This study aims to investigate the medication rules of patented traditional Chinese medi-cine(TCM)compound formulas and molecular mechanisms of core drugs for treating sepsis using data mining and network pharmacology approaches.In the present study,we first searched the PubMed database,Web of Science database,and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)since the establishment of the library to April 30,2024 for the relevant literature on the treatment of sepsis by traditional Chinese medicine.The prescriptions were then statistically ana-lyzed for drug frequency and association analysis to obtain the core drugs.Then we screened the ef-fective active ingredients of the core drugs by TCMSP and other database platforms,obtained sep-sis-related genes in GeneCards and other databases,and statistically intersected targets,and predic-ted the mechanism of action of the core TCMs by subjecting the intersected targets to PPI analy-sis,GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.Finally,the relationship between key tar-gets and herbal components was examined in reverse by molecular docking method.The results showed that 64 compound formulas were obtained,with a total of 150 Chinese medicines,which were mostly sweet in taste,cold in nature,and belonged to the spleen,stomach and intestinal me-ridians.According to the association rules,the core drugs were identified as"mirabilite-peach ker-nel-rheum officinale".There were 79 intersecting targets between the core drugs and sepsis,with core targets such as IL-1β,EGFR and SRC.MAPK,TNF,IL-17 and other signaling pathways are involved to mediate inflammatory responses,apoptosis and other biological processes to exert ther-apeutic effects on sepsis.The molecular docking results indicated that the docking activity of the key targets with the main components of the drug,and sennoside E_qt has the lowest binding ener-gy and the best docking activity with SRC.In conclusion,this study showed that the prescription of Chinese medicine for sepsis is mostly based on tonifying the spleen and clearing heat.The mecha-nism of action of the core drug"mirabilite-peach kernel-rheum officinale"in the treatment of sep-sis is multilevel and multifaceted,which provides a certain theoretical basis for the treatment of sepsis by traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective:To evaluate the role of spinal Annexin A3 (ANXA3) in neuropathic pain in mice.Methods:Sixty-four SPF healthy adult male C57BL/6 mice, weighing 22-26 g, aged 8-10 weeks, were divided into 4 groups ( n=16 each) by the random number table method: sham operation group (group S), chronic constriction injury (CCI) group, CCI+ negative control adeno-associated virus AAV-NC group (group CCI+ N) and CCI+ adeno-associated virus AAV-shANXA3 group (group CCI+ sh). The neuropathic pain was induced by CCI of the sciatic nerve in anesthetized animals. The AAV-shANXA3 and AAV-NC (5 μl) were intrathecally injected at 14 days before developing the model in CCI+ N group and CCI+ sh group. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 1 day before developing the model and at 7, 14 and 21 days after developing the model. All the mice were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain threshold, the L 4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of ANXA3, phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1)(by Western blot), expression of ANXA3 mRNA (by real-time polymerase chain reaction), microglial activation (using the immunofluorescence staining), and contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and IL-10 (using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results:Compared with group S, the MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shortened after developing the model, the expression of ANXA3 protein and mRNA, p-NF-κB and Iba-1 in spinal cord was up-regulated, the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were increased, the contents of TGF-β and IL-10 were decreased ( P<0.05), the activation of microglia in the spinal cord was significantly increased, and the cell body was enlarged in group CCI. There was no significant difference in each parameter between group CCI and group CCI+ N ( P>0.05). Compared with CCI+ N group, the MWT was significantly increased on days 14 and 21 after developing the model, the TWL was prolonged on day 21 after developing the model, the expression of ANXA3 protein and mRNA, p-NF-κB and Iba-1 was down-regulated, the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased, the contents of TGF-β and IL-10 were increased ( P<0.05), and the activation of spinal microglia was decreased in CCI+ sh group. Conclusions:Spinal ANXA3 may be involved in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway and further promoting microglial activation in mice.

