Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

Fungal keratitis represents a significant cause of blindness, with current therapeutic approaches yielding limited success. The disease's onset and progression are primarily driven by fungal virulence factors and the host's immune response. The innate immune system is the first to respond, with neutrophils playing a pivotal role in the antifungal defense. Although neutrophils are critical for pathogen clearance, their excessive or abnormal activation can lead to tissue damage, exacerbating the disease. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms underlying neutrophil activity in fungal keratitis is crucial for refining treatment strategies. This article aims to systematically review the principal antimicrobial mechanisms employed by neutrophils, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs). Furthermore, it explores the crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages, alongside their collective impact and underlying mechanisms in the context of fungal keratitis. Exploration of the mechanisms of fungal keratitis facilitates precise intervention and enhances the efficacy of treatment.

Background: and Purpose Essential tremor with a midline distribution (Mid-ET) may represent a distinct subtype of essential tremor (ET) that primarily affects midline structures, often indicating advanced disease stage and increased severity. Recent studies have highlighted the complexity of Mid-ET, but research on neurological soft signs (NSS) in Mid-ET remains insufficient. Methods: The patients with ET included in this cross-sectional study were divided into two subgroups based on whether or not the ET had a midline distribution: Mid-ET and No-MidET. Comparative analyses were performed to assess clinical features and NSS prevalence in these subgroups. Results: Among 1,160 patients, 567 (48.9%) were Mid-ET and 593 (51.1%) were No-Mid-ET.The prevalence rates of head, face (including the jaw), and voice tremors were 31.9%, 23.0%, and 25.8%, respectively. In Mid-ET, tremor often affects multiple midline structures simultaneously. In the entire cohort, 24.7%, 16.6%, and 7.6% of patients exhibited tremors in one, two, and three midline structures, respectively. The prevalence of common NSS, including mild cognitive impairment, impaired tandem gait, and questionable dystonic posturing, was significantly higher in the Mid-ET than the No-Mid-ET subgroup (all p<0.001). Furthermore, we found that female sex (p<0.001), olfactory dysfunction (p=0.003), and questionable dystonic posturing (p=0.004) were associated with Mid-ET. Conclusions Mid-ET and No-Mid-ET presented significant clinical differences. The presence of questionable dystonic posturing may contribute to the distinct characteristics of Mid-ET, suggesting the presence of pathophysiological differences between the subgroups. Further investigations are warranted to determine the potential pathophysiological link between NSS and Mid-ET.

Background: and Purpose Essential tremor with a midline distribution (Mid-ET) may represent a distinct subtype of essential tremor (ET) that primarily affects midline structures, often indicating advanced disease stage and increased severity. Recent studies have highlighted the complexity of Mid-ET, but research on neurological soft signs (NSS) in Mid-ET remains insufficient. Methods: The patients with ET included in this cross-sectional study were divided into two subgroups based on whether or not the ET had a midline distribution: Mid-ET and No-MidET. Comparative analyses were performed to assess clinical features and NSS prevalence in these subgroups. Results: Among 1,160 patients, 567 (48.9%) were Mid-ET and 593 (51.1%) were No-Mid-ET.The prevalence rates of head, face (including the jaw), and voice tremors were 31.9%, 23.0%, and 25.8%, respectively. In Mid-ET, tremor often affects multiple midline structures simultaneously. In the entire cohort, 24.7%, 16.6%, and 7.6% of patients exhibited tremors in one, two, and three midline structures, respectively. The prevalence of common NSS, including mild cognitive impairment, impaired tandem gait, and questionable dystonic posturing, was significantly higher in the Mid-ET than the No-Mid-ET subgroup (all p<0.001). Furthermore, we found that female sex (p<0.001), olfactory dysfunction (p=0.003), and questionable dystonic posturing (p=0.004) were associated with Mid-ET. Conclusions Mid-ET and No-Mid-ET presented significant clinical differences. The presence of questionable dystonic posturing may contribute to the distinct characteristics of Mid-ET, suggesting the presence of pathophysiological differences between the subgroups. Further investigations are warranted to determine the potential pathophysiological link between NSS and Mid-ET.

