BACKGROUND:Due to the complex movement of the scapula,which is a six-degree-of-freedom activity in three-dimensional space,it is difficult to measure it accurately using traditional methods.The image and model matching technology based on dual-plane X-ray is a three-dimensional measurement method that has gradually developed and matured in recent years.Two high-speed cameras are used to project and shoot from orthogonal directions.Compared with a single perspective,this method has advantages in observation range and reduction of out-of-plane errors,and is suitable for the study of scapula kinematics.OBJECTIVE:X-ray biplane and image-model registration technology were used to explore the differences in scapular kinematics between normal individuals and patients with rotator cuff tears,providing a basis for the treatment and rehabilitation of rotator cuff tear patients.METHODS:From April 2023 to January 2024,10 patients with normal shoulders and 10 patients with rotator cuff tears who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled from Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The subjects underwent a shoulder CT scan to create a 3D model and a local scapular coordinate system.X-ray biplane images were taken during shoulder abduction with two C-arm machines.The 2D and 3D images were registered to compare scapular kinematic differences between the two groups at 0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°,and 90° of abduction,including scapular rotation angle and displacement distance.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)During shoulder abduction,the scapula of both groups showed upward rotation,but the upward rotation of the rotator cuff tear group was greater than that of the control group,and the difference was significant when the abduction was 30°-90°(P＜0.01).At the same time,the scapula internal rotation of both groups gradually increased,but the rotator cuff tear group was significantly greater than the control group when the abduction was 45°-90°(P＜0.01).In addition,the anteroposterior tilt of the scapula of the two groups was significantly different when the abduction was 15°-90°(P＜0.01).The scapula posterior tilt of the control group gradually increased during abduction,while the scapula of the rotator cuff tear group tilted forward except for a slight posterior tilt at 15°-30° abduction.(2)In terms of displacement,the upward displacement of the rotator cuff tear group was less than that of the control group during abduction,and the difference was significant at 15°-90°(P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference in lateral and anterior-posterior displacement between the two groups(P＞0.05).(3)Rotator cuff tear can cause scapular dyskinesis,characterized by increased upward rotation,internal rotation,and abnormal forward tilt during shoulder abduction.Identifying and addressing scapular dyskinesis is crucial for treating rotator cuff tear.

BACKGROUND:Due to the complex movement of the scapula,which is a six-degree-of-freedom activity in three-dimensional space,it is difficult to measure it accurately using traditional methods.The image and model matching technology based on dual-plane X-ray is a three-dimensional measurement method that has gradually developed and matured in recent years.Two high-speed cameras are used to project and shoot from orthogonal directions.Compared with a single perspective,this method has advantages in observation range and reduction of out-of-plane errors,and is suitable for the study of scapula kinematics.OBJECTIVE:X-ray biplane and image-model registration technology were used to explore the differences in scapular kinematics between normal individuals and patients with rotator cuff tears,providing a basis for the treatment and rehabilitation of rotator cuff tear patients.METHODS:From April 2023 to January 2024,10 patients with normal shoulders and 10 patients with rotator cuff tears who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled from Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The subjects underwent a shoulder CT scan to create a 3D model and a local scapular coordinate system.X-ray biplane images were taken during shoulder abduction with two C-arm machines.The 2D and 3D images were registered to compare scapular kinematic differences between the two groups at 0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°,and 90° of abduction,including scapular rotation angle and displacement distance.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)During shoulder abduction,the scapula of both groups showed upward rotation,but the upward rotation of the rotator cuff tear group was greater than that of the control group,and the difference was significant when the abduction was 30°-90°(P＜0.01).At the same time,the scapula internal rotation of both groups gradually increased,but the rotator cuff tear group was significantly greater than the control group when the abduction was 45°-90°(P＜0.01).In addition,the anteroposterior tilt of the scapula of the two groups was significantly different when the abduction was 15°-90°(P＜0.01).The scapula posterior tilt of the control group gradually increased during abduction,while the scapula of the rotator cuff tear group tilted forward except for a slight posterior tilt at 15°-30° abduction.(2)In terms of displacement,the upward displacement of the rotator cuff tear group was less than that of the control group during abduction,and the difference was significant at 15°-90°(P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference in lateral and anterior-posterior displacement between the two groups(P＞0.05).(3)Rotator cuff tear can cause scapular dyskinesis,characterized by increased upward rotation,internal rotation,and abnormal forward tilt during shoulder abduction.Identifying and addressing scapular dyskinesis is crucial for treating rotator cuff tear.

