Test Methods for Disinfection Products(WS/T 10009-2023),a health industry standard,was officially released by the National Disease Control and Prevention Administration on December 15,2023.The standard came into effect on May 1,2024.This standard systematically specifies the testing and evaluation methods for disinfection products,covering three core components—disinfection effect testing and evaluation,physical and chemical testing techniques,and toxicological testing methods.The standard provides an important technical basis for the testing of disinfection products in China.To promote an accurate understanding and effective implementation of the standard,this article focuses on the in-depth interpretation of the section concerning the testing and evaluation methods of disinfection effects.It provides a detailed explanation of the major updates,technical highlights,and scientific rationale behind the standard.The article incorporates discussions on optimizing the validation test methods for the disinfection and sterilization effects of disinfectants,simulated field testing of disinfectants,evaluation of air disinfection effects,and the supplementation and improvement of testing methods for disinfection devices(including sterilization devices).This article aims to provide clear technical guidance for disinfection product inspection personnel,researchers,and other professionals involved,promote the standardized application of the standard,improve the quality of disinfection products,and ensure scientific,effective,and safe disinfection practices.

Objective:To characterize fine motor function in middle-aged and elderly individuals utilizing a novel wearable inertial motion capture device.Additionally, it seeks to investigate the relationship between fine motor deficits and overall cognitive function, as well as various cognitive dimensions.Methods:Participants aged 50 years and older were recruited between November 2022 and April 2023.The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale(MoCA)was employed to evaluate the cognitive function of the subjects, and a radar chart was utilized to illustrate the extent of impairment across different cognitive dimensions.An independent computerized fine motor evaluation system was developed using the motion capture technology of a novel wearable microelectromechanical system(MEMS)inertial sensor, enabling a quantitative assessment of fine motor skills.The differences in fine motor function characteristics between the two groups were compared.Spearman's correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression were conducted to examine the relationship between fine motor deficits and cognitive dysfunction.Results:A total of 289 participants were recruited, among whom 140(48.4%)were classified into the cognitive impairment group.The mean MoCA scores for the cognitive impairment group and the non-cognitive impairment group were 22.2 ± 2.79 and 27.7 ± 1.19, respectively( P<0.001).The electronic assessment of fine motor function revealed that the motion parameters of hand function in the cognitive impairment group were significantly poorer across all three numerical evaluation tasks.Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrated a robust correlation between deficits in fine motor function and cognitive dysfunction.Furthermore, in the multiple logistic regression model, after adjusting for potential confounding factors including age, gender, and education level, a significant association between cognitive dysfunction and fine motor dysfunction persisted. Conclusions:A novel wearable motion capture technology was employed to facilitate the digital assessment of fine motor function.The findings revealed a significant correlation between deficits in fine motor function and cognitive dysfunction among middle-aged and elderly populations.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of Scleromitrion diffusum on gastric mucosal epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in rats with gastric precancerous lesion. METHODS: Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group (n=11), model control group (n=13), Scleromitrion diffusum (SD) group (n=13) and vitase group (n=13). Gastric precancerous lesion animal model was prepared by 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine complex polyfactor method, and the drugs were administrated by gavage once a day for 6 weeks. The pathological changes of gastric mucosa were observed with hematoxylin and eosin staining, the expression of EMT marker proteins were detected with immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with the model control group, the gastric mucosal injury was significantly attenuated in the Scleromitrion diffusum group, the mucosal tissue structure gradually recovered, the saccular expansion area was reduced, and the inflammatory infiltration was ameliorated. The expression of epithelial cadherin was higher, and the expression of neural cadherin and vimentin in the Scleromitrion diffusum group were lower than those of model control group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Scleromitrion diffusum can ameliorate gastric mucosal injury in rats with gastric precancerous lesion by reversing the EMT.
