Olfactory disorders are a common symptom in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, and their diagnosis and treatment have garnered extensive attention from both patients and doctors. Currently, there are various evaluation and treatment methods for olfactory dysfunction; however, choosing a simpler and more accurate assessment, as well as an effective treatment, remains a clinical challenge. In this article, we review the assessment and treatment methods commonly used in clinical practice in recent years to provide better support for the diagnosis and treatment of olfactory disorders.
Humans ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology* ; Sinusitis/complications* ; Chronic Disease ; Rhinitis/complications* ; Rhinosinusitis

Objective To analyze the diversity and composition changes of gut fungal communities between patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)and healthy controls.Methods A total of 8 CKD patients admitted in Department of Nephrology of our hospital,and another 5 age-and gender-matched healthy individuals were recruited in this study.Fresh fecal samples were collected from the CKD patients and healthy controls.ITS DNA sequencing was employed to determine the composition of intestinal fungi,and then bioinformatics analysis was applied to compare the differences in fungal community diversity,structure,and function between the 2 groups.Results There were no statistical differences between the 2 groups in terms of age,gender composition,BMI,and so forth.The results of Alpha diversity assessment showed statistical differences were observed in Simpson index and Shannon index in the intestinal fungi between the 2 groups(P＜0.01).So was in the Beta diversity between them(P＜0.01).The relative abundance of Candida was increased significantly(P＜0.01),while those of Cladosporium and Penicillium were decreased in the CKD group(P＜0.05).LEfSe analysis revealed that Candida was significantly enriched in CKD patients,whereas Cladosporium and Penicillium were significantly lower in abundance when compared to the healthy control group.Conclusion The composition of intestinal fungi in CKD patients is different from that in healthy individuals,exhibiting characteristic changes.Dysfunction of gut fungal flora may promote the progression of CKD.Regulating gut fungi and restoring gut microbiota homeostasis may become a new strategy for CKD treatment.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the peak wideband acoustic immittance(WAI)values reflecting the tympanic membrane absorption characteristics during the measurement process in patients with congenital middle ear malformation.METHODS We selected 36 patients diagnosed with congenital middle ear malformation by CT as subjects and evaluated their tympanic membrane absorption characteristics by measuring their acoustic impedance peak pressure.Then,we divided these data into two groups based on the pathological malformation obseved during the surgical process,namely the auditory ossicular chain soft connection group and the auditory ossicular chain fixation group.Calculate the absorption rate values of the tympanic membrane at each frequency corresponding to the peak pressure value of the tympanogram,and the relative area of absorption rate.By conducting independent t-tests,we compared two groups-normal children and patients who had undergone ossicular chain fixation surgery-to analyze the absorption area and peak absorption rate of their tympanic peak pressure values.RESULTS Under peak pressure,there were significant differences(P<0.001)in the full frequency range tympanic membrane absorption rate and peak absorption rate between the group with fixed ossicular chain and the normal group.However,there was no difference in the full frequency range tympanic membrane absorption rate and peak absorption rate between the group with soft ossicular chain and the normal group.Under peak pressure,the absorption area of the ossicular chain fixation group was significantly lower than that of the normal group in the low frequency range of 226-1 000 Hz(P<0.001),while the absorption area of the ossicular chain soft connection group was significantly higher than that of the normal group in the low frequency range of 226-1 000 Hz(P<0.001).CONCLUSION When conducting broadband acoustic impedance test,there is a significant difference in the relative area of tympanic membrane absorption rate of acoustic impedance peak pressure between the auditory ossicular chain soft connection group and the auditory ossicular chain fixation group across 226-1 000 Hz.It has application value as a clinical rapid screening and diagnostic tool for middle ear malformations.

