BACKGROUND:Studies have found that probiotics have a certain preventive and therapeutic effect on peri-implantitis,and there are further explorations in the mechanism against peri-implantitis.OBJECTIVE:To review the mechanism and clinical application of probiotics in the treatment of peri-implantitis.METHODS:Relevant literature was searched on PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and WanFang Data,using the search terms of"probiotics,peri-implantitis,flora imbalance,immunoregulation,inflammatory reaction,mechanism of action"in Chinese and English.A total of 90 articles were finally included.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Probiotics have the following mechanisms.They can activate the anti-inflammatory mechanism by inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory factors.They can destroy the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria by secreting microbial complexes and bacteriocins,reduce the pH value of biofilms,improve the composition of microorganisms in microecology,induce the change of bacterial community structure,and restore the balance of microbial population around implants.They have immunomodulatory effects and can enhance the resistance of the host oral mucosa to pathogenic bacteria in the surrounding area of the implant.In addition,probiotics can produce antibacterial compounds,offset the adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms,and regulate immune function.Through the above mechanisms,probiotics have certain potential in the adjuvant treatment of peri-implantitis,which can improve the clinical parameters of peri-implantitis and affect the microbiota.Probiotic therapy provides a new treatment option,but more long-term prospective studies are needed to further verify its effect.

BACKGROUND:Studies have found that probiotics have a certain preventive and therapeutic effect on peri-implantitis,and there are further explorations in the mechanism against peri-implantitis.OBJECTIVE:To review the mechanism and clinical application of probiotics in the treatment of peri-implantitis.METHODS:Relevant literature was searched on PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and WanFang Data,using the search terms of"probiotics,peri-implantitis,flora imbalance,immunoregulation,inflammatory reaction,mechanism of action"in Chinese and English.A total of 90 articles were finally included.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Probiotics have the following mechanisms.They can activate the anti-inflammatory mechanism by inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory factors.They can destroy the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria by secreting microbial complexes and bacteriocins,reduce the pH value of biofilms,improve the composition of microorganisms in microecology,induce the change of bacterial community structure,and restore the balance of microbial population around implants.They have immunomodulatory effects and can enhance the resistance of the host oral mucosa to pathogenic bacteria in the surrounding area of the implant.In addition,probiotics can produce antibacterial compounds,offset the adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms,and regulate immune function.Through the above mechanisms,probiotics have certain potential in the adjuvant treatment of peri-implantitis,which can improve the clinical parameters of peri-implantitis and affect the microbiota.Probiotic therapy provides a new treatment option,but more long-term prospective studies are needed to further verify its effect.

Objective: To explore the developmental trajectories of depression in children and adolescents and their association with family types, and to analyze the role of being an only child in the context, so as to provide a basis for early identification of mental health issues in children and adolescents. Methods: The study was a secondary analysis based on the existing database of the Jiangsu Provincial Student Common Diseases and Health Influencing Factors Monitoring and Intervention Project. A total of 11 502 students who had completed at least two measurements using the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) between 2022 and 2024, and had complete information on family type, gender, and age, were selected as the study subjects. Latent class trajectory modeling was used to identify depression developmental trajectories. Multinomial Logistic regression was applied to analyze the association between family type and depression developmental trajectories, and the interaction effect of family type and being an only child was tested. Results: Three types of depression developmental trajectories were identified among children and adolescents: low stable type (91.3%, 10 504 students), moderate rising type (4.3%, 500 students), and high declining type (4.3%, 498 students). Significant differences were observed among the different trajectory groups in terms of gender, age, parental education level, family type, baseline CES-D score, and baseline school type ( χ 2/H=17.48, 139.97, 19.72 , 30.77, 1 081.35, 220.81, all P <0.05). Multinomial Logistic regression analysis showed that, using the low stable type as the reference trajectory group and the nuclear family as the reference family type, after adjusting for confounding factors such as gender, age, and parental education level, single parent families ( OR=1.87, 95%CI= 1.16-3.03) and grandparent headed families ( OR=1.83, 95%CI =1.04-3.21) were significantly associated with the high declining type trajectory (both P <0.05). No significant association was found between family type and the moderate rising type trajectory (all P >0.05). The interaction effect between family type and being an only child was not statistically significant ( LRT=7.71, df=8, P =0.46). Conclusions Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents show heterogeneous developmental patterns during school age. Children and adolescents from single parent and intergenerational families are more likely to follow the high decreasing trajectory.