Objective:To construct a communication skills assessment scale for newly employed nurses, verify the reliability and validity of the scale in a simulated setting, and develop and construct an effective and structured assessment tool for the communication skills of newly employed nurses.Methods:The Chinese version of the Liverpool Communication Skills Assessment Scale was modified and two rounds of expert consultation were conducted to construct the communication skills assessment scale for newly employed nurses. A total of 194 newly employed nurses at a tertiary hospital between 2024 and 2025 were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a teacher-based evaluation method during simulated communication scenarios. The performance of the nurses was scored, and the reliability and validity of the scale were analyzed.Results:The final version of the scale consisted of 4 dimensions and 11 items, and can be used in both workplace-based and simulation-based evaluations. The expert authority coefficients of both rounds were greater than 0.70. The Kendall's W coordination coefficients for the two rounds of consultation were 0.278 and 0.309 for workplace-based evaluations and 0.256 and 0.295 for simulation-based evaluations. The coefficients of variation for the 11 items in both application scenarios were <0.250. The total Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.805 and the total split-half reliability coefficient was 0.814. In the two application scenarios, the item-level content validity index ranged from 0.769 to 1.000 (all >0.750). The scale-level content validity index was 0.916 and 0.909 (>0.900), respectively, in the workplace-based and simulation-based evaluations. The exploratory factor analysis extracted a total of four common factors, with a cumulative variance contribution of 69.09%, and all item loadings on their corresponding factors exceeded 0.500. Conclusions:The communication skills assessment scale for newly employed nurses has moderate and validated content and number of items. The scale demonstrates high reliability and validity in simulation-based evaluations, and can be used as an effective tool for assessing the communication skills of newly employed nurses.

Objective:To investigate the effect of hydrogen on the expressions of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and Ca 2+-release-activated-Ca 2+ channel protein 1 (Orai1) and the protective effect of hydrogen on septic mice acute lung injury (ALI). Methods:Forty-eight male ICR mice were divided into sham operation group (Sham group), hydrogen control group (Sham+H 2 group), sepsis group (SS group) and hydrogen intervention group (SS+H 2 group) according to a random number table method, with 12 mice in each group. Sepsis mice model were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Sham group and Sham+H 2 group did not undergo CLP, other operations were the same as follow. Sham+H 2 group and SS+H 2 group received 1 hour inhalation of 2% H 2 at 1 hour and 6 hours after CLP or sham operation. At 24 hours after CLP, 6 mice in each group were sacrificed for observing pulmonary microvascular permeability after injecting Evans blue (EB) through tail vein. Other 6 mice in each group were sacrificed for obtaining fresh lung tissue to observe the lung pathological change and lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio. The protein expressions and distribution of STIM1 and Orai1 in lung tissue were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA expressions of STIM1 and Orai1 in lung tissue were detected by reverse transcriotion-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Coimmunoprecipitation was used to observe STIM1-Orai1 interaction. Finally, pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) of mice were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into four groups for inoculation onto culture plates: Control group, rich hydrogen solution group (Control+H 2 group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group and rich hydrogen solution intervention group (LPS+H 2 group). PMVECs in Control group and LPS group were cultured in normal medium. Control+H 2 group and LPS+H 2 group were cultured in saturated hydrogen medium. LPS group and LPS+H 2 group were added with LPS at 5 μg/mL. Intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+]i) concentration of PMVECs were detected by Fluo-4/AM green dye. Results:Compared with Sham group, the pathological score and lung W/D ratio were significantly increased in SS group at 24 hours after CLP (pathological score: 11.00±1.41 vs. 1.00±0.63, lung W/D ratio: 7.63±0.52 vs. 3.45±0.58, both P < 0.05), the content of EB in the lung tissue was increased (μg/g: 0.16±0.02 vs. 0.09±0.02, P < 0.05). Compared with SS group, the pathological score and lung W/D ratio were decreased in SS+H 2 group (pathological score: 3.50±1.05 vs. 11.00±1.41, lung W/D ratio: 4.45±0.45 vs. 7.63±0.52, both P < 0.05), the content of EB in the lung tissue was decreased (μg/g: 0.13±0.02 vs. 0.16±0.02, P < 0.05), which prove that hydrogen can improve ALI caused by sepsis. Compared with Sham group, the protein and mRNA expressions of STIM1 and Orai1 were up-regulated in SS group (relative expression level of STIM1 protein: 3.08±0.32 vs. 1.00±0.00, relative expression level of STIM1 mRNA: 3.65±0.24 vs. 1.00±0.00, relative expression level of Orai1 protein: 3.63±0.23 vs. 1.00±0.00, relative expression level of Orai1 mRNA: 3.80±0.22 vs. 1.00±0.00, all P < 0.05), while the protein and mRNA expressions of STIM1 and Orai1 were down-regulated in SS+H 2 group compared with SS group (relative expression level of STIM1 protein: 1.78±0.13 vs. 3.08±0.32, relative expression level of STIM1 mRNA: 1.76±0.28 vs. 3.65±0.24, relative expression level of Orai1 protein: 1.92±0.22 vs. 3.63±0.23, relative expression level of Orai1 mRNA: 1.85±0.18 vs. 3.80±0.22, all P < 0.05). Coimmunoprecipitation staining results showed that there was no statistically significance in the association between STIM1 and Orai1 in Sham group and Sham+H 2 group. Compared with Sham group, the STIM1-Orai1 interaction was increased in SS group (relative expression level: 3.71±0.37 vs. 1.00±0.00, P < 0.05), while the STIM1-Orai1 interaction was decreased in SS+H 2 group compared with SS group (relative expression level: 2.17±0.29 vs. 3.71±0.37, P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in various indicators between Sham group and Sham+H 2 group. In vitro, the intracellular [Ca 2+]i concentration in PMVECs was increased in LPS group compared with Control group using Fluo-4/AM green dye. The intracellular [Ca 2+]i concentration in PMVECs was decreased in LPS+H 2 group compared with LPS group. Conclusion:The protective effect of hydrogen on lung tissues in septic mice is related to the inhibition of STIM1, Orai1 and the interaction between them.