Objective To investigate the association of serum total testosterone(TT),free testosterone(FT),sex hormone-binding globulin(SHBG),and estradiol(E_2)with all-cause mortality rate(AMR)in males and to evaluate their predictive value. Methods Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)cycles(1999—2004 and 2013—2016),the relationships between different sex hormones and AMR was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards regression models. The dose-response relationships between different sex hormones and male AMR were assessed with restricted cubic splines(RCS). The predictive performances of different sex hormones for male AMR were compared with receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves and the area under the curve(AUC). The survival differences across varying sex hormone levels were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests. Results This study involved 3632 adult male participants with a median follow-up of 6.5 years,during which 320 AMR occurred(8.8%). Cox univariate analysis indicated that TT,FT and SHBG were risk factors for AMR(P＜0.001). Cox multivariate analysis revealed that FT and SHBG were independent risk factors for AMR(FT:HR=0.90,95%CI:0.86-0.94; SHBG:HR=1.01,95%CI:1.01-1.02). RCS revealed a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between TT,FT and AMR(P＜0.001); SHBG showed a positive dose-response relationship with AMR(P＜0.001). The AUCs of FT predicting the 5-year,10-year,and 15-year AMR were 0.78(95%CI:0.73-0.82),0.80(95%CI:0.76-0.84),and 0.84(95%CI: 0.80-0.88),respectively,significantly outperforming other indicators. Subgroup analysis revealed that FT was negatively correlated with male AMR,but this association was modulated by age,race,smoking status and diabetes status(P_(interaction)＜0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that different levels of TT and FT(Q1-Q4)were significantly positively correlated with survival rate(P＜0.001),while different levels of SHBG were significantly negatively correlated with survival rate,with patients in the Q4 group having the highest risk of death(P＜0.001). Conclusion Based on US NHANES,studies have shown that the FT and SHBG are independent risk factors for male AMR,and FT demonstrates greater predictive value for male AMR than TT.

Objective: To understand the epidemiological and spatial clustering characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Pingxiang City, Jiangxi Province from 2013 to 2023, so as to provide the evidence for improving hand-foot-mouth disease prevention and control measures. Methods: Data of hand-foot-mouth disease cases in Pingxiang City from 2013 to 2023 were collected from the Infectious Disease Reporting Information System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Demographic, temporal, and regional distribution characteristics were described. The trend in incidence was analyzed using the average annual percent change (AAPC). The spatial clustering and aggregation patterns of hand-foot-mouth disease were identified using global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses. Results: A total of 58 020 hand-foot-mouth disease cases were reported in Pingxiang City from 2013 to 2023, with an average annual incidence of 289.71/105. No significant trend in the reported incidence of hand-foot-mouth disease was observed (AAPC=-7.398%, P>0.05). Among them, 33 892 were males and 24 128 were females, with infants aged 0-<3 years accounting for 70.59% of the total (40 958 cases). The peak incidence occurred mainly from May to June and from September to December. Luxi County had the highest average annual reported incidence of 677.10/105. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated significant spatial clustering of hand-foot-mouth disease in 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022 (Moran's I=0.314, 0.339, 0.381, and 0.668, all P<0.05). High-high clustering areas were primarily identified in 7 townships (streets) of Anyuan District, 2 in Xiangdong District, 4 in Shangli County, and 1 in Luxi County. Conclusions The reported incidence of hand-foot-mouth disease in Pingxiang City from 2013 to 2023 remained stable overall, with higher susceptibility among young children and peak incidence during summer and autumn. Spatial clustering of hand-foot-mouth disease was observed, expanding northward and southwestward from Anyuan District as the core area.

Triterpenoids in cosmetic raw materials have attracted much attention due to their various skin-care effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and moisturizing properties, showing broad application prospects. However, the conventional methods such as chemical synthesis and plant extraction for obtaining triterpenoid have problems like poor sustainability, which limit their application in large-scale production. In recent years, with the development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, yeast synthesis of compounds has provided a green and sustainable alternative for the production of triterpenoids. This article reviews the research progress in the synthesis of triterpenoids and their derivatives in the cosmetic field and elaborates on the two main synthesis pathways (mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways) and their advantages and limitations in different microbial hosts. In addition, this article introduces the current status of the synthesis of triterpenoids and their derivatives in yeast, discusses the current strategies for increasing the yield, and looks ahead to the future development directions, aiming to promote the applications of triterpenoids in the cosmetic field.
Triterpenes/metabolism* ; Cosmetics/chemistry* ; Metabolic Engineering/methods* ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics* ; Synthetic Biology

Glioma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Despite the standard treatment of surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis for high-grade glioma patients remains poor, highlighting the urgent need to further explore its pathogenesis and develop new therapeutic strategies. This article reviews the research progress in the field of glioma in China in 2024, covering tumorigenesis mechanisms, tumor immune microenvironment composition, advances in imaging techniques and novel imaging agents, improvements in surgical approaches, mechanisms of radio- and chemoresistance, and explorations of new therapeutic modalities. These studies provide a solid theoretical foundation for advancing clinical diagnosis and treatment of gliomas and may offer new opportunities to improve patient outcomes.