Objective To investigate the relationships of serum amyloid A(SAA),eotaxin and pentraxin 3(PTX3)levels with Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA(MP-DNA)level,lung function and prognosis in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP).Methods A total of 163 chil-dren with MPP were enrolled in MPP group and divided into good prognosis group(n=109)and poor prognosis group(n=54)based on prognosis;another 124 healthy children with physical examinations in the same period were included as control group.Levels of serum SAA,eotaxin and PTX3 were measured in the children.Multivariable Logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore risk fac-tors for poor prognosis in children with MPP.Results Compared with the control group,the MPP group had significantly increased levels of SAA,eotaxin,PTX3 and MP-DNA positivity(P＜0.01);the MPP group also had significantly lower values of peak expiratory flow(PEF),forced expiratory volume in the first second(FEV1),forced vital capacity(FVC),tidal expiratory flow time to total expiratory time(tPTEF/TE),and tidal volume compared with the control group(P＜0.01).Compared with the good prognosis group,the poor prognosis group had significantly increased MP-DNA level,SAA,eotaxin and PTX3 levels,as well as decreased values of PEF,FEV1,FVC,tPTEF/TE and tidal volume(P＜0.01).Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that high MP-DNA lev-el,high SAA,eotaxin and PTX3 levels,low values of PEF,FEV1,FVC,tPTEF/TE and tidal vol-ume were risk factors for poor prognosis in children with MPP(P＜0.01).The SAA,PTX3 and eotaxin levels in children with MPP were positively correlated with their MP-DNA level and negative-ly correlated with lung function indicators(P＜0.05).Conclusion SAA,PTX3 and eotaxin lev-els are positively correlated with MP-DNA level and negatively correlated with lung function indica-tors in children with MPP.SAA,PTX3 and eotaxin levels can be used to assess the prognosis of children with MPP.

Objective To analyze the diversity and composition changes of gut fungal communities between mouse model of total parental nutrition(TPN)and normal control mice.Methods After mouse model of TPN was constructed,fresh feces were collected from TPN mice(n=5)and normal control mice(n=5).Internal transcribed spacer(ITS)DNA sequencing was applied to determine intestinal fungi,and then bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify the differences in fungal diversity,structure,and functional properties between the 2 groups of mice.Results There were significant differences in Alpha diversity(P＜0.05)and Beta diversity(P＜0.01)of intestinal fungi between the 2 groups.In the TPN model group,the relative abundances of Candida,Penicillium,Aspergillus and Talaromyces were obviously reduced(all P＜0.01).LEfSe analysis indicated that the above 4 strains were notably enriched in the normal control mice.Conclusion TPN mice exhibit characteristic changes in the composition of gut fungal flora compared to normal control mice.Dysfunction of gut fungal community may promote the occurrence of TPN related complications,and regulating the balance of gut fungal community may become a new strategy for preventing TPN related complications.

Objective:To construct a comprehensive and targeted risk assessment index system for central venous catheter (CVC) dysfunction in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) .Methods:The risk assessment indicators for CVC dysfunction in CRRT patients were determined based on literature review and Delphi expert consultation. From July to September 2023, 19 experts in hemodialysis were selected for expert consultation. Based on expert opinions and screening criteria, corresponding indicators were added, deleted, or modified. After the second round of consultation, the expert opinions tended to be consistent.Results:A total of 17 experts completed two rounds of consultation. In the two rounds of consultation, the effective response rates of the questionnaires were 89.5% (17/19) and 100.0% (19/19), respectively, and the expert authority coefficients were 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. The Kendall harmony coefficients were 0.131 and 0.138 ( P<0.05). The final risk assessment index system included seven primary indicators and 44 secondary indicators. Conclusions:The risk assessment index system for CVC dysfunction in CRRT patients constructed is scientific, reliable, and practical, which can provide reference for clinical medical and nursing staff to improve catheter risk management in CRRT patients.

【Objective】 To investigate the clinical characteristics, long-term follow-up rate, level and control rate of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) aged ≥75 years who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during hospitalization. 【Methods】 We selected ASCVD patients aged ≥75 years with PCI from January 2016 to December 2020 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, collected the baseline data of the patients and the follow-up of 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after discharge by HIS system, and analyzed their LDL-C and control rate at each follow-up. 【Results】 A total of 1 129 patients were enrolled in this study, aged 78 (ranging from 75 to 89) years. Among them 72.1% were male; myocardial infarction was the main type of ASCVD (71.5% ); hypertension was the most common risk factor, accounting for 85.2% (717/842), followed by diabetes, 58.6% (493/842); 74.6% met the ultra-high risk criteria of the 2020 Chinese Expert Consensus on Lipid Management in Ultra-High Risk ASCVD Patients, and the LDL-C control rate was only 8.1% . The four routine follow-up rates of 1 129 elderly ASCVD patients were 49.5%, 24.1%, 17.1%, and 24.6%, respectively. The detection rates of LDL-C during follow-up were 26.3%, 5.3%, 10.4%, and 13.8%, respectively. LDL-C control rates in ultra-high risk ASCVD were 59.4%, 45.1%, 37.1%, and 17.6%, respectively, while LDL-C control rates in non-ultra-high risk ASCVD patients were 67.3%, 55.6%, 47.4%, and 44.0%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The elderly patients with ASCVD-PCI were mainly ultra-high risk patients. The routine follow-up rate and the LDL-C compliance rate during follow-up were low and showed a downward trend.

