The disease-syndrome combination animal model in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） andrology serves as an important bridge linking TCM theory with modern medical research， providing a key experimental platform for elucidating the 'syndrome-disease' correlation mechanism in male-specific diseases and for screening effective prescriptions. This article reviews recent progress in animal model research on common TCM andrological diseases， including prostatic diseases， sexual dysfunction， and male infertility， with a focus on analyzing the application， advantages， and disadvantages of various modeling strategies， such as immune induction， hormonal intervention， and multi-factor combination across different syndrome types. However， despite breakthroughs in model construction techniques， current research still faces several challenges， including insufficient standardization of syndrome differentiation and difficulties in quantifying TCM-specific indicators. Future studies need to optimize model evaluation systems by integrating modern technologies， in order to promote the standardization and internationalization of TCM andrology research.

Objective To search,evaluate and summarise the best evidence on non-drug intervention for nipple pain or injury in breastfeeding mothers.Methods Based on the"6S pyramid"evidence model,desktop searches were conducted on databases of UpToDate,Joanna Briggs Institute evidence-based practice database(JBI),National Guideline Clearinghouse(NGC),National Institute for health and Care Excellence(NICE),Guidelines International Network(GIN),Registered Nurses'Association of Ontario(RNAO),American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists(ACOG),Medlive,Chinese Medical Association(CMA)website,Breastfeeding Medical Association(BMA),CNKI,Wanfang Data,SinoMed,Cochrance Library,PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,and CINAHL for literature in non-drug interventions for nipple pain or injury in breastfeeding women.The literature included clinical guidelines,decisions,recommended practices,evidence summaries,expert consensus,systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials(RCTs).The searched databases spanned from 1st January,2013 to 30th April,2024.Two researchers who were trained in evidence-based nursing independently evaluated the methodological quality,extracted and integrated evidence from eligible literature.Results A total of 15 documents were included,consisting of 5 clinical guidelines,2 clinical decisions,1 expert consensus,6 systematic evaluations and 1 RCT.Thirty-one pieces of evidence were summarised across 4 categories:accurate perinatal assessment,feeding guidance,non-drug intervention and health education.Conclusion The summarised best evidence on non-drug intervention for nipple pain or injury in breastfeeding women provides an evidence-based basis for clinical healthcare professionals.

Objective To explore the changes in neural activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and their corre-lation with executive function,and to analyze the neural mechanisms underlying the decline in executive function in T2DM patients.Methods Thirty-one T2DM patients(T2DM group)and thirty-two healthy controls(HC)(HC group)matched for body mass index(BMI)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)scans and N-back task tests were included.Differ-ences in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF),regional homogeneity(ReHo),and seed-based functional connectivity(FC)between the two groups were compared,and partial correlation analyses were performed between the difference results and N-back task performance.Results The T2DM group showed prolonged reaction time(RT)in the 1-back and 2-back tasks.T2DM patients exhibited increased ALFF in the bilateral caudate nucleus,left medial superior frontal gyrus,and right postcentral gyrus,as well as elevated ReHo in the right putamen.FC analysis revealed significant alterations in FC between the caudate nucleus,putamen,and multiple brain regions in T2DM patients,with some of these FC changes significantly correlated with RT and accuracy(ACC)in the N-back task.Conclusion The decline in executive function in T2DM patients may be associated with abnormal neural activity in brain regions such as the striatum,salience network,and frontoparietal control network.FC further decreases under increased cognitive load.These findings provide evidence for the study of the neural mechanisms of executive function impairment in T2DM patients.

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a common chronic non-specific intestinal inflammatory disease clinically.Its pathogenesis is complex,prolonged the disease course,and it is frequent clinical recurrence.In recent years,the incidence of UC has shown an upward trend and tends to younger onset,which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and increases the social medical burden.Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)plays an important role in the occurrence and development of UC,participating in inflammatory response,oxidative stress,autophagy,apoptosis,pyroptosis,and intestinal barrier.MAPK may be a new target for the treatment of UC.Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history and remarkable curative effect in treating UC,with the advantages of multiple pathways,multiple targets,and multiple components.In recent years,many studies have shown that single Chinese herbal medicines and compound prescriptions can mediate MAPK signaling pathway to inhibit inflammatory response and oxidative stress,regulate autophagy,inhibit apoptosis and pyroptosis,repair the intestinal barrier,and treat UC in many aspects.This article reviews the MAPK signaling pathway,the mechanism by which the MAPK signaling pathway regulates UC,and the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in treating UC based on the MAPK signaling pathway,hoping to provide theoretical support for the treatment of UC by traditional Chinese medicine and new ideas and references for the research of related new drugs.

