Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by long duration of disease and latent onset. Risk prediction models have shown potential for f early diagnosis and early treatment of diseases and formulation of targeted interventions. There is an increase in researches on risk prediction models for T2DM during the recent years, which provides the basis for precision tertiary prevention of T2DM; however, most studies suffer from problems of small sample size, complicated variables and difficulty in extensive applications. This review summarizes the risk prediction models for T2DM based on economic and easily available routine physical examination indicators, so as to provide insights into further studies on easy-to-perform and -popularize risk prediction models for T2DM.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic diseases among residents in Moyu County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, so as to provide the evidence for developing the control strategy for metabolic diseases. Methods: The demographic features, laboratory examinations and B-mode ultrasonographic examinations of the liver and gall bladder were collected from residents at ages of 18 years and older in Moyu County through the hospital-based medical records system. The prevalence of metabolic diseases was estimated, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and fatty liver, and the factors affecting the development of metabolic diseases were identified using a multinomial logistic regression model. Results: Totally 281 803 residents were included in the study, including 129 549 men ( 49.97% ) and 152 254 women ( 54.03% ) and with a median age of 37.00 years ( interquartile range, 22.00 years ). The overall prevalence of metabolic diseases was 47.66%, and the prevalence rates of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, fatty liver and diabetes were 25.72%, 24.77%, 12.30%, 12.05% and 5.49%, respectively, which appeared a tendency towards a rise with age ( χ2trend = 11 243.73, 14 086.41, 2 109.70, 6 631.22, and 2 011.15, all P<0.001 ). There were 73 811 residents suffering from one metabolic disease (26.19%), and 60 495 residents with two and more metabolic diseases ( 21.47% ). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that gender ( OR=0.870; 0.796 ), age ( OR: 1.703-8.701; 2.952-18.846 ), marital status ( OR: 1.397-1.845; 1.460-2.377 ) educational level ( OR: 0.891-0.937; 0.920-0.924 ), occupation ( OR: 1.177-1.270; 1.114-2.099), family history ( OR=1.136; 1.390), drinking frequency ( OR: 2.038; 1.395-2.574 ) and central obesity ( OR=3.448; 14.352 ) were factors affecting the development of one or more metabolic diseases. Conclusion The prevalence of metabolic diseases is high among residents in Moyu County. Men, the elderly, a low education level and unhealthy lifestyles may increase the risk of metabolic diseases.

Objective To explore the prevalence and characteristic of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among the ethnic Kirghiz adult in Xinjiang Province. Methods The study was conducted based on the national health checkup in Xinjiang province during 2018. A total of 19 843 participants of Kirghiz adults in Aheqi County, Xinjiang Uygor Autonomous Region were selected for physical examination, questionnaires, blood biochemical indicators detection (FBG, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, ALT and AST) and abdominal ultrasonography. A total of 1 396 patients diagnosed with NAFLD by abdominal ultrasonography were selected as the case group, and 4 188 non-NAFLD subjects matched in age, sex and region were selected as the control group at a ratio of 1:3. The clinical characters and risk factors of NAFLD patients were analyzed. Results The overall prevalence of NALFD in Kirghiz adults was 7.0%, 7.8% in male, and 6.2% in female (standardized to 6.8%, 7.5%, and 6.0%, respectively). The prevalence in male was higher than that in female (P<0.01). The prevalence of NAFLD in the obesity, diabetes, and hypertension group was significantly increased, which was 19.0%, 20.6% and 18.5%, respectively. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), triglycerides, AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine transamilase) in the NAFLD group were all higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.01). In the NAFLD group, 17.2% had another one metabolic disorder and 62.0% had another two metabolic disorders. Logistic regression analysis showed that waist circumference (OR = 4.08, 95%CI = 3.04~5.10), FBG (OR = 3.76, 95%CI = 2.86~4.93) and BMI (OR = 3.32, 95%CI = 2.16~4.38) were the main independent risk factors for NAFLD. Literacy (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.24~0.69) and physical activity (OR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.45~0.96) were protective factors. Conclusion The prevalence of NAFLD in Kirgiz adults in Xinjiang is lower than the national average. More than half of NAFLD patients are comorbidity with at least two metabolic abnormalities. WC, FBG and BMI were the independent risk factors for NAFLD, however, literacy and physical activity were protective factors.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate of continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS) in screening metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to determine the cut-off values in a representative sample of Xinjiang population aged 15 to 18 years old. Methods: A stratified cluster sampling was used to select participants aged 15-18 years from 13 cities in Xinjiang. cMetS was calculated by summing up the Zscores of standardized waist circumference, mean arterial pressure, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose by age and gender. Results: Totally 16.3% of subjects were overweight, and 5.2% were obese. The proportion of overweight and obesity in males was significantly higher than that in females (18.1% vs 13.8%)(6.0% vs. 4.1%)(χ2=15.36，7.89，P<0.05). The prevalence of total MetS was 6.1%, with 6.6% and 5.4% for men and women, respectively. There was a correlation between cMetS and MetS components, and the average cMetS value increased with increasing MetS component(P<0.05). The total cut-off value of cMetS was 0.99 (sensitivity 68.0%, specificity 80.7%), and the area under the ROC curve was 84.9%. The cMetS scores for boys and girls were 0.80 and 1.48, respectively. Conclusion Compared with MetS, cMetS shows more accuracy in screening MetS among youth aged 15-18 years in both gender.

Objective:To investigate the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical staging and classification of adult Japanese encephalitis.Methods:The clinical data and craniocerebral MRI findings of 35 adult patients with Japanese encephalitis admitted in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from August to September 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. The MRI imaging characteristics were compared among patients with different stages and types, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC value) of thalamic lesions in patients of different stages was analyzed. SPSS 23.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results:Six moderate cases all had lesions involving the thalamus, and the number of intracranial lesions was <2. In 11 severe cases, 8 had lesions involving thalamus and 5 had lesions involving hippocampus; the number of intracranial lesions was <2 in 3 cases, the number of intracranial lesions was 2-4 in 3 cases, and the number of intracranial lesions was >4 in 5 cases. In 18 cases critical cases, the lesions involved thalamic in 14 cases, hippocampus in 14 cases, cerebral cortex in 14 cases, cerebral feet in 9 cases, basal ganglia area in 6 cases, and brain stem in 2 cases, respectively; 2 cases had the intracranial lesions <2, 6 cases had intracranial lesions 2-4, 10 cases had intracranial lesions >4. In 11 preliminary stage patients, 9 cases had DWI high signal and 2 had FLAIR slightly high signal; in 19 extreme stage patients, 16 cases had DWI high signal, 11 cases had FLAIR slightly high signal, 3 cases had T1WI high signal and 6 cases had T2WI high signal. In 5 recovery stage patients, 1 case had DWI slightly high signal, 5 cases had FLAIR high signal, and 1 case had T2WI high signal. The ADC values of thalamic lesions in recovery and extreme patients were higher than those in the preliminary stage ( q=3.931 and 4.012, P<0.05). The ADC value of thalamic lesions in the recovery period was higher than that in the extreme period ( q=3.372, P<0.05). Conclusions:The number of lesions and the range of involvement are associated with disease severity in adult Japanese encephalitis. The DWI sequence is easy to detect at early stage, and the FLAIR sequence shows a long time span of lesions; and the DWI and FLAIR sequences are of great significance for the early clinical staging and classification of adult encephalitis patients. At the same time, the ADC value shows a trend of disease progresses, which can be used as a supplement for the clinical staging in adult encephalitis patients.