Presynaptic dopaminergic PET imaging is a useful method for the diagnosis of parkinsonism. Based on the expert consensus on operation and clinical application of dopamine transporter brain PET imaging technology published in 2020, this paper further recommends the relevant elements of result interpretation of presynaptic dopaminergic PET imaging.

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum levels of bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)9,Drosophila mother anti-cerebral palsy protein(SMAD)3 and growth and bone age in children with idiopathic short stature(ISS).Methods A total of 110 children with ISS admitted to the Qingdao Eighth Peo-ple's Hospital from September 2020 to September 2022 were selected as the ISS group,and 110 healthy chil-dren who underwent physical examination in the hospital during the same period were selected as the control group.The serum BMP9 and SMAD3 levels were compared between the two groups.Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between BMP9,SMAD3 and sexual development status,height,weight,body mass index(BMI),osteocalcin(Ost),Leptin,bone age index(BAI),bone age difference(BAD)in children with ISS.Re-ceiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of BMP9 and SMAD3 in ISS.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of ISS.Results Compared with the control group,the level of BMP9 was significantly increased and the level of SMAD3 was significantly de-creased in the ISS group(P<0.05).There were significant differences in sexual development status,BMI,BAI,BAD,Ost and Leptin levels between the control group and ISS group(P<0.05).Correlation analysis showed that the serum level of BMP9 was negatively correlated with SMAD3,sexual development status,height,weight,BMI,Ost,Leptin,BAI,and BAD in children with ISS(r=-0.497,-0.523,-0.447,-0.486,-0.501,-0.465,-0.502,-0.434,-0.520,P<0.05).Serum SMAD3 level was positively corre-lated with sexual development status,height,weight,BMI,Ost,Leptin,BAI,and BAD(r=0.432,0.458,0.431,0.465,0.503,0.467,0.515,0.527,P<0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that BMP9,SMAD3 joint in-spection ISS area under curve was higher than the two separate detection(Z=2.774,2.958,P<0.05).Multi-variate Logistic regression analysis showed that serum BMP9 level was an independent risk factor for ISS,and SMAD3 level was an independent protective factor(P<0.05).Conclusion The serum level of BMP93 is in-creased and SMAD3 is decreased in children with ISS,and they are closely related to the growth and bone age of children with ISS,which can be used as molecular markers to evaluate the condition of children with ISS.

Objectives: . Despite the efficacy of surgical treatments, the high rate of recurrence in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) after surgery remains an unresolved problem. The present study comprehensively analyzed the risk factors and characteristics of JNA recurrence, providing clinical guidance for reducing recurrence. Methods: . A total of 123 patients who underwent surgery for JNA between 1997 and 2019 at a single hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the clinical risk factors for the recurrence of JNA. The relapse-free survival and annual cumulative recurrence rates were analyzed for subgroups defined according to clinical parameters. Results: . After screening, 78 of the 123 patients were included in the present study. The main risk factors associated with JNA recurrence included the year of diagnosis, tumor size, sphenoid bone invasion, Radkowski stage, surgical approach, and intraoperative bleeding. Importantly, the surgical approach and sphenoid bone invasion were independent prognostic factors affecting recurrence. Patients who underwent endoscopic surgery without sphenoid bone invasion exhibited longer relapse-free survival. In the present study, the overall cumulative recurrence rate of JNA was 38.7%, and recurrence occurred mainly in the first year after the initial surgery. Conclusion . Endoscopic surgery achieved better relapse-free survival in JNA patients, and patients with sphenoid bone invasion should be carefully explored to avoid residual JNA. The recurrence rate of JNA differed among subgroups defined based on clinical parameters and was highest in the first year after surgery. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, along with close follow-up, should be performed strictly within 1 year after the primary operation.