In cases where a tracheal injury exceeds half the length of the adult trachea or one-third of the length of the child trachea, it becomes difficult to perform end-to-end anastomosis after tracheal resection due to excessive tension at the anastomosis site. In such cases, tracheal replacement therapy is required. Advances in tissue engineering technology have led to the development of tissue engineering tracheal substitutes, which have promising applications. Hydrogels, which are highly hydrated and possess a good three-dimensional network structure, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, biodegradability, and modifiability, have had wide applications in the field of tissue engineering. This article provides a review of the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and effects of various hydrogels commonly used in tissue engineering trachea in recent years. Additionally, the article discusses and offers prospects for the future application of hydrogels in the field of tissue engineering trachea.

Objective To analyze the current research application status and hotspots of nanoparticles in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and predict the future development trend. Methods The Web of Science database was searched for literatures on nanoparticles use in the treatment of NSCLC from inception to November 2022. CiteSpace, VOSviewer and literature measurement analysis online platform (https://bibliometric.com/) were used for the visual analysis of the number of documents, source journals, authors, organizations, countries and keywords. Results A total of 742 English literatures were included. The results showed that the number of published literatures increased year by year from 2011 and reached the peak in 2020. Researches on nanoparticles and NSCLC treatment were mainly concentrated in China, the United States, India and Japan. China is a major research country in this field, but it lacked cooperation with other countries and related institutions. Among numerous research institutions, the Chinese Academy of Sciences was the authoritative and backbone force in this research field, with the number of published literatures ranking first and the research achievements outstanding. The keyword analysis found that "poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (PLGA NPs)" and "photothermal therapy" had become the latest breakout words since 2018. Moreover, the occurrence frequency of related keywords such as "drug delivery" increased significantly, indicating that the application of PLGA NPs in photothermal therapy might be the current research hotspot and future development trend of NSCLC treatment. Conclusion Currently, the domestic research on the treatment of nanoparticles and NSCLC is in a leading position in the world. The organic combination of nanoparticles with different materials and other NSCLC therapies is expected to improve the prognosis of NSCLC patients. In the future, attempts to develop nanoparticles with different sources and structures and combined with photothermal therapy for the treatment of NSCLC may become a research hotspot of nanoparticles in the treatment of NSCLC.

Objective To analyze the clinical features and surgical treatment strategies of T4a thyroid cancer.Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients with thyroid cancer treated in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of Sichuan Cancer Hospital from January 2004 to May 2021.A total of 303 cases were included and statistically analyzed for pathological type,invaded organs,surgical approach,survival time,and overall survival rate.The postoperative survival curves of the patients were analyzed using the Kaplan Meier method.Results Of the 303 patients enrolled,53 patients were lost to follow-up,and the 1-year,3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 98.4％(246/250),97.0％(224/231)and 90.2％(92/102),respectively.Of the 94 patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion only,13 were lost to follow-up,and the 1-year,3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 100％(81/81),98.7％(77/78)and 97.4％(38/39),respectively.There were 151 patients with invasion of recurrent laryngeal nerve and tracheal/laryngeal/esophageal nerve,31 of them were lost to follow-up,and the 1-year,3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 96.7％(116/120),95.3％(101/106)and 82.2％(37/45),respectively.According to the survival curve analysis,the group with recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion only had an advantage in overall survival time over the group with recurrent laryngeal nerve and tracheal/laryngeal/esophageal invasion.Conclusion Surgical resection is supposed to be preferred for T4a thyroid cancer if there is a chance of surgery.A reasonable surgical strategy,radical surgery while preserving the vital tissues and organs,and one-stage repair and reconstruction can bring patients a better quality of life and prognosis.

Shear thinning is an ideal feature of bioink because it can reduce the chance of blocking. For extrusion based biological printing, bioink will experience shear force when passing through the biological printer. The shear rate will increase with the increase of extrusion rate, and the apparent viscosity of shear-thinning bioink will decrease, which makes it easier to block, thus achieving the structural fidelity of 3D printing tissue. The manufacturing of complex functional structures in tissue trachea requires the precise placement and coagulation of bioink layer by layer, and the shear-thinning bioink may well meet this requirement. This review focuses on the importance of mechanical properties, classification and preparation methods of shear-thinning bioink, and lists its current application status in 3D printing tissue trachea to discuss the more possibilities and prospects of this biological material in tissue trachea.