Objective:To investigate the influence of the prevalence and co-prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome on the scores of different levels of metabolic syndrome in people receiving physical examination in Urumqi.Methods:Using the 2017 Xinjiang Health Examination Database, a total of 175 927 people from 7 districts and 1 county in Urumqi were selected as subjects. Face-to-face survey and body measurements were used to collect cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome scores. Metabolic syndrome scores were used. For the 0-5 points at 6 levels, χ2, χ2 trend test, correlation analysis of ordered variable Kendall’s tau-b, and logistic regression analysis of ordered results were used to analyze the influence of prevalence and co-prevalence of behavioral risk factors on the MS scores. Results:The percentages of 6 metabolic syndrome scores in the sample population were 23.82 %, 27.87 %, 22.41 %, 16.03 %, 8.02 %, and 1.85 %, respectively. The scores of metabolic syndrome were different in different age groups, ethnic groups, groups with different drinking rates, and groups with different dietary types, with the differences all significant ( P<0.05).The MS score in men increased with the increase of oil/salt rate and excessive drinking rate ( P<0.01). The score in women increased with the increase of the current smoking rate, oil/salt rate, and increased with the decrease of physical activity ( P≤0.01). There was no significant difference in the distribution of regular drinking rates between different score groups ( P>0.05). The scores of metabolic syndrome increased with the increase of risk factors ( P<0.05). Ordered results logistic analysis found that in the men with ≥3 risk factors and the metabolic syndrome score was 1.15 (1.06-1.26) times higher than that in the men without risk factor, as well as in women with 2 risk factors and≥3 risk factors. The metabolic syndrome scores were 1.38 (1.22-1.55), 2.02 (1.53-2.66) times higher than those in the women without risk factors. Conclusions:The physical examination group in Urumqi, the more the metabolic syndrome disease behavior risk factors clustered, the higher the metabolic syndrome score was. Therefore, comprehensive intervention measures should be taken to control the different forms of metabolic syndrome to prevent the occurrence and progress of the disease.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of complication and related risk factors in Uygur patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods Total 1 507 Uygur patients aged above 20 with T2DM were recruited in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2010 to October 2015.Clinical characteristics,biochemical parameters and related complications were analyzed in different age groups of patients.Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine associated factors for diabetic complications.Results Among 1 507 cases,there were 61.3％ male patients (n=924),37.4％ (n=564) with diabetes duration ≥5 years,12.5％ (n=189) with HbA1c＞10％,31.5％ (n=475) with hypertension,28.8％ (n=434) with smoking history and 37.4％ (n=564) patients without antidiabetic drug treatment.The average body mass index (BMI) of patients was (27.4±5.2)kg/m2 with a obesity rate of 43.0％ (648/1 507),and 65.0％ (980/1 507) had physical exercise＜150 min/week.The prevalence of diabetic complication was 70.6％(1 064/1 507),in which 28.7％,19.2％ and 22.7％ cases had 1,2 and 3 or more complications,respectively.The proportion of patients with coronary heart disease,stroke/transient ischemic attack and large artery atherosclerosis was 32.4％,10.4％ and 35.8％,respectively.The proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy,nephropathy and neuropathy were 23.4％,6.5％ and 35.8％,respectively.Patients aged ≥60 years had highest prevalence of large artery atherosclerosis (38.2％,163/427) and diabetic retinopathy (27.2％,116/427);patients in age group 50-59 years had highest prevalence of diabetic neuropathy (40.3％,207/514).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HbA1c＞10％ (OR=2.74,95％CI:1.40-5.34),obesity (OR=1.54,95％CI:1.07-2.21),systolic pressure≥140 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) (OR=1.42,95％CI:1.01-1.99),diastolic pressure≥90 mmHg (OR=0.37,95％CI:0.21-0.67),smoking (OR=1.53,95％CI:1.09-2.15) and physical aetivity＜150 min/week (OR=1.42,95％CI:1.07-1.89) were the risk factors of diabetic complications.Conclusion Uygur patients with type 2 diabetes in Xinjiang show a relatively high prevalence of complications.Poor glycemic control,obesity,hypertension,smoking and physical inactivity may contribute to development of complications,while well-controlled blood glucose and hypertension and quitting smoking and increasing physical activity may reduce diabetic complications.