Objective To investigate the association between sleep behaviors （including bedtime， sleep quality， and nap duration） and academic performance among college students， as well as the regulatory effect of test anxiety and exercise habit on the association between sleep and academic performance. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data. The grade of compulsory courses （with higher grades indicating better academic performance） was used as an ordinal dependent variable. All independent variables were coded by levels： for bedtime during exam and non-exam periods， higher levels indicated later bedtimes； for anxiety during the exam period， higher levels indicated more severe anxiety； for sleep quality during both exam and non-exam periods， higher levels indicated better sleep quality； for nap duration， higher levels indicated longer naps. Exercise habit was treated as a binary variable （yes/no）. Ordinal logistic regression （proportional odds model） was used for multivariable analysis， and OR and 95%CIwere calculated. In addition， sex-stratified models were established to investigate sex differences in the associations between these factors and academic performance. Results A total of 1 221 college students were included， among whom male students accounted for 33.7%. After controlling for confounding factors， bedtime during the exam period was significantly positively associated with the grade of compulsory courses， indicating that later bedtime was associated with a greater likelihood of achieving a higher grade （OR=1.32，95%CI 1.08‒1.62， P=0.007）. Sex was also an independent predictive factor， and the OR of achieving a higher grade in female students was 2.4 times that in male students （OR=2.41， 95%CI 1.90‒3.06， P<0.001）. Sleep quality during the exam period （OR=1.18，95%CI 0.99‒1.42， P=0.070） and exercise habit （OR=1.24， 95%CI 0.99‒1.55， P=0.064） showed marginally significant associations with grade. In contrast， bedtime during the non-exam period， nap duration， anxiety during the exam period， and self-rated sleep quality during the non-exam period showed no statistical significance （all P>0.05）. Sex-stratified analysis showed that among the male students， later bedtime during the exam period was associated with a greater likelihood of achieving a higher grade （OR=1.48， 95%CI 1.05‒2.09， P=0.025）， whereas higher anxiety during the exam period was associated with a lower likelihood （OR=0.79，95%CI 0.63‒0.98， P=0.032）； among the female students， better sleep quality during the exam period was associated with a greater likelihood of achieving a higher grade （OR=1.27， 95%CI 1.02‒1.57， P=0.033）， and bedtime during the exam period showed a positive association with academic performance， but without statistical significance （OR=1.25，95%CI 0.96‒1.62，P=0.091）. Conclusion The association between sleep behaviors and academic performance among college students varies with academic period and sex. Later bedtime during the exam period is associated with better academic performance， but this effect is observed only among male students. In addition， the academic performance of male students is negatively affected by test anxiety， whereas the academic performance of female students is positively associated with subjective sleep quality. Future interventions aimed at improving academic health should consider sex-specific strategies.
Anxiety ; Exercise

Objective To study the photodynamic performance and the killing effect of photodynamic therapy on lung cancer of novel chlorin compounds 2-（4-（5,15,20-triphenyl-7H,8H-porphyrin-10-yl） phenoxy） acetic acid（D1）and 4-（4-（5,15,20-triphenyl-7H,8H-porphyrin-10-yl） phenoxy） butanoic acid （D2）. Methods The ultraviolet visible absorption spectrum and fluorescence spectrum of D1 and D2 were determined. The singlet oxygen generation capacity of D1 and D2 was measured by using DPBF as singlet oxygen capture agent. Fluorescence assay was used to detect the cellular phagocytosis rate of the compounds in A549 cells, and MTT assay was used to detect their dark toxicity and phototoxicity. A nude mouse model of lung cancer was established to investigate the antitumor activity of the compounds mediated photodynamic action in vivo, and the blood concentration of D2 in nude mice, its distribution in tumor tissue and skin tissue were further detected. Results D1 and D2 had strong absorption at 652 nm with the best excitation wavelength at 429 nm and 427 nm, and the optimal emission wavelength was at about 659 nm. They also had a higher singlet oxygen generation rate than the control drug m-THPC. D1 and D2 had no dark toxicity at concentrations below 10 μmol/L, and could be ingested by A549 cells, basically reaching saturation in 18~24 hours. After laser irradiation at 650 nm wavelength, D1 and D2 showed significant antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro （P<0.01）. However, D2 could selectively accumulate in tumor tissues after administration, and the optimal treatment time was less than 30 min after administration. Conclusion D2 had excellent photodynamic antitumor activity and could selectively aggregate in tumor tissues, which had the potential to be a candidate drug for photosensitizer and treatment of lung cancer with independent intellectual property rights, and was worth further research.