The treatment of patients with advanced lung cancer has been revolutionized with the advent of immunotherapy. However, not all patients can benefit equally from immunotherapy. In recent years, the relationship between intestinal flora and the efficacy of immunotherapy has gradually attracted scholars' attention. During the treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the use of antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors and other drugs will affect the patient's intestinal flora, thus affecting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, leading to poor prognosis of patients. This review will discuss that antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors reduce the efficacy of immunotherapy by affecting the diversity of intestinal flora, in order to facilitate the rational use of related drugs in clinical practice and improve the patient's outcomes.

Objective To analyze the current development of researches on biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer and to provide reference for subsequent studies. Methods Studies on biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2017 to 2021 were searched by computer. The annual distribution, journals, authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of studies were visualized and analyzed by CiteSpace. Results A total of 426 studies were collected, including 298 articles and 128 reviews. The average number of published studies was about 85, and increased year by year. PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, tumor microenvironment and liquid biopsy were hot keywords in this field. Conclusion In the future, combination of biomarkers in the liquid biopsy and tumor microenvironment with radiomics analysis will be the research hotspot and frontier in this field for more accurate assessment with tumor-related signatures such as lymphocytic immune status and characteristics of tumor lesions in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Objective:To explore the impact of whole blood organophosphate esters (OPEs) flame retardant exposure on thyroid function-related hormones in healthy older adults.Methods:In this panel study, five repeated population-based epidemiological surveys and biological sample collection were conducted from September 2018 to January 2019, with 76 healthy older adults aged 60-69 years in the Dianliu Community of Jinan, Shandong Province. Information on the sociodemographic characteristics, diet, and health status of the respondents was systematically gathered through questionnaires and physical examinations. Fasting venous blood was collected to determine the levels of OPEs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T 3), and thyroxine (T 4). A linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the impact of OPEs exposure on thyroid function-related hormones in healthy older adults. Results:Each of the 76 subjects participated in at least two follow-up visits, resulting in a total of 350 person visits. The age of the study participants was (65.07±2.76) years, with 38 participants of both sexes. A total of eight OPEs were included with a detection rate exceeding 50%, and the M ( Q 1, Q3) for ∑OPEs was 3.85 (2.33, 5.74) ng/ml, with alkyl-OPEs being the major type of OPEs with an M ( Q 1, Q3) of 1.27 (0.64, 2.50) ng/ml. The M ( Q 1, Q3) for TSH, T 3, and T 4 was 3.74 (2.55, 5.69) μIU/ml, 1.32 (1.10, 1.60) ng/ml, and 45.04 (36.96, 53.27) ng/ml, respectively. Linear mixed-effects model showed that TSH was significantly decreased by 9.93% (95% CI:-15.17%, -4.36%) and 11.14% (95% CI:-15.94%, -6.06%) in older adults for each quartile level increase in TnBP and TEHP exposures, respectively. Gender-stratified analysis indicated that TEHP exposure was negatively associated with TSH levels in male older adults, whereas a decrease in TSH levels among female older adults was associated with TnBP exposure. Conclusion:Exposure to whole blood OPEs is associated with decreased TSH levels among healthy older adults, with notable gender differences.

Objective To investigate the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of linarin(LIN)against microglia activation-mediated inflammation and neuronal apoptosis following spinal cord injury(SCI).Methods Fifty C57BL/6J mice(8-10 weeks old)were randomized to receive sham operation,SCI and linarin treatment at 12.5,25,and 50 mg/kg following SCI(n=10).Locomotor function recovery of the SCI mice was assessed using the Basso Mouse Scale,inclined plane test,and footprint analysis,and spinal cord tissue damage and myelination were evaluated using HE and LFB staining.Nissl staining,immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting were used to observe surviving anterior horn motor neurons in injured spinal cord tissue.In cultured BV2 cells,the effects of linarin against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced microglia activation,inflammatory factor release and signaling pathway changes were assessed with immunofluorescence staining,Western blotting,RT-qPCR,and ELISA.In a BV2 and HT22 cell co-culture system,Western blotting was performed to examine the effect of linarin against HT22 cell apoptosis mediated by LPS-induced microglia activation.Results Linarin treatment significantly improved locomotor function(P<0.05),reduced spinal cord damage area,increased spinal cord myelination,and increased the number of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the SCI mice(P<0.05).In both SCI mice and cultured BV2 cells,linarin effectively inhibited glial cell activation and suppressed the release of iNOS,COX-2,TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β,resulting also in reduced neuronal apoptosis in SCI mice(P<0.05).Western blotting suggested that linarin-induced microglial activation inhibition was mediated by inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.In the cell co-culture experiments,linarin treatment significantly decreased inflammation-mediated apoptosis of HT22 cells(P<0.05).Conclusion The neuroprotective effect of linarin is medicated by inhibition of microglia activation via suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway,which mitigates neural inflammation and reduce neuronal apoptosis to enhance motor function of the SCI mice.