Objective:To investigate the effect of hydrogen on the expressions of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and Ca 2+-release-activated-Ca 2+ channel protein 1 (Orai1) and the protective effect of hydrogen on septic mice acute lung injury (ALI). Methods:Forty-eight male ICR mice were divided into sham operation group (Sham group), hydrogen control group (Sham+H 2 group), sepsis group (SS group) and hydrogen intervention group (SS+H 2 group) according to a random number table method, with 12 mice in each group. Sepsis mice model were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Sham group and Sham+H 2 group did not undergo CLP, other operations were the same as follow. Sham+H 2 group and SS+H 2 group received 1 hour inhalation of 2% H 2 at 1 hour and 6 hours after CLP or sham operation. At 24 hours after CLP, 6 mice in each group were sacrificed for observing pulmonary microvascular permeability after injecting Evans blue (EB) through tail vein. Other 6 mice in each group were sacrificed for obtaining fresh lung tissue to observe the lung pathological change and lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio. The protein expressions and distribution of STIM1 and Orai1 in lung tissue were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA expressions of STIM1 and Orai1 in lung tissue were detected by reverse transcriotion-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Coimmunoprecipitation was used to observe STIM1-Orai1 interaction. Finally, pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) of mice were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into four groups for inoculation onto culture plates: Control group, rich hydrogen solution group (Control+H 2 group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group and rich hydrogen solution intervention group (LPS+H 2 group). PMVECs in Control group and LPS group were cultured in normal medium. Control+H 2 group and LPS+H 2 group were cultured in saturated hydrogen medium. LPS group and LPS+H 2 group were added with LPS at 5 μg/mL. Intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+]i) concentration of PMVECs were detected by Fluo-4/AM green dye. Results:Compared with Sham group, the pathological score and lung W/D ratio were significantly increased in SS group at 24 hours after CLP (pathological score: 11.00±1.41 vs. 1.00±0.63, lung W/D ratio: 7.63±0.52 vs. 3.45±0.58, both P < 0.05), the content of EB in the lung tissue was increased (μg/g: 0.16±0.02 vs. 0.09±0.02, P < 0.05). Compared with SS group, the pathological score and lung W/D ratio were decreased in SS+H 2 group (pathological score: 3.50±1.05 vs. 11.00±1.41, lung W/D ratio: 4.45±0.45 vs. 7.63±0.52, both P < 0.05), the content of EB in the lung tissue was decreased (μg/g: 0.13±0.02 vs. 0.16±0.02, P < 0.05), which prove that hydrogen can improve ALI caused by sepsis. Compared with Sham group, the protein and mRNA expressions of STIM1 and Orai1 were up-regulated in SS group (relative expression level of STIM1 protein: 3.08±0.32 vs. 1.00±0.00, relative expression level of STIM1 mRNA: 3.65±0.24 vs. 1.00±0.00, relative expression level of Orai1 protein: 3.63±0.23 vs. 1.00±0.00, relative expression level of Orai1 mRNA: 3.80±0.22 vs. 1.00±0.00, all P < 0.05), while the protein and mRNA expressions of STIM1 and Orai1 were down-regulated in SS+H 2 group compared with SS group (relative expression level of STIM1 protein: 1.78±0.13 vs. 3.08±0.32, relative expression level of STIM1 mRNA: 1.76±0.28 vs. 3.65±0.24, relative expression level of Orai1 protein: 1.92±0.22 vs. 3.63±0.23, relative expression level of Orai1 mRNA: 1.85±0.18 vs. 3.80±0.22, all P < 0.05). Coimmunoprecipitation staining results showed that there was no statistically significance in the association between STIM1 and Orai1 in Sham group and Sham+H 2 group. Compared with Sham group, the STIM1-Orai1 interaction was increased in SS group (relative expression level: 3.71±0.37 vs. 1.00±0.00, P < 0.05), while the STIM1-Orai1 interaction was decreased in SS+H 2 group compared with SS group (relative expression level: 2.17±0.29 vs. 3.71±0.37, P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in various indicators between Sham group and Sham+H 2 group. In vitro, the intracellular [Ca 2+]i concentration in PMVECs was increased in LPS group compared with Control group using Fluo-4/AM green dye. The intracellular [Ca 2+]i concentration in PMVECs was decreased in LPS+H 2 group compared with LPS group. Conclusion:The protective effect of hydrogen on lung tissues in septic mice is related to the inhibition of STIM1, Orai1 and the interaction between them.