Objective To investigate the difference of Alzheimer-associated neuronal thread protein ( AD7c-NTP) level and related factors among different symptom types of schizophrenia. Methods The con-centrations of AD7c-NTP in urine of 30 patients with positive symptoms,46 patients with negative symptoms and 24 controls were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA) . Positive and negative symp-tom scale ( PANSS) was used to assess schizophrenia patients. The correlation analysis was conducted be-tween the urine AD7c-NTP and demographic factors. Results The level of AD7c-NTP in urine of patients with negative symptoms((0. 88±0. 93) ng /ml)was higher than that in the patients with positive symptoms ((0. 50±0. 22)ng/ml,P<0. 05). The level of AD7c-NTP of in urine female patients((1. 16±1. 12)ng/ml) was higher than that in the male patients((0. 57± 0. 49)ng/ml,P<0. 01). AD7c-NTP levels in patients with a course of disease of more than 100 months((0. 96±0. 96)ng/ml) were higher than those in patients with a course of disease of less than 100 months((0. 60±0. 59)ng/ml,P<0. 05). The level of AD7c-NTP in pa-tients over 35 years old((0. 94±0. 96)ng/ml) were higher than that in patients under 35 years old((0. 62±0. 62)ng/ml,P<0. 05). The level of AD7c-NTP in patients with MMSE score of 0-22 points((0. 92±0. 80) ng/ml) were higher than that in patients with score of 23-29 points((0. 62±0. 74)ng/ml,P<0. 05). Before admission(at least 2 months),the level of AD7c-NTP in patients without persisting in taking drugs((0. 99± 0.95)ng/ml) was higher than that in patients with persisting in taking drugs((0. 62±0. 65)ng/ml,P<0. 05). The level of AD7c-NTP in schizophrenic patients was positively correlated with age and course of dis-ease( r=0. 29,0. 26,P<0. 05) ,and negatively correlated with smoking history and mini-mental state exami-nation( MMSE) ( r=-0. 13,-2. 41,P<0. 05) . Conclusion There is a difference in AD7c-NTP levels be-tween patients with positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Gender,age,course of disease and anti-psychotics are important factors that affect AD7c-NTP levels in patients with schizophrenia.

AIM: To investigate whether rs7903146 polymorphisms in transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Chinese Uygur population.METHODS: In this case-control study, 935 cases of T2DM patients were recruited in T2DM group, and 971 healthy examination individuals were selected as normal control.The TCF7L2 gene polymorphism was detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrum.RESULTS: Significant differences in the frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes and the frequencies of C and T alleles on TCF7L2 rs7903146 were found between T2DM group and control group(P<0.05).As compared with C allele, the patients with T allele had a significantly higher risk of T2DM with OR of 1.190 (95% CI: 1.034~1.371).As compared with CC genotype, the patients with CT genotype had a significantly higher risk of T2DM with OR of 1.374 (95% CI: 1.122~1.683), and the patients with CT+TT genotype had a significantly higher risk of T2DM with OR of 1.307 (95% CI: 1.090~1.567).The levels of fasting plasma glucose, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were higher in all participants with CT+TT genotype of rs7903146 than those with CC genotype, which showed a significant difference (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms of rs7903146 in TCF7L2 gene may be associated with T2DM in Uygur population from Xinjiang region.The T allele and CT genotype of rs7903146 are the risk factors for T2DM.

Objective To investigate the correlation between TCF7L2 gene rs3814570 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) in Uygur population of Xinjiang area.Methods By adopting the case-control study design,949 cases of T2DM were recruited as the observation group and 963 individuals Undergoing healthy physical examination were selected as the control group.The TCF7L2 gene polymorphism was detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight(MALDI-TOF).Results The statistical differences in frequencies of CC,CT and TT genotypes and the C and T allele frequencies on TCF7L2 rs3814570 were found between the T2DM group and control group(P＜0.05).The risk of suffering from T2DM in the carriers of CT genotype was 0.331 times of that in the carriers of CC genotype(OR =0.331,95 ％ CI:0.166-0.661,P =0.002),the risk of suffering from T2DM in the carriers of TT genotype was 0.539 times of that in the carriers of CC genotype(OR=0.539,95％CI:0.348-0.834,P=0.005),and the risk of suffering from T2DM in the carriers of T allele was 0.501 times of that in the carriers of C allele(OR=0.501,95 ％ CI:0.377-0.664,P＜ 0.01).Among all subjects,the FPG level of the CT + TT genotype group on TCF7L2 gene rs3814570 locus was significantly lower than that of the CC genotype group(P＜0.05).Conclusion The rs3814570 locus in TCF7L2 gene may be associated with T2DM occurrence in Uygur population of Xinjiang area,the T allele and TT genotype might be protective factors of T2DM.