Objective To explore the influence of the medical and health management model based on artificial intelligence (AI) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with masked hypertension (MH). Methods A total of 342 patients with T2DM admitted to the hospital from May 2021 to August 2024 were selected as research subjects, and the incidence rate of MH was counted. All patients were classified into the reference group (routine management) and the study group (AI+medical health management) according to the random number table method, with 171 cases in each group. The self-management, glycolipid metabolism and ambulatory blood pressure were compared between both groups before and after intervention. Results Among the 342 patients with T2DM, MH occurred in 34 cases, with an incidence rate of 9.94% (34/342). The self-management ability in the two groups was improved after 6 months and 12 months of intervention, and the self-management ability was higher in the study group (P<0.05). After 6 months and 12 months of intervention, the glucolipid metabolism indexes in both groups were optimized, and the improvements in the study group were greater (P<0.05). The daytime average systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, 24 h average systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were decreased in both groups after 6 months and 12 months of intervention, and the study group showed lower indexes (P<0.05). Conclusion T2DM are prone to MH. AI medical and health chronic disease management can enhance patients' self-management ability, help improve glucose and lipid metabolism, lower blood pressure, and help reduce the risk of MH.

OBJECTIVE To establish the UPLC fingerprint and the method for multi-component content determination in Jingangteng capsules， and to evaluate its quality by combining chemical pattern recognition analysis. METHODS An UPLC method was established. Separation was performed on a Zorbax SB-C 18 Rapid Resolution HD column， with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase for gradient elution.Using the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprints of Traditional Chinese Medicines （2012 edition）， UPLC fi ngerprints were established for 10 batches of Jingangteng capsules， and similarity was evaluated. SPSS 22.0 and SIMCA 14.1 software were used to perform hierarchial-cluster analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）， respectively. The same UPLC method was employed to determine the contents of chlorogenic acid， 3，5-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid-3- O -glucoside （M1）， caffeic acid， astilbin， oxyresveratrol， quercitrin and resveratrol in the 10 batches of samples. RESULTS A total of 17 common peaks were identified in UPLC fingerprints of the 10 batches of samples， of which 7 were identified as chlorogenic acid， M1， caffeic acid， astilbin， oxyresveratrol， quercitrin， and resveratrol. The similarities of 10 batches of samples ranged from 0.820 to 0.985. The results of hierarchial-cluster analysis showed that 10 batches of samples were grouped into four categories： S1-S4 formed one group， S5 and S6 formed another， S7， S8 and S10 formed a third， and S9 formed a fourth， consistent with the OPLS-DA results； the variable importance projection values for peaks 7， 10， 2， 16 （resveratrol）， 13 （oxyresveratrol）， 11， 6 （caffeic acid）， 5 （M1） and 15 （quercitrin） were ＞1. Quantitative analysis results showed that the contents of chlorogenic acid， M1， caffeic acid， astilbin， oxyresveratrol， quercitrin， and resveratrol were 1.650 8-4.213 7， 0.636 2-2.161 7， 0.031 0-0.086 5， 0.239 1-1.069 3， 0.211 9-1.104 0， 0.488 8-2.399 2， and 0.164 0-0.699 8 mg/g， respectively. CONCLUSIONS UPLC fingerprint and content determination methods established in this study are simple to operate， accurate， reliable and reproducible； when combined with chemical pattern recognition analysis， they can be used to evaluate the quality of Jingangteng capsules. Nine components， such as resveratrol， oxyresveratrol， caffeic acid， M1 and quercitrin， may serve as markers of quality variation.

AIM:To investigate the prevalence of visual impairment and its correction status among junior high school students in Xi'an, so as to provide evidence for the development of targeted myopia prevention and control strategies.METHODS: A stratified cluster sampling design was adopted. From March to May 2025, students in grades 7-9 were recruited from three schools in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China: Dongfang Middle School, the Middle School Attached to Xi'an University of Technology, and the Xingqing Campus of the High School Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University. In total, 3 974 students were invited, including 1 726 in grade 7, 1 206 in grade 8, and 1 042 in grade 9. The visual acuity was measured monocularly using a 5 m standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, with the fellow eye occluded; the line corresponding to the smallest optotype that could be correctly identified was recorded as the visual acuity value. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction was performed with a desktop autorefractor to obtain spherical equivalent(SE)values for refractive error screening.RESULTS: This study initially included 3 974 students, of whom 32 did not participate in the vision test, resulting in 3 942 students being included in the final analysis. Among them, 3 067(77.80%)were identified with poor vision. The prevalence of myopia was 81.47%(1 746)in males and 87.55%(1 575)in females(P<0.01). A stratified analysis by grade showed myopia rates of 81.72%(1 386)in junior grade one, 84.47%(1 017)in junior grade two, and 88.10%(918)in junior grade three, demonstrating a significant upward trend with increasing grade level(χ2=19.8484, P<0.01). Among the 3 321 myopic students, 2 287 adopted corrective measures. The rates of full correction, under-correction, and non-correction among all myopic students were 48.15%(1 599), 20.71%(688), and 31.14%(1 034), respectively. The rate of non-correction was significantly higher in male students than in females(32.70% vs 29.40%, χ2=4.2222, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The findings indicate a high prevalence of visual impairment among junior high school students in Xi'an, coupled with suboptimal spectacle-wearing and full-correction rates. There is an urgent need for collaborative efforts across society, schools, and families to implement effective interventions to slow the onset and progression of myopia in this population.