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) exhibits elevated expression levels in a variety of cancers and has emerged as a critical target for cancer therapy in recent years. However, first-generation PRMT5 inhibitors have exhibited inadequate selectivity, leading to significant hematological toxicity, thus limiting their clinical utility. The second-generation PRMT5 inhibitors have shown marked improvement in safety and efficacy by selectively targeting MTAP-null tumor cells without impacting normal cells. This review systematically summarizes the biological and functional roles of PRMT5 in MTAP-deficient tumor cells, and comprehensively analyzes the research and development process, molecular binding mechanisms, and the latest advancements in clinical trials of the five second-generation PRMT5 inhibitors currently under investigation, aiming to provide valuable insights for further in-depth studies in this field.

Objective:To evaluate the role of spinal Annexin A3 (ANXA3) in neuropathic pain in mice.Methods:Sixty-four SPF healthy adult male C57BL/6 mice, weighing 22-26 g, aged 8-10 weeks, were divided into 4 groups ( n=16 each) by the random number table method: sham operation group (group S), chronic constriction injury (CCI) group, CCI+ negative control adeno-associated virus AAV-NC group (group CCI+ N) and CCI+ adeno-associated virus AAV-shANXA3 group (group CCI+ sh). The neuropathic pain was induced by CCI of the sciatic nerve in anesthetized animals. The AAV-shANXA3 and AAV-NC (5 μl) were intrathecally injected at 14 days before developing the model in CCI+ N group and CCI+ sh group. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 1 day before developing the model and at 7, 14 and 21 days after developing the model. All the mice were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain threshold, the L 4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of ANXA3, phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1)(by Western blot), expression of ANXA3 mRNA (by real-time polymerase chain reaction), microglial activation (using the immunofluorescence staining), and contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and IL-10 (using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results:Compared with group S, the MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shortened after developing the model, the expression of ANXA3 protein and mRNA, p-NF-κB and Iba-1 in spinal cord was up-regulated, the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were increased, the contents of TGF-β and IL-10 were decreased ( P<0.05), the activation of microglia in the spinal cord was significantly increased, and the cell body was enlarged in group CCI. There was no significant difference in each parameter between group CCI and group CCI+ N ( P>0.05). Compared with CCI+ N group, the MWT was significantly increased on days 14 and 21 after developing the model, the TWL was prolonged on day 21 after developing the model, the expression of ANXA3 protein and mRNA, p-NF-κB and Iba-1 was down-regulated, the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased, the contents of TGF-β and IL-10 were increased ( P<0.05), and the activation of spinal microglia was decreased in CCI+ sh group. Conclusions:Spinal ANXA3 may be involved in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway and further promoting microglial activation in mice.