Estrogen, through binding to its receptors in the female endometrium, promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis of endometrial stromal cells, thereby playing a critical role in endometrial injury repair, regeneration, and the prevention and treatment of intrauterine adhesions. Currently, various estrogen-based pharmaceutical formulations are applied in clinical practice, and the development of related products is progressively advancing. This review systematically outlines the etiology of endometrial injury and the mechanisms by which estrogen facilitates endometrial repair and regeneration. Furthermore, it highlights recent research progress and clinical applications of estrogen-based therapies in endometrial regeneration, aiming to provide a valuable reference for relevant scientific research and clinical practice.

Objective:To screen differentially expressed circular RNAs(circRNA)associated with lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer and investigate their molecular mechanism and biological function.Methods:Cancer tissue samples were collected from 40 cervical cancer patients(20 with lymph node metastasis and 20 without lymph node metastasis).Three specimens were randomly selected from each group,and the circRNA expression profile was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology,and perform KEGG and GO enrichment analy-sis was performed on the differentially expressed circRNA derived mother genes.Real-time fluorescence quantita-tive PCR(qRT-PCR)technology was used to validate four significantly upregulated circRNAs with high differential multiples,and a ceRNA network was constructed for database prediction.The relationship between circRNA with the most significant differential expression and clinical pathological features was analyzed.Transfect circRNA small interfering RNA(siRNA)into cervical cancer cell lines.Cell lines were divided into circRNA knockdown group and negative control(si-NC)group.The proliferation of SiHa cells and HeLa cells in cervical cancer was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8).Results:①A total of 2039 differentially expressed circRNAs were detec-ted.The differentially expressed circRNA derived mother genes are mainly enriched in ubiquitin mediated protein hydrolysis,MAPK signaling pathway,endocytosis,apoptosis and other signaling pathways.②Four significantly up-regulated circRNAs with high differential multiples in the transfer group were selected,which are hsa_circ_0067492,hsa_circ_0004904,hsa_circ_0085465,and hsa_circ_0007718.qRT-PCR showed that hsa_circ_0004904,hsa_circ_0085465,and hsa_circ_0007718 were all highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues with lymph node metas-tasis(P<0.01).Hsa_circ_0004904 could interact with microRNAs(miRNAs)such as hsa-miR-3916.Hsa_circ_0085465 could interact with miRNAs such as hsa-miR-4659b-3p,and hsa_circ_0007718 could interact with miRNAs such as hsa-miR-127-5p.③The high and low expression groups of hsa_circ_0004904 showed statistically signigi-cant differences in lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion status(P<0.05).Compared with the si-NC group,the proliferation ability of SiHa cells and HeLa cells was significantly reduced after transfection with hsa_circ_0004904 at 24,48,and 72 hours(P<0.05).Conclusions:Differentially expressed circRNAs were identi-fied in cervical cancer patients with lymph node metastasis.Silencing these circRNAs significantly inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer cells,suggesting their potential involvement in the progression of lymph node me-tastasis.These circRNAs may serve as specific biomarkers for predicting lymph node metastasis.

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is common neurodegenerative diseases that is the main causes of cognitive dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities.Constructing animal models with similar characteristics to human patients is crucial for advancing investigations of AD,and to develop new therapeutic drugs.Combined with the latest research progress,this review classifies animal models of AD according to aging models,genetically modified models,and chemically induced models.This review systematically summarizes the commonly used animal models of AD,and elucidates the modeling mechanisms and pathological changes,and compares their advantages and limitation,with a view to provide method ological references for researchers in selecting appropriate animal model for AD investigation.

This article summarizesd Professor Li Zhigang's experience in treating limb dysfunction after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis(ADEM)by acupuncture.Prof.Li respected the classical theory of Chinese medicine,which is to seek the root cause of the disease,clarified the disease mechanism of"deficiency of Yangming leads to longitudinal tendons and unfavorable belt veins",and followed the principle of"treating flaccidity syndrome only by taking advantage of Yangming",and combined with the morbidity characteristics of ADEM that occurs in children,emphasized the important influence of regulating the root of innate and acquired in the treatment of the disease.The importance of regulating the essence of congenital and acquired constitution in the treatment of this disease was emphasized,taking into account the importance of regulating the mind and spirit.The main acupoints of Yangming Stomach Meridian,Large Intestine Meridian,Spleen Meridian,and Governor Vessel,together with the five main points of the lower limbs and the main points of water-inducing,all together play the role of tonifying the middle energizer,benefiting the essence and filling in the marrow,and strengthening the muscles and bones.