Animals ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects* ; Precancerous Conditions/metabolism* ; Gastric Mucosa/metabolism* ; Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Male ; Cadherins/metabolism*

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of modified Rhinoceros Dihuang decoction in the treatment of children with henoch-sch?nlein purpura(HSP)of the"bleeding due to blood-heat syndrome"pattern in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods A total of 72 pediatric patients diagnosed with HSP and admitted to Zhengzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from June 2021 to June 2023 were enrolled and divided into two groups(n=36 each):control group and observation group.The control group received conveational Western medical treatment,while the observation group received additional treatment with modified Rhinoceros Dihuang decoction based on conventional therapy.The decoction was composed of:Herba Agrimoniae,Radix Rehmanniae,Radix Arnebiae seu Lithospermi,Radix Rubiae,15 g each;Cornu Bubali,30 g,Rhizoma Imperatae,20 g;Cortex Moutan and Radix Paeoniae Rubra,10 g each.The herbs were decocted once daily,dosed according to age:100 mL for ages 3-6,150 mL for 7-11,and 200 mL for 12-14 years old,administered twice daily for 10 days.Outcome measures included clinical efficacy,symptom scores(distribution,color,and morphology of purpura),inflammatory markers[interleukins(IL-17,IL-9),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)],immune function indicators[T lymphocyte subsets(CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+)and immunoglobulins(IgA,IgM,IgG)],quality of life,and adverse events.Results After treatment,the symptom scores,inflammatory factors,CD8+,IgA,and IgM levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group[purpura distribution score:1.03±0.20 vs.1.85±0.27,purpura color score:0.95±0.18 vs.1.76±0.31,purpura morphology score:0.94±0.16 vs.1.76±0.28;IL-17(ng/L):19.84±2.31 vs.26.12±2.63,IL-9(ng/L):20.40±4.19 vs.34.16±6.31,TNF-α(ng/L):13.61±2.05 vs.22.17±2.13;CD8+:0.259±0.040 vs.0.423±0.040,IgA(g/L):1.26±0.24 vs.1.81±0.32,IgM(g/L):1.24±0.19 vs.1.54±0.26,all P<0.05],CD4+,CD4+/CD8+,and IgG levels,as well as the pediatric quality of life inventory 4.0(PedsQL4.0)score were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group[CD4+:0.461±0.046 vs.0.423±0.040,CD4+/CD8+:1.780±0.330 vs.1.450±0.270,IgG(g/L):11.22±1.75 vs.9.41±1.84,PedsQL4.0 score:83.62±6.54 vs.75.54±12.32,all P<0.05].The total clinical efficacy rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group[94.44%(34/36)vs.72.22%(26/36),P<0.05].No significant adverse reactions were observed in either group.Conclusion Modified Rhinoceros Dihuang decoction is effective and safe in alleviating clinical symptoms,reducing inflammatory responses,regulating immune function,and improving quality of life in children with HSP of the bleeding due to blood-heat pattern.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between lipid levels and cognitive impairment in the elderly Chinese population using prospective cohort data.Methods:Based on the China-PAR (Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China) cohort, this study included 24 380 individuals aged ≥60 years who participated in the cognitive function follow-up survey from 2018 to 2019. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), with cognitive impairment defined according to different educational levels: MMSE ≤17 for illiterate individuals, MMSE ≤20 for those with primary education and MMSE ≤24 for those with secondary education or above. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models were employed to examine the associations between six baseline lipid indicators and cognitive scores, as well as cognitive impairment. Additionally, restricted cubic splines were used to explore the exposure-dose relationship between lipid levels and cognitive function.Results:The study population had a median follow-up time of 11.6 years, with a baseline age of (59.7±6.8) years. Among the participants, 9 510 (39.0%) were males, and the mean MMSE score was 24.7±6.8. A total of 3 887 individuals (15.9%) were identified as cognitively impaired. The results of multivariable linear regression and logistic regression indicated that total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels were not only significantly positively associated with cognitive scores but also significantly associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment. Each 1 mmol/L increase in these lipid levels corresponded to β values (95% CI) of 0.267 (0.173-0.361), 0.385(0.271-0.499) and 0.331(0.231-0.431), respectively. Each 1 mmol/L increase in these lipid levels corresponded to odds ratio ( OR) (95% CI) values of 0.915 (0.876-0.956), 0.875 (0.830-0.923) and 0.886 (0.848-0.927), respectively. The dose-response curve demonstrated that the negative association was primarily observed within the guideline-recommended optimal lipid level range. Specifically, when LDL-C was less than 3.4 mmol/L and non-HDL-C was less than 4.1 mmol/L, the corresponding OR (95% CI) values were 0.859 (0.796-0.926) and 0.876 (0.818-0.939). Conclusion:Lipid levels exhibit a certain linear negative association with cognitive impairment in elderly Chinese adults, with LDL-C and non-HDL-C demonstrating a stronger effect, particularly within the guideline-recommended optimal range.

