Objective: To apply network analysis for exploring the relationship of maltreatment experiences and peer relationships with school bullying among middle school students, so as to provide empirical evidences for the development of targeted intervention programs. Methods: From March to April 2024, a total of 2 119 middle school students aged 12-18 in Shantou City were selected through stratified cluster random sampling. Self administered questionnaire was used to collect data on bullying experiences, maltreatment, and peer relationships. The Glasso network model was employed to estimate network structure. Results: The strongest edge in the network of maltreatment experiences, peer relationships and school bullying was the connecting line connecting peer acceptance and peer terrorized low self esteem (edge weight=0.59) among middle school students. The network faked fraudulent victimization was the most central node in the whole network (strength=7.98). The bridge symptoms of the network were sexual abuse, property bullying of others, relational bullying victimization, and verbal bullying of others, with the strongest bridge node being sexual abuse (bridge strength=1.07). In the accuracy estimation of centrality indices, closeness centrality demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by strength and betweenness, with coefficient of stability of 0.60, 0.44 and 0.21, respectively. The stability of the network was good. Conclusion Peer acceptance has the strongest correlation with peer fear and inferiority, and is closely related to emotional abuse and emotional neglect.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents continues to rise, becoming one of the most serious global public health issues of the 21st century. Given the differing growth and development environments between urban and rural children, associated risk factors also vary. This study aims to explore the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of overweight and obesity among urban and rural primary and secondary school students in Hunan Province, providing scientific evidence for targeted interventions. METHODS: A stratified, randomized cluster sampling method was used to select participants. A total of 197 084 students from primary and secondary schools across 14 prefectures in Hunan Province underwent physical examinations and questionnaire surveys. Population and spatial distribution characteristics of overweight and obesity were analyzed. Spatial distribution maps and spatial autocorrelation analyses were conducted using ArcGIS. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to identify influencing factors for overweight and obesity. RESULTS: The overall overweight and obesity rates among students in Hunan Province were 14.7% and 10.9%, respectively. Both rates were higher in urban areas than in rural counties (16.0% vs 13.9% for overweight; 12.1% vs 10.2% for obesity). Among both urban and rural students, boys had higher rates of overweight and obesity than girls. Higher-grade students had a higher overweight rate but a lower obesity rate than lower-grade students. In urban areas, the overweight and obesity rates of Han Chinese primary and secondary school students are lower than those of ethnic minority students (both P<0.05). In rural areas, the obesity rate of Han primary and secondary school students is lower than that of ethnic students (P<0.05). Across cities and prefectures, urban overweight and obesity rates ranged from 14.7% to 18.7% and 8.4% to 20.6% respectively, while rural rates ranged from 10.9% to 17.2% and 6.6% to 13.7% respectively. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed high-value clusters of overweight/obesity in urban areas of Changde and Zhangjiajie, and in rural areas of Loudi, Huaihua, and Shaoyang. Multivariate Logistic regression showed that gender, school stage, ethnicity, frequency of fresh vegetable intake, and sleep duration were associated with overweight and/or obesity in both urban and rural students. In urban students, frequency of fried food and fresh fruit intake, breakfast habits, physical activity on weekdays and holidays, and screen time on computers were also significant. In rural students, TV viewing time and sedentary duration were additional relevant factors. CONCLUSIONS The situation of overweight and obesity among primary and secondary school students in Hunan Province remains concerning. Greater attention should be paid to regions with high-value clusters of overweight/obesity, and targeted interventions should be developed based on urban-rural differences in influencing factors.
Humans ; China/epidemiology* ; Adolescent ; Male ; Female ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Child ; Overweight/epidemiology* ; Students/statistics & numerical data* ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Risk Factors ; Prevalence ; Obesity/epidemiology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology* ; Schools

End-stage liver diseases,such as cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B,are often combined with hepatic encephalopathy(HE);ammonia poisoning is posited as one of its main pathogenesis mechanisms.Ammonia is closely related to autophagy,but the molecular mechanism of ammonia's regulatory effect on autophagy in HE remains unclear.Sialylation is an essential form of glycosylation.In the nervous system,abnormal sialylation affects various physiological processes,such as neural development and synapse formation.ST3 β-galactoside α2,3-sialyltransferase 6(ST3GAL6)is one of the significant glycosyltransferases responsible for adding α2,3-linked sialic acid to substrates and generating glycan structures.We found that the expression of ST3GAL6 was upregulated in the brains of mice with HE and in astrocytes after ammonia induction,and the expression levels of α2,3-sialylated glycans and autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3)and Beclin-1 were upregulated in ammonia-induced astrocytes.These findings suggest that ST3GAL6 is related to autophagy in HE.Therefore,we aimed to determine the regulatory relationship between ST3GAL6 and autophagy.We found that silencing ST3GAL6 and blocking or degrading α2,3-sialylated glycans by way of Maackia amurensis lectin-Ⅱ(MAL-Ⅱ)and neuraminidase can inhibit autophagy.In addition,silencing the expression of ST3GAL6 can downregulate the expression of heat shock protein β8(HSPB8)and Bcl2-associated athanogene 3(BAG3).Notably,the overexpression of HSPB8 partially restored the reduced autophagy levels caused by silencing ST3GAL6 expression.Our results indicate that ST3GAL6 regulates autophagy through the HSPB8-BAG3 complex.