Objective:To investigate the current status of treatment delay and analyze its influencing factors in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema.Methods:Using convenience sampling, 218 patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema from The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between April 2024 and January 2025 were enrolled. The General Information Questionnaire, Lymphedema Self-Management Support Scale for Breast Cancer Survivors (LSMS-BCs), Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire for Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema (BIPQ-BCRL), Perceived Barriers to Health Care-Seeking Decision-Chinese (PBHSD-C), and Health Literacy Scale for Chronic Patients (HLSCP) were used to conduct a cross-sectional survey. Logistic regression identified predictors of treatment delay, with model fit assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Discriminative ability was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.Results:The study included 218 female BCRL patients, aged (58.31 ± 10.54) years. Among 218 patients, 76 experienced treatment delay, the incidence of treatment delay was 34.8% (76/218). Independent risk factors included junior high school education or below, no regular arm circumference measurement, low self-management support scores, low illness perception scores, high perceived barriers to healthcare-seeking scores, and low health literacy scores (Wald χ2 values were 7.75-15.15, all P<0.05). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated good model fit ( χ2=6.21, P>0.05). The combined predictive model demonstrated significantly better discrimination than individual factors, the area under the curve of ROC was 0.846 ( P<0.01). Conclusions:The incidence of treatment delay is relatively high among breast cancer-related lymphedema patients. Nursing staff should pay special attention to patients with a junior high school education or below, no regular arm circumference measurement, low LSMS-BCs scores, low BIPQ-BCRL scores, high PBHSD-C scores and low HLSCP scores, implement timely interventions to reduce treatment delay in lymphedema patients.

Objective:To investigate the mediating effect of rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy in the relationship between psychological pain and quality of life among postoperative patients with osteoporotic fractures.Methods:A total of 203 patients with osteoporotic fractures who underwent surgical treatment in the Department of Orthopedics of the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from June 2023 to June 2024 were recruited using convenience sampling. Postoperatively, patients were assessed with the General Information Questionnaire, the Self-Efficacy Rehabilitation Outcome Scale (SER), the Psychological Pain Scale, and the World Health Organization on Quality of Life Brief Scale (WHOQOL-BREF). The mediating role of rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy was tested using the bootstrap method.Results:A total of 210 questionnaires were distributed, with 203 valid responses collected, yielding an effective response rate of 96.67%. The mean scores of rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy, psychological pain, and quality of life were (65.56±8.89), (26.68±5.57), and (85.90±5.59), respectively. Correlation analysis showed that rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy was negatively correlated with psychological pain ( r=-0.562, P<0.01), psychological pain was negatively correlated with quality of life ( r=-0.801, P<0.01), and rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy was positively correlated with quality of life ( r=0.741, P<0.01). Mediation analysis revealed that rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between psychological pain and quality of life, with an effect size of -0.231 ( P<0.01), accounting for 38.95% of the total effect. Conclusions:Psychological pain not only directly affects the quality of life in postoperative patients with osteoporotic fractures but also indirectly affects it through rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy. Clinical medical staff should adopt targeted interventions to alleviate psychological pain and enhance rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy, thereby improving patients' quality of life.

Objective:To conduct a scoping review on the current status and influencing factors of adherence to lymphedema prevention behaviors among postoperative breast cancer patients, with the aim of providing a scientific basis for developing targeted interventions.Methods:A comprehensive search was conducted in both Chinese and English databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, SinoMed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science, for literature published up to August 31, 2024, related to adherence to lymphedema prevention behaviors in breast cancer survivors. Eligible articles were screened, and data were extracted to analyze adherence levels. Influencing factors were mapped to the domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework to identify and analyze key behavioral determinants.Results:A total of 15 articles were included: nine quantitative and six qualitative. Overall, adherence to lymphedema prevention behaviors among postoperative breast cancer patients was found to be suboptimal. A total of 25 influencing factors were identified and categorized into eight theoretical domains: knowledge (lymphedema awareness) ; skills (coping strategies, time since surgery) ; beliefs about capabilities (self-efficacy, illness perception, unawareness of tumor stage, surgical type, symptom distress) ; beliefs about consequences (outcome expectations, attitudes) ; emotions (negative emotions, fatigue, age) ; behavior regulation (self-regulation, exercise habits, behavioral control) ; social influences (social support, family support, marital status, behavioral cues) ; environmental context and resources (healthcare access, ethnicity, professional supervision, financial status, employment situation) .Conclusions:Adherence to lymphedema prevention behaviors in postoperative breast cancer patients remains unsatisfactory, with influencing factors being multifaceted, diverse, and overlapping. Future efforts should focus on uncovering the potential interrelationships among these factors to enhance adherence and support long-term self-management in this population.