Objective:To evaluate the role of Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1)/receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced pyroptosis in macrophages of mice.Methods:The RAW264.7 macrophages from mice were routinely cultured and divided into 6 groups ( n=9 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), LPS-ATP group, LPS-ATP+ transfection negative control scRNA group (group LPS-ATP+ scRNA), LPS-ATP+ ZBP1 small interference RNA group (group LPS-ATP+ siRNA), LPS-ATP+ dimethyl sulfoxide group (group LPS-ATP+ DSMO), and LPS-ATP+ RIPK1 inhibitor nec-1 group (group LPS-ATP+ nec-1). The siRNA technique was used to inhibit the expression of ZBP1 in group LPS-ATP+ siRNA. The RIPK1 inhibitor nec-1 was given to inhibit the expression of RIPK1 protein in group LPS-ATP+ nec-1. Group C was routinely cultured. Cells were incubated with 10 μg/ml LPS for 24 h, then 5 mmol/L ATP was added, and the cells were incubated for 30 min to develop the cell pyroptosis model in the remaining 5 groups. The cell survival was detected by the CCK-8 assay. The concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in cell supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The pyroptosis was determined by propidium iodide fluorescence staining. Western blot was used to detect the expression of ZBP1, RIPK1, caspase-1 and GSDMD. Results:Compared with group C, the cell survival rate was significantly decreased, the cell pyroptosis rate and concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α in the supernatant were increased, and the expression of ZBP1, RIPK1, caspase-1 and GSDMD was up-regulated in group LPS-ATP ( P<0.05). Compared with group LPS-ATP, no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group LPS-ATP+ scRNA and group LPS-ATP+ DSMO ( P>0.05). Compared with group LPS-ATP+ scRNA, the cell survival rate was significantly increased, the cell pyroptosis rate and concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α in the supernatant were decreased, and the expression of ZBP1, RIPK1, caspase-1 and GSDMD was down-regulated in group LPS-ATP+ siRNA ( P<0.05). Compared with group LPS-ATP+ DMSO, the cell survival rate was significantly increased, the cell pyroptosis rate and concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α in the supernatant were decreased, the expression of ZBP1, caspase-1 and GSDMD was down-regulated ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the expression of ZBP1 in group LPS-ATP+ nec-1 ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Activation of ZBP1/RIPK1 signaling pathway is involved in LPS-ATP-induced pyroptosis in macrophages of mice.

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-X box-binding protein 1 (IRE1α-XBP1) signaling pathway in endoplasmic reticulum and neutrophil extracellular traps during endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice.Methods:Forty-eight SPF healthy male C57BL/6 mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 25-30 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), STF-083010 group (ST group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI group (ALI group) and LPS-induced ALI + STF-083010 group (ALI+ ST group). The ALI model was established by inhaling aerosolized LPS in ALI group and ALI+ ST group. The equal volume of aerosolized normal saline was inhaled in C and ST groups. IRE1α inhibitor STF-083010 50 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 1 h before developing the model in ST and ALI+ ST groups, and the equal volume of normal saline was intraperitoneally injected in the other two groups. The mice were sacrificed after anesthesia at 24 h after developing the model. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were collected for determination of the pathological changes (by light microscopy) which were scored, wet/dry lung weight (W/D) ratio, concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-18 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the BALF supernatant, and expression of phosphorylated IRE1α(p-IRE1α), XBP1s and citrullinated histone H3 (Cit H3) in lung tissues (using Western blot). Results:Compared to group C, the lung injury scores and W/D ratio were significantly increased at 24 h after developing the model, the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-18 and MPO in BALF were increased, and the expression of p-IRE1α, XBP1s and Cit H3 in lung tissues was up-regulated in ALI and ALI+ ST groups. Compared to group L, the lung injury scores and W/D ratio were significantly decreased at 24 h after developing the model, the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-18 and MPO in BALF were decreased, and the expression of p-IRE1α, XBP1s and Cit H3 in lung tissues was down-regulated in group ALT+ ST ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The IRE1α-XBP1 signaling pathway in endoplasmic reticulum is involved in endotoxin-induced ALI by up-regulating the expression of neutrophil extracellular traps in mice.