Objective To explore the activation of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)signaling pathway and the expressions of the associated inflammatory factors in NPHP1-defective renal tubular epithelial cells.Methods A human proximal renal tubular cell(HK2)model of lentivirus-mediated NPHP1 knockdown(NPHP1KD)was constructed,and the expressions of TNF-α,p38,and C/EBPβ and the inflammatory factors CXCL5,CCL20,IL-1β,IL-6 and MCP-1 were detected using RT-qPCR,Western blotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.A small interfering RNA(siRNA)was transfected in wild-type and NPHP1KDHK2 cells,and the changes in the expressions of TNF-α,p38,and C/EBPβ and the inflammatory factors were examined.Results NPHP1KDHK2 cells showed significantly increased mRNA expressions of TNF-α,C/EBPβ,CXCL5,IL-1β,and IL-6(P<0.05),protein expressions of phospho-p38 and C/EBPβ(P<0.05),and IL-6 level in the culture supernatant(P<0.05),and these changes were significantly blocked by transfection of cells with siRNA-C/EBPβ(P<0.05).Conclusion TNF-α signaling pathway is activated and its associated inflammatory factors are upregulated in NPHP1KDHK2 cells,and C/EBPβ may serve as a key transcription factor to mediate these changes.

Objective:To investigate the serum levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in patients with hyperuric acid gout, and to analyze their correlation and interaction with uric acid.Methods:A total of 120 male patients with hyperuricemia (HUA) diagnosed and treated in the Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Qinzhou First People′s Hospital) from December 2019 to December 2022 were selected as the study objects, including 55 patients with gout as the observation group and 65 patients without gout as the control group. Serum levels of uric acid, MPO, IL-1β and TGF-β1 were compared between the two groups, Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of HUA with gout, and Pearson test was used to analyze the correlation between serum uric acid level and MPO, IL-1β and TGF-β1 levels, the interactions were calculated by the likelihood ratio test.Results:The levels of serum uric acid, MPO, IL-1β and TGF-β1 in the observation group were higher than those in the control group: (559.63 ± 70.62) μmol/L vs. (448.24 ± 50.49) μmol/L, (0.37 ± 0.10) mmol/L vs. (0.29 ± 0.07) mmol/L, (49.83 ± 5.03) ng/L vs. (42.15 ± 4.77) ng/L, (34.15 ± 6.82) μg/L vs. (28.97 ± 5.14) μg/L, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The results of Logistic regression showed that serum uric acid, MPO, IL-1β and TGF-β1 levels were risk factors for hyperuric acid gout ( P<0.05). The results of Pearson test showed that serum uric acid were positively correlated with the levels of MPO, IL-1β and TGF-β1( r = 0.760, 0.775, 0.759, P<0.05), and there was interaction in the pathogenesis of hyperuric acid gout ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The high levels of MPO, IL-1β and TGF-β1 at the same time can increase the risk of hyperuric acid gout.

Community-acquired respiratory infection is the commonest cause of sepsis presenting to emergency departments. Yet current experimental animal models simulate peritoneal sepsis with intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the predominant route. We aimed to compare the progression of organ injury between I.P. LPS and intranasal (I.N.) LPS in order to establish a better endotoxemia murine model of respiratory sepsis. Eight weeks old male BALB/c mice received LPS-Escherichia coli doses at 0.15, 1, 10, 20, 40 and 100 mg per kg body weight (e.g. LPS-10 is a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight). Disease severity was monitored by a modified Mouse Clinical Assessment Score for Sepsis (M-CASS; range 0–21). A M-CASS score ≥ 10 or a weight reduction of ≥ 20%, was used as a criterion for euthanasia. The primary outcome was the survival rate (either no death or no need for euthanasia). The progression of disease was specified as M-CASS, body weight, blood glucose, histopathological changes to lung, liver, spleen, kidney, brain and heart tissues. Survival rate in I.P. LPS-20 mice was 0% (2/3 died; 1/3 euthanized with M-CASS > 10) at 24 h. Survival rate in all doses of I.N. LPS was 100% (20/20; 3–4 per group) at 96 h. 24 h mean M-CASS post-I.P. LPS-10 was 6.4/21 significantly higher than I.N. LPS-10 of 1.7/21 (Unpaired t test, P < 0.05). Organ injury was present at 96 h in the I.P. LPS-10 group: lung (3/3; 100%), spleen (3/3; 100%) and liver (1/3; 33%). At 24 h in the I.P. LPS-20 group, kidney injury was observed in the euthanized mouse. At 96 h in the post-I.N. LPS-20 group, only lung injury was observed in 2/3 (67%) mice (Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s, P < 0.01). At 24 h in the post-I.N. LPS-100 group all (4/4) mice had evidence of lung injury. Variable doses of I.N. LPS in mice produced lung injury but did not produce sepsis. Higher doses of I.P. LPS induced multi-organ injury but not respiratory sepsis. Lethal models of respiratory virus, e.g., influenza A, might provide alternative avenues that can be explored in future research.