Objective To explore the changes in neural activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and their corre-lation with executive function,and to analyze the neural mechanisms underlying the decline in executive function in T2DM patients.Methods Thirty-one T2DM patients(T2DM group)and thirty-two healthy controls(HC)(HC group)matched for body mass index(BMI)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)scans and N-back task tests were included.Differ-ences in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF),regional homogeneity(ReHo),and seed-based functional connectivity(FC)between the two groups were compared,and partial correlation analyses were performed between the difference results and N-back task performance.Results The T2DM group showed prolonged reaction time(RT)in the 1-back and 2-back tasks.T2DM patients exhibited increased ALFF in the bilateral caudate nucleus,left medial superior frontal gyrus,and right postcentral gyrus,as well as elevated ReHo in the right putamen.FC analysis revealed significant alterations in FC between the caudate nucleus,putamen,and multiple brain regions in T2DM patients,with some of these FC changes significantly correlated with RT and accuracy(ACC)in the N-back task.Conclusion The decline in executive function in T2DM patients may be associated with abnormal neural activity in brain regions such as the striatum,salience network,and frontoparietal control network.FC further decreases under increased cognitive load.These findings provide evidence for the study of the neural mechanisms of executive function impairment in T2DM patients.

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a common chronic non-specific intestinal inflammatory disease clinically.Its pathogenesis is complex,prolonged the disease course,and it is frequent clinical recurrence.In recent years,the incidence of UC has shown an upward trend and tends to younger onset,which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and increases the social medical burden.Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)plays an important role in the occurrence and development of UC,participating in inflammatory response,oxidative stress,autophagy,apoptosis,pyroptosis,and intestinal barrier.MAPK may be a new target for the treatment of UC.Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history and remarkable curative effect in treating UC,with the advantages of multiple pathways,multiple targets,and multiple components.In recent years,many studies have shown that single Chinese herbal medicines and compound prescriptions can mediate MAPK signaling pathway to inhibit inflammatory response and oxidative stress,regulate autophagy,inhibit apoptosis and pyroptosis,repair the intestinal barrier,and treat UC in many aspects.This article reviews the MAPK signaling pathway,the mechanism by which the MAPK signaling pathway regulates UC,and the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in treating UC based on the MAPK signaling pathway,hoping to provide theoretical support for the treatment of UC by traditional Chinese medicine and new ideas and references for the research of related new drugs.

Objective Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,to obtain precise and reliable comprehensive effect conclusions by quantitatively combining pharmacodynamic results from animal experiments investigating Astragali Radix(single-entity Astragali Radix preparation)or its ingredients for treatment of acute pancreatitis(AP)in literature reports through meta-analysis.Methods Databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals(VIP),Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform,China Biomedical Literature Database(CBMdisc),PubMed,and Web of Science(WOS)were searched from inception to March 2025 for animal studies related to Astragali Radix(single-entity Astragali Radix preparation)or its ingredients for AP treatment.Risk of bias for included studies was assessed with SYRCLE tool.Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated according to Cochrane Handbook using Cochrane's Qtest and/2statistic.Sensitivity analysis was performed using the leave-one-out method,and publication bias risk was detected using Egger's test.Results A total of 297 articles were retrieved,and after screening and evaluation,19 animal studies were finally included for meta-analysis.These 19 publications cover SD rats,as well as three breeds of mice:C57BL/6 mice,BALB/c mice,and Kunming mice.SYRCLE scores ranged from 3 to 4.The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that no study significantly affected the heterogeneity index.The results of Egger's test showed a significant publication bias with P＜0.05.Cochrane's Qtest and I2statistic indicated substantial heterogeneity among studies.Meta-analysis results of 19 animal studies showed that single-entity Astragali Radix preparation(Astragali Radix injection)could reduce serum amylase(AMY)levels,an AP-specific indicator.The Astragali Radix ingredients could decrease both AMY and lipase(LPS)levels.Astragali Radix injection or its ingredients could reduce serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-6,and IL-1 β,while increasing IL-10 levels;could increase serum levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),and decrease malondialdehyde(MDA)levels.High-dose groups of Astragali Radix injection or Astragali Radix ingredients were more effective than low-dose groups in reducing AMY,TNF-α,and IL-6 levels and increasing SOD levels,but dosage effect on MDA levels was not demonstrated.Conclusion Evidence-based analysis of animal experiment results shows that in various animal models including SD rats,C57BL/6 mice,BALB/c mice,and Kunming mice,Astragali Radix injection or its ingredients can effectively reduce expression or secretion levels of AP-specific indicators(AMY and LPS).The mechanisms may be related to some inflammatory mediators,including reducing TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1 β levels and increasing IL-10 levels;They may also intervene in oxidative/antioxidative equilibrium,such as increasing SOD and GSH-Px levels and reducing MDA levels.Except for MDA,dose-response relationships are shown for reducing AMY,TNF-α,and IL-6 levels and increasing SOD levels with Astragali Radix injection or its ingredients.However,due to high heterogeneity,potential publication bias risk,and species differences between animal models and human diseases in existing studies,further high-quality clinical trials or animal experiments are still needed in the future.