Objective:To integrate implicit templates with deep learning techniques, a novel neural network, the tooth-deformable deep implicit network (T-DDIN), was constructed to achieve high-precision shape completion of tooth defects in a personalized manner.Methods:A total of 550 intraoral scan models were collected from patients treated at the Department of Orthodontics and Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University (500 for training and 50 for testing), between March 2022 and March 2024. T-DDIN reconstructed defective tooth morphology using an implicit template and a latent encoding prediction network. During model evaluation, Class Ⅱ cavity defects and occlusal wear defects were simulated in the test set. Morphological restoration was performed using both traditional computer aided design (CAD) methods and the T-DDIN deep learning approach. The two methods were compared based on three-dimensional deviation, occlusal adjustment volumes, cusp angle deviation, and restoration time.Results:The T-DDIN group demonstrated significantly lower three-dimensional deviation for Class Ⅱ cavity defects and occlusal wear restoration [(0.14±0.05) and (0.16±0.09) mm], occlusal adjustment volumes [(0.44±0.03) and (0.49±0.03) mm 3], and difference value of the tooth cusp angles (5.69°±1.90° and 6.04°±0.53°) compared to the traditional CAD group (both P<0.001). No significant differences were observed within the T-DDIN group between the two defect types in terms of three-dimensional deviation ( P=0.098) or occlusal adjustment volume ( P=0.154) or difference value of the tooth cusp angles ( P=0.196). However, in the traditional CAD group, three-dimensional deviation, occlusal adjustment volume and difference value of the tooth cusp angles was significantly higher in occlusal wear restorations than in Class Ⅱ cavity defects restorations ( P<0.001). The T-DDIN group, which involved Class Ⅱ cavity defects and occlusal wear, demonstrated significantly less recovery time of morphology (37.2±7.7) and (39.4±6.2) s compared to the traditional CAD group ( P<0.001). Conclusions:T-DDIN demonstrated superior stability and accuracy in morphological reconstruction for various types of dental defects while significantly reducing restoration time.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

As one of the core theories of spleen governing transportation and transformation in the traditional Chinese medicine visceral manifestation theory,the modern biological basis of"spleen qi disperses essence"has not been fully elucidated.Lipids are one of the three major nutrients in the body,which are derived from exogenous absorption or endogenous transformation,and belong to the category of"grease"and"essence"substances in traditional Chinese medicine.Because of their hydrophobic nature,lipids require apolipoproteins to be transported in the bloodstream and used by the body;similarly,essence also needs spleen qi transformation to be distributed throughout the body and exert their nourishing effects,revealing a certain degree of inherent unity between the two.When the spleen qi functions properly,essence dispersal is orderly and lipid metabolism remains in homeostatic balance;if spleen deficient leads to impaired transportation,the essence will not be distributed,and the lipid turbidity will accumulate,causing disease.Classic strengthening spleen prescriptions such as Zexie Decoction,can reshape lipid homeostasis by regulating apolipoproteins.Based on apolipoprotein-mediated lipid metabolism,this paper explores the modern molecular biology basis of the theory of"spleen qi disperses essence,"which provides novel insights for enriching the modern research of traditional Chinese medicine visceral manifestation theory,and lays the foundation for clinical practice and theoretical innovation in the treatment of metabolic diseases from the spleen.