinical practice teaching groups in accordance with regulations during clinical department rotations” was 85.19%， and 79.80% and 76.09% of the bases were found to implement strict confidentiality in theoretical examinations and meet the required scale of assessment cases， respectively. However， formal documents of corresponding training management regulations were formulated in only 57.91% of the bases， and the completeness and standardization rate of training manual completion was merely 47.47%. In addition， considerable disparities in quality management levels were observed among provinces， with issues in training process quality being particularly prominent. CONCLUSIONS The management system， hardware facilities， and preceptor staffing of clinical pharmacist training bases in China are relatively well-established， yet notable variations in quality management exist among training bases across different provinces.

OBJECTIVE To construct the drug utilization evaluation criteria for Dezocine injection,so as to provide reference for the rational drug use in medical institutions.METHODS On the basis of evidence methodology,relevant guidelines/expert consensus,systematic reviews/meta-analysis were consulted;the evaluation criteria framework for Dezocine injection was established after screening evidence.Delphi method was employed,whereby 28 clinicians and clinical pharmacists from secondary and above-level medical institutions across eight provinces,including Tianjin,Beijing and Shandong,were selected to participate in two rounds of questionnaire surveys.The final indicators were determined based on the experts'enthusiasm coefficient,authority coefficient,and degree of coordination.RESULTS The effective recovery rate of questionnaire was 100%in the first round and 92.86%in the second round;expert authority coefficient was 0.82 in the first round and 0.81 in the second round;the coordination degree of experts in the first round was 0.29,and in the second round was 0.31(P＜0.001).Drug utilization evaluation standard system for Dezocine injection was formed finally,including three dimensions of medication indications,medication process and medication results,with a total of 11 first-level indicators(such as indications,usage and dosage)and 33 second-level indicators(such as labor analgesia and the management of severe pain following major or moderate surgeries combined with other analgesic drugs).The average importance scores for each indicator ranged from 4.08 to 5.00 points,with an overall average score of 4.61 points and coefficient of variation ranging from 0 to 0.19.CONCLUSIONS The drug utilization evaluation criteria for Dezocine injection established based on evidence-based methodology and Delphi method is authoritative and scientific,which provides a reference for subsequent evaluation of the rationality of clinical medication.

An 86-year-old male patient received IV infusions of meropenem (1 g once per 12 hours) combined with ciprofloxacin lactate and sodium chloride injection (200 mg once daily) for pneumonia, respiratory failure, and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection suggested by sputum bacterial culture. On the 4th day of treatments, the patient developed a sudden drop in blood pressure, and his pulse could not be measured. ECG monitoring suggested ventricular fibrillation. After the treatments of electric defibrillation and amiodarone injection, his sinus rhythm restored. The next day the patient had another three episodes of ventricular fibrillation. All electrolytes were normal during emergency examination and ECG examination showed that the QT interval was normal. Ciprofloxacin was discontinued and replaced by meropenem combined with fosfomycin, and ventricular fibrillation did not recur. Twenty-six days later, the patient′s pneumonia was aggravated and sputum bacterial culture result showed multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, which was sensitive to ciprofloxacin and moderately sensitive to levofloxacin. Then meropenem (the same dosage and usage as before) combined with levofloxacin injection (200 mg once daily) were given. On the fifth day of treatments, the patient developed ventricular fibrillation again and his heart rhythm returned to normal after electric defibrillation and amiodarone treatment. Levofloxacin was discontinued and meropenem combined with fosfomycin were given again. Then ventricular fibrillation did not recur. The patient′s ventricular fibrillation was considered to be possibly related to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.

An 86-year-old male patient received IV infusions of meropenem (1 g once per 12 hours) combined with ciprofloxacin lactate and sodium chloride injection (200 mg once daily) for pneumonia, respiratory failure, and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection suggested by sputum bacterial culture. On the 4th day of treatments, the patient developed a sudden drop in blood pressure, and his pulse could not be measured. ECG monitoring suggested ventricular fibrillation. After the treatments of electric defibrillation and amiodarone injection, his sinus rhythm restored. The next day the patient had another three episodes of ventricular fibrillation. All electrolytes were normal during emergency examination and ECG examination showed that the QT interval was normal. Ciprofloxacin was discontinued and replaced by meropenem combined with fosfomycin, and ventricular fibrillation did not recur. Twenty-six days later, the patient′s pneumonia was aggravated and sputum bacterial culture result showed multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, which was sensitive to ciprofloxacin and moderately sensitive to levofloxacin. Then meropenem (the same dosage and usage as before) combined with levofloxacin injection (200 mg once daily) were given. On the fifth day of treatments, the patient developed ventricular fibrillation again and his heart rhythm returned to normal after electric defibrillation and amiodarone treatment. Levofloxacin was discontinued and meropenem combined with fosfomycin were given again. Then ventricular fibrillation did not recur. The patient′s ventricular fibrillation was considered to be possibly related to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the variety of main pathogenic bacteria and their resistance in urinary system infection of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in endocrinology department of our hospital and find out the best choice antibacterials of application.METHODS By retrospective analysis of clinical history,the results of urine bacterial culture,drug sensitivity reports of T2DM patients with urinary system infection were analyzed.The data were dealed with SPSS 11.0.RESULTS The drugs of experiential therapy were mainly quinolones.And drug resistant rates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were 18.2% and 63.6%,and 16.7% and 50.0% respectively.The treatment periods of 2 groups were(8.4?4.3)d and(10.4?5.4)d,respectively.CONCLUSIONS ?-Lactam/?-lactamase inhibitor and aminoglycosides are the first choice in experiential therapy.Thetreatment periods could be decreased according to bacterial culturingresults.

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the safety and reasonability of TCM injection infusion prescription in outpatient and emergency department of hospitals in Tianjin.METHODS: Infusion prescriptions were randomly collected from outpatient and emergency department of secondary and three-tier hospitals in Tianjin.Reasonability of TCM injection intravenous infusion prescriptions were analyzed in respect of dosage and usage,compatibility and administration route.General information of patients and prescription were recorded.Primary data were classified,summarized and screened using EXCEL and the statistic data were calculated using SPSS11.0 software.RESULTS: 11 medical institutions were included and 2 309 TCM injection infusion prescriptions were collected within 4 days.Dosage and dosing interval of reasonable prescription accounted for 66.91% and 80.60% respectively.The safety compatibility proportion of prescriptions was only 58.64%.CONCLUSION: TCM injection infusion prescriptions in outpatient and emergency department of hospitals in Tianjin are reasonable while there is still some unreasonable compatibility of injection.