This study aims to investigate the medication rules of patented traditional Chinese medi-cine(TCM)compound formulas and molecular mechanisms of core drugs for treating sepsis using data mining and network pharmacology approaches.In the present study,we first searched the PubMed database,Web of Science database,and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)since the establishment of the library to April 30,2024 for the relevant literature on the treatment of sepsis by traditional Chinese medicine.The prescriptions were then statistically ana-lyzed for drug frequency and association analysis to obtain the core drugs.Then we screened the ef-fective active ingredients of the core drugs by TCMSP and other database platforms,obtained sep-sis-related genes in GeneCards and other databases,and statistically intersected targets,and predic-ted the mechanism of action of the core TCMs by subjecting the intersected targets to PPI analy-sis,GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.Finally,the relationship between key tar-gets and herbal components was examined in reverse by molecular docking method.The results showed that 64 compound formulas were obtained,with a total of 150 Chinese medicines,which were mostly sweet in taste,cold in nature,and belonged to the spleen,stomach and intestinal me-ridians.According to the association rules,the core drugs were identified as"mirabilite-peach ker-nel-rheum officinale".There were 79 intersecting targets between the core drugs and sepsis,with core targets such as IL-1β,EGFR and SRC.MAPK,TNF,IL-17 and other signaling pathways are involved to mediate inflammatory responses,apoptosis and other biological processes to exert ther-apeutic effects on sepsis.The molecular docking results indicated that the docking activity of the key targets with the main components of the drug,and sennoside E_qt has the lowest binding ener-gy and the best docking activity with SRC.In conclusion,this study showed that the prescription of Chinese medicine for sepsis is mostly based on tonifying the spleen and clearing heat.The mecha-nism of action of the core drug"mirabilite-peach kernel-rheum officinale"in the treatment of sep-sis is multilevel and multifaceted,which provides a certain theoretical basis for the treatment of sepsis by traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective:To construct a communication skills assessment scale for newly employed nurses, verify the reliability and validity of the scale in a simulated setting, and develop and construct an effective and structured assessment tool for the communication skills of newly employed nurses.Methods:The Chinese version of the Liverpool Communication Skills Assessment Scale was modified and two rounds of expert consultation were conducted to construct the communication skills assessment scale for newly employed nurses. A total of 194 newly employed nurses at a tertiary hospital between 2024 and 2025 were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a teacher-based evaluation method during simulated communication scenarios. The performance of the nurses was scored, and the reliability and validity of the scale were analyzed.Results:The final version of the scale consisted of 4 dimensions and 11 items, and can be used in both workplace-based and simulation-based evaluations. The expert authority coefficients of both rounds were greater than 0.70. The Kendall's W coordination coefficients for the two rounds of consultation were 0.278 and 0.309 for workplace-based evaluations and 0.256 and 0.295 for simulation-based evaluations. The coefficients of variation for the 11 items in both application scenarios were <0.250. The total Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.805 and the total split-half reliability coefficient was 0.814. In the two application scenarios, the item-level content validity index ranged from 0.769 to 1.000 (all >0.750). The scale-level content validity index was 0.916 and 0.909 (>0.900), respectively, in the workplace-based and simulation-based evaluations. The exploratory factor analysis extracted a total of four common factors, with a cumulative variance contribution of 69.09%, and all item loadings on their corresponding factors exceeded 0.500. Conclusions:The communication skills assessment scale for newly employed nurses has moderate and validated content and number of items. The scale demonstrates high reliability and validity in simulation-based evaluations, and can be used as an effective tool for assessing the communication skills of newly employed nurses.

Objective:To evaluate the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) coupling in remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats.Methods:Forty clean-grade healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 240-260 g, aged 2-3 months, were divided into 4 groups ( n=10 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), remifentanil group (group R), nNOS-NOS1AP inhibitor ZLc002 group (group C+ Z) and remifentanil + ZLc002 group (group R+ Z). Normal saline was intravenously infused at a rate of 0.1 ml·kg -1·min -1 for 60 min in C group. Remifentanil was intravenously infused at a rate of 1.0 μg·kg -1·min -1 for 60 min in R group. ZLc002 10 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected for 3 consecutive days, and then normal saline 0.1 ml·kg -1·min -1 and remifentanil 1.0 μg·kg -1·min -1 were intravenously infused for 60 min in C+ Z group and R+ Z group. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before intravenous infusion and 6, 24 and 48 h after intravenous infusion (T 0-3). All the rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain thresholds, and the L 4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of nNOS, NOS1AP and Dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 (Dexras1) protein and mRNA using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nitrosylated proteins were extracted by biotin conversion for determination of the expression of nNOS, NOS1AP and total and nitrosylated Dexras1 (by Western blot) and co-expression of nNOS-NOS1AP (by co-immunoprecipitation). The content of NO in the spinal cord was measured. Results:Compared with group C, the MWT was significantly decreased, and the TWL was shortened at T 1-3, the expression of nNOS and NOS1AP protein and mRNA was up-regulated, the co-expression of nNOS-NOS1AP and NO production were increased, and the expression of nitrosylated Dexras1 was up-regulated in group R ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in each aforementioned parameter in group C+ Z ( P>0.05). Compared with group R, the MWT was significantly increased, and the TWL was prolonged at T 1-3, the co-expression of nNOS-NOS1AP and NO production were decreased, the expression of nitrosylated Dexras1 was down-regulated ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the expression of nNOS and NOS1AP protein and mRNA in group R+ Z ( P>0.05). There were no significant differences in total Dexras1 protein and mRNA expression among the four groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The mechanism by which remifentanil induces hyperalgesia may be related to up-regulating the expression of nNOS and NOS1AP in the spinal cord, promoting interaction between nNOS and NOS1AP and mediating NO generation and Dexras1 nitrosylation modification in rats.