Background: and Purpose Essential tremor with a midline distribution (Mid-ET) may represent a distinct subtype of essential tremor (ET) that primarily affects midline structures, often indicating advanced disease stage and increased severity. Recent studies have highlighted the complexity of Mid-ET, but research on neurological soft signs (NSS) in Mid-ET remains insufficient. Methods: The patients with ET included in this cross-sectional study were divided into two subgroups based on whether or not the ET had a midline distribution: Mid-ET and No-MidET. Comparative analyses were performed to assess clinical features and NSS prevalence in these subgroups. Results: Among 1,160 patients, 567 (48.9%) were Mid-ET and 593 (51.1%) were No-Mid-ET.The prevalence rates of head, face (including the jaw), and voice tremors were 31.9%, 23.0%, and 25.8%, respectively. In Mid-ET, tremor often affects multiple midline structures simultaneously. In the entire cohort, 24.7%, 16.6%, and 7.6% of patients exhibited tremors in one, two, and three midline structures, respectively. The prevalence of common NSS, including mild cognitive impairment, impaired tandem gait, and questionable dystonic posturing, was significantly higher in the Mid-ET than the No-Mid-ET subgroup (all p<0.001). Furthermore, we found that female sex (p<0.001), olfactory dysfunction (p=0.003), and questionable dystonic posturing (p=0.004) were associated with Mid-ET. Conclusions Mid-ET and No-Mid-ET presented significant clinical differences. The presence of questionable dystonic posturing may contribute to the distinct characteristics of Mid-ET, suggesting the presence of pathophysiological differences between the subgroups. Further investigations are warranted to determine the potential pathophysiological link between NSS and Mid-ET.

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders, and its main clinical feature is action tremor at 4-12 Hz in both upper limbs. With the development and progress of disease, the cognition of ET has changed from benign, single-symptomatic and age-related disease to the disease with heterogeneity in etiology, pathology and clinical manifestation. At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of ET have not been fully defined. With the development of technology, magnetic resonance imaging has been widely used in the research of ET due to its advantages of high temporal and spatial resolution, multi-angle, multi-parameter imaging, and no ionizing radiation, and many new discoveries have been made in the neuropathophysiological mechanism. In this regard, this paper summarizes the latest progress of magnetic resonance imaging in ET, including structural magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, etc., for the purpose of exploring the pathophysiology of ET and looking forward to clinical application prospects of magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective To analyze the application effect of pharmacists' participation in the maintenance and manage-ment of smart pharmaceutical platform.Methods The prescriptions of Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Med-icine from January 2023 to June 2024 were divided into blank group(from January 2023 to March 2023,305 411 traditional man-ual prescriptions were reviewed)and control group(from January 2024 to March 2024).The original rule review of the smart pharmacy platform system was adopted,339 042 copies),and the experimental group(from April 2024 to June 2024,the rule review after pharmacists participated in maintenance management was adopted,317 902 copies).The prescription qualification rate,the proportion of unreasonable prescriptions,the false positive rate,the proportion of manual review prescriptions,and the rate of filling prescriptions were evaluated,and the management effectiveness of the three groups was compared.Results The qualified rate of prescription in the experimental group and the control group was 99.52％ and 99.60％,respectively,which were higher than 98.74％ in the blank group,and there was a difference between the experimental group and the control group(P＜0.05).Among the irrational prescription types in the experimental group,the proportion of unsuitable administration route,in-complete clinical diagnosis,unsuitable indications and unsuitable usage and dosage were 16.57％,29.42％,20.55％ and 33.46％,and 23.28％,15.74％,30.38％ and 30.50％ in the control group.There were significant differences between 40.08％,27.11％,19.91％ and 12.9％ in blank group(P＜0.05).The false positive rate and manual prescription review ra-tio of the experimental group were 0.40％ and 0.88％,respectively,lower than 0.70％and 1.10％of the control group,and the prescription return rate of 0.78％ was higher than 0.10％ of the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Pharmacists' par-ticipation in the maintenance and management of smart pharmacy platform has high application value and can improve the drug safety of patients.