Bladder perfusion is one of the main methods for the treatment of bladder cancer. In order to further improve the standardization of bladder cancer bladder perfusion operation for nursing staff, this paper, guided by evidence-based methods, formed the expert consensus on the whole process management of bladder perfusion for bladder cancer through Delphi expert consultation and expert demonstration meeting, and provided guidance for the standardization of clinical nursing practice and management institutionalization of bladder cancer bladder perfusion from seven aspects, namely, perfusion environment, operators, drug allocation, operation process, adverse reactions, health education and continuous nursing.

Objective To study animal models of chronic fatigue syndrome and to provide a reference for improvements in related animal experimental method and models.Methods Using"chronic fatigue syndrome,animal model"and"chronic fatigue syndrome,animal model"as search terms,we searched in the China Knowledge,Wanfang,and PubMed databases from July 2000 to July 2023.We compiled the literature on animal models of chronic fatigue syndrome and analyzed the experimental method and models.Content relating to experimental animals,modeling method,positive drugs,and detection indexes was sorted,and a database was set up for statistics and analysis.Results A total of 155 articles were included from the validated literature;most of the experimental animals were male SD rats of specific-pathogen free grade and body weights of around 180～220 g.Most of the mice used were KM males of 18～22 g.The most commonly used positive drug was ginsenoside tablets;and the typical modeling method was"forced cold water swimming+chronic restraint".Testing indexes were mainly behavioral and included exhaustive swimming test,open field test,rat tail suspension test,Morris water maze test,and animal'behavioral cycle,and observations of the general state of the animals.Modeling cycles mostly spanned 14 days.The most frequently tested indexes were serum MDA,SOD,TNF-α,IL-1β,CORT,IL-2,IFN-γ,ACTH,GSH-Px,IgG,IgA,and IL-6.The remaining indicators were selected according to the research purpose and included spleen,thymus,and other organ indexes;morphological indicators detected by hematoxylin and eosin pathological staining;ultrastructural electron microscopy indicators;immunohistochemistry-related indicators,and related mRNA and protein expression indicators detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot method.mRNA and protein expression indexes were determined via a variety of tests,but the frequency of their application was low.At present,animal models are mainly used to study the effects of interventions and the etiology and mechanisms of the disease.Conclusions The pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome is still unclear,and animal models are mainly based on stress modeling with"forced cold water swimming+chronic restraint",which simulates the physical and mental fatigue states of humans.No standard criteria for the formation of animal models are available,and the evaluation of models is based on the application of a variety of behavioral experiments,individually or in combination.Objective evaluation indexes are mostly used to validate the etiology of the disease and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.The result of various test indexes have shown that chronic fatigue syndrome may be related to inflammatory responses,neurological dysfunction,and mitochondrial dysfunction,and there may be abnormalities in immune function,energy metabolism,cell proliferation,and cell death.This summary is expected to provide a reference for researchers planning to employ these models and ideas for model refinements.

To analyze the existing method for obtaining animal models of hepatic encephalopathy and their clinical characteristics with a view to providing ideas for the establishment of animal models that are more in line with the clinical characteristics of Chinese and Western medicine.To search the Chinese Knowledge Network and Wanfang database,the keywords"hepatic encephalopathy","hepatic coma","animal",and"animal model"were used.For the Pubmed database,"hepatic encephalopathy","hepatic coma","animal model",and"animal"were used as search keywords.The literature on effective method of specific animal model preparation was collated and classified according to different modeling factors and method.The modeling method and characteristics were summarized,and the degree to which the animal models shared the clinical characteristics and symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy according to Chinese and Western medicine was assessed.The clinical match of the animal model was assigned and analyzed according to the clinical symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy in Chinese and Western medicine.There were 128 valid literature articles featuring 11 animal models obtained using 15 different modeling method.The highest degree of agreement with Western medicine was the CC14 oil solution intraperitoneal injection+gavage+ammonium chloride intraperitoneal injection model(92％),and the highest degree of agreement with traditional Chinese medicine was the CC14 oil solution intraperitoneal injection+ethanol aqueous solution self-drinking model(65％),but both lacked a combination of Chinese and Western medicine clinical characteristics.At present,animal models of hepatic encephalopathy that combine the characteristics of Chinese and Western medicine are lacking.Improving and refining the models to encompass the characteristics of both Chinese and Western medicine are expected to provide ideas for mechanism research and advance the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.