Childhood obesity has become a global public health issue. Current research indicates that early life obesogen exposure has emerged as a significant risk factor for childhood obesity. While obesogens have been confirmed to influence the development and progression of childhood obesity through mechanisms such as endocrine disruption and epigenetic programming, controversies remain regarding the establishment of causal relationships, assessment of combined exposures, and validation of transgenerational effects in humans. In recent years, novel approaches including multi-omics technologies, exposome-based analysis, and multigenerational cohort studies have integrated dynamic biomarker monitoring with analyses of social-environmental interactions, offering new perspectives and methodologies for constructing a systematic "exposure-mechanism-outcome" research framework. This article reviews literature from PubMed and Web of Science up to August 2025 on the association between early life obesogen exposure and childhood obesity, summarizing evidence on the health effects of early life obesogen exposure, major exposure pathways and internal exposure assessment, interactions and amplifying effects of social and environmental factors, as well as the biological mechanisms underlying obesogen action. It further examines current research frontiers and challenges, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for early prevention and precision intervention of childhood obesity.

ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the mechanism by which Yishen Huoxue Tongqiao Formula improves metabolism-neuroplasticity and treats unilateral vestibular labyrinth destruction by regulating the metabolic balance of glutamate （Glu）/γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA）. Methods48 Sprague-Dawley （SD） adult rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group， model group， Yishen Huoxue Tongqiao Formula groups with low， medium， and high doses （9.20， 18.39， 36.78 g·kg^-1）， and betahistine group （1.62 mg·kg^-1）. A unilateral vestibular labyrinth destruction （vestibular dysfunction） model was established by intratympanic injection of chloroform into the right ear， while the control group received intratympanic injection of normal saline. Drugs were administered once daily for seven consecutive days. During the period， behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the behaviors of rats after unilateral vestibular labyrinth destruction. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the neuronal morphology in the medial vestibular nucleus. Golgi staining was employed to assess the number of dendritic spines of neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-ESI-MS/MS） was utilized to detect Glu/GABA. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expressions of neuronal nuclei （NeuN）， growth-associated protein 43 （GAP-43）， and glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP）. Western blot and real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） were applied to determine the expressions of glutamate-immunoreactive （Glu-IR）， GABA， GFAP， postsynaptic density protein 95 （PSD-95）， and GAP-43. ResultsCompared with the sham operation group， the model group presented with head deviation， balance disorder， increased tail suspension score， nuclear consolidation of medial vestibular nerve neurons， and decreased Nissl bodies （P<0.01）. The number of dendritic spines in neurons and NeuN-positive cells decreased. The content of Glu decreased. The content of GABA increased （Glu/GABA decreased）. The expression of GAP-43 was down-regulated， and GFAP was up-regulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expressions of Glu-IR， PSD-95， and GAP-43 proteins， as well as Glu-IR mRNA decreased， while the expressions of GABA and GFAP proteins and mRNA increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with those in the model group， the head deviation， imbalanced behavior， and tail suspension scores in each treatment group decreased， with alleviated neuronal injury and recovered Nissl bodies （P<0.01）. The number of dendritic spines of neurons increased， and the number of NeuN-positive cells rebounded. The content of Glu increased， and the content of GABA decreased （Glu/GABA increased）. GFAP was down-regulated， and GAP-43 was up-regulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expressions of Glu-IR， PMD-95， and GAP-43 proteins， as well as Glu-IR mRNA increased， while the expressions of GABA and GFAP proteins and mRNA decreased. The effect was more significant in the high-dose group （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe Yishen Huoxue Tongqiao Formula can alleviate vestibular dysfunction， and its mechanism may be associated with regulating the metabolic balance of Glu/GABA， mitigating neural damage， improving synaptic plasticity （promoting GAP-43 expression and inhibiting GFAP expression）， and facilitating vestibular compensation.