Objective To analyze the application effect of pharmacists' participation in the maintenance and manage-ment of smart pharmaceutical platform.Methods The prescriptions of Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Med-icine from January 2023 to June 2024 were divided into blank group(from January 2023 to March 2023,305 411 traditional man-ual prescriptions were reviewed)and control group(from January 2024 to March 2024).The original rule review of the smart pharmacy platform system was adopted,339 042 copies),and the experimental group(from April 2024 to June 2024,the rule review after pharmacists participated in maintenance management was adopted,317 902 copies).The prescription qualification rate,the proportion of unreasonable prescriptions,the false positive rate,the proportion of manual review prescriptions,and the rate of filling prescriptions were evaluated,and the management effectiveness of the three groups was compared.Results The qualified rate of prescription in the experimental group and the control group was 99.52％ and 99.60％,respectively,which were higher than 98.74％ in the blank group,and there was a difference between the experimental group and the control group(P＜0.05).Among the irrational prescription types in the experimental group,the proportion of unsuitable administration route,in-complete clinical diagnosis,unsuitable indications and unsuitable usage and dosage were 16.57％,29.42％,20.55％ and 33.46％,and 23.28％,15.74％,30.38％ and 30.50％ in the control group.There were significant differences between 40.08％,27.11％,19.91％ and 12.9％ in blank group(P＜0.05).The false positive rate and manual prescription review ra-tio of the experimental group were 0.40％ and 0.88％,respectively,lower than 0.70％and 1.10％of the control group,and the prescription return rate of 0.78％ was higher than 0.10％ of the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Pharmacists' par-ticipation in the maintenance and management of smart pharmacy platform has high application value and can improve the drug safety of patients.

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders, and its main clinical feature is action tremor at 4-12 Hz in both upper limbs. With the development and progress of disease, the cognition of ET has changed from benign, single-symptomatic and age-related disease to the disease with heterogeneity in etiology, pathology and clinical manifestation. At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of ET have not been fully defined. With the development of technology, magnetic resonance imaging has been widely used in the research of ET due to its advantages of high temporal and spatial resolution, multi-angle, multi-parameter imaging, and no ionizing radiation, and many new discoveries have been made in the neuropathophysiological mechanism. In this regard, this paper summarizes the latest progress of magnetic resonance imaging in ET, including structural magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, etc., for the purpose of exploring the pathophysiology of ET and looking forward to clinical application prospects of magnetic resonance imaging.

Fungal keratitis is a serious blinding eye disease. The development of fungal infections depends primarily on the interaction of fungal virulence with host immune defense factors. The cornea is considered an immune-privileged organ, and resident macrophages are the main immune cells that respond to the heterogeneity exhibited by the microenvironment with their polarization. In the early stage of infection, macrophages polarize towards M1, which promotes inflammation and facilitates fungal clearance but produces a cellular storm that exacerbates immune damage; in the late stage of infection, macrophages polarize towards M2, which suppresses the inflammatory response and facilitates tissue repair, but may be immunosuppressed or even immune escape to the detriment of pathogen clearance. The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is key to maintaining the functional integrity of the cornea. Current antifungal drug therapy is limited, so it is particularly important to find a therapeutic target for the inflammatory response triggered by the immune response in addition to antifungal therapy. In this review, the functional and phenotypic characterization of macrophage subsets associated with fungal keratitis was reviewed, more in-depth research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which macrophage polarization and their impact on fungal keratitis. Targeted regulation of macrophage differentiation based on their phenotype and function could be an effective approach to treat and manage fungal keratitis in the future.