Hypotension is a leading cause of age-related cognitive impairment. The available literature evidences that vascular factors are associated with dementia and that hypotension alters cerebral perfusion flow and can aggravate the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the discovery of biomarkers and the recent progress made in neurovascular biology, epidemiology, and brain imaging, some key issues remain largely unresolved: the potential mechanisms underlying the neural deterioration observed in AD, the effect of cerebrovascular alterations on cognitive deficits, and the positive effects of hypotension treatment on cognition. Therefore, further well-designed studies are needed to unravel the potential association between hypotension and cognitive dysfunction and reveal the potential benefits of hypotension treatment for AD patients. Here, we review the current epidemiological, pathobiological, and treatment-related literature on neurovascular changes and hypotension-related cognitive dysfunction and highlight the unsettled but imminent issues that warrant future research endeavors.
Humans ; Hypotension/complications* ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology* ; Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology* ; Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology* ; Cognition Disorders/etiology*

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.019.].

The identification of clinical questions for clinical practice guidelines of Chinese patent medicine （CPM） is important for subsequent evidence retrieval， evaluation of evidence quality， formation of recommendations. This paper described a methodological proposal for the identification of clinical questions for CPM guidelines to highlight the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine and reflect its effect in specific stage of the disease. Considering four aspects， namely， the drug of Chinese patent medicine （D）， the specific disease stage （S）， comparison （C）， and specific outcome （O）， DSCO framework has been proposed to formulate the clinical questions. Multi-source information through scientific research， policy or standard documents， and clinical data are suggested for collecting clinical questions， and clear selection criteria should be set to finalize the clinical questions to be addressed by the guideline. In addition， the above process needs to be transparently and publicly reported in order to ensure the clarity and completeness of the guidelines.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of bloodstream infection caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in preterm infants, and to provide basis for early clinical diagnosis and infection control. Methods:The clinical data of infants with CRKP bloodstream infection admitted to the Preterm Infants Ward of Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2015 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The risk factors for death in preterm infants caused by CRKP bloodstream infection were explored through multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the clinical value of each factor on evaluating prognosis. The area under curves (AUC) of each factor in different ROC curve were compared by Delong′s test.Results:A total of 96 preterm infants with CRKP bloodstream infection were included, including 70 in the survival group and 26 in the death group. The first onset symptoms of CRKP bloodstream infection in preterm infants were persistent tachycardia (heart rate>180 per minute) (69 cases, 71.9%), fever (61 cases, 63.5%), and apnea (59 cases, 61.5%). There were 88(91.7%) cases of infection combined with septic shock, and 91(94.8%) cases required vasoactive drug support. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the maximum vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) within 48 hours of onset (odds ratio ( OR)=1.058, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.022 to 1.095, P=0.001), concurrent purulent meningitis ( OR=8.029, 95% CI 1.344 to 47.972, P=0.022), and concurrent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) ( OR=10.881, 95% CI 1.566 to 75.580, P=0.016) were independent risk factors for death in preterm infants with CRKP bloodstream infection. The ROC curve showed that the AUCs for evaluating the prognosis of preterm infants with NEC and purulent meningitis were 0.784 and 0.711, respectively. The AUC for evaluating the prognosis of preterm infants with a maximum VIS ≥52.5 points within 48 hours of onset was 0.840, and the AUC for combining the three factors was 0.931. Compared with NEC and purulent meningitis, the AUC for combining factors was higher, the differences were statistically significant ( P=0.002, P<0.001). Conclusions:Preterm infants with CRKP bloodstream infection who have a maximum VIS ≥52.5 points within 48 hours of onset, with NEC and purulent meningitis have a higher risk of death.

Rapid and living guidelines are those developed in response to public health emergencies in a short period of time using a scientific and standardized approach. Subsequently， they provide timely and credible recommendations for decision makers through regular and frequent updates of clinical evidence and recommendations. In this paper， we introduced the definition of rapid and living guideline as well as analyzed the basic characteristics of eight rapid and living guidelines in the field of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） published till 2023 June， summarizing three core methodological issues in relation to how to rapidly develop guidelines， how to formulate recommendations when there is lack of evidence， and how to ensure the timeliness of guidelines. Based on the analysis of current rapid and living guidelines， it is implicated that there is necessity to carry out rapid and living guideline in the field of TCM， and the methodology of rapid integration of multivariate evidence in the field of TCM needs to be further explored； furthermore， it is necessary to further explore the obstacles of implementation of guidelines and promote timely updating， all of which provide certain theoretical references for relevant guideline developers and researchers.

In developing rapid and living guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in response to public health emergencies， it is important that evidence continue to be reviewed， and clinical questions and recommendations updated if necessary， due to the rapid changes in disease progression and the continuous generation of relevant research evidence. This paper proposed that the updating scope in dynamic mode should first be identified； then evidence monitoring should be carried out in four aspects， including clinical research， related guidelines or laws and regulations， disease progression， as well as clinical use of recommendations and clinical needs； finally， based on the results of the evidence monitoring， different options should be made， including revising the clinical questions， updating the evidence and recommendations， and withdrawing the guideline.

Objective　To assess the diagnostic efficacy of the cell-free Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA testing (CF-TB) in tuberculous pleurisy. Methods　A total of 71 patients diagnosed with tuberculous pleurisy and 35 patients with non-tuberculous pleurisy were selected from the Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi between January to December 2022. The standard pleural puncture was conducted to collect pleural effusion, which was then utilized for Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture, GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin resistance (GeneXpert MTB/RIF), CF-TB, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) testing. Blood samples were subjected to tuberculosis infection T-cell spotting test (T-SPOT.TB) assay. The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was applied to obtain the optimal cut-off value for pleural fluid CF-TB and to compare the diagnostic performance of CF-TB with other methods. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22.0 software, with statistical significance defined as P<0.05. Results　The ROC curve analysis determined that the optimal cycle threshold (Ct) value for diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy using CF-TB in pleural fluid was 38.489, with a sensitivity of 91.5% and specificity of 97.1%. In comparison, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of T-SPOT.TB and pleural fluid ADA in diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy were 86.0%, 71.4%, 86.0%, 71.4%, 81.1%, and 55.0%, 91.4%, 92.9%, 50.8%, 67.0%, respectively, all of which were lower than the diagnostic efficiency of CF-TB. Furthermore, the specificity of pleural fluid CF-TB in diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy (97.1%) was not significantly different from GeneXpert MTB/RIF (100%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture (100%), but its sensitivity (91.5%) was significantly higher than both GeneXpert MTB/RIF (19.7%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture (28.2%), with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusions　Compared to the conventional gold standard for diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy, CF-TB exhibits a higher sensitivity and its specificity is superior to that of tuberculosis immunological test. Consequently, CF-TB can serve as a valuable complement to other traditional detection methods in aiding the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy.

Objective:To explore the possible mechanism of regular aerobic exercise in improving the leaming and memo-ry function in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion(MCAO/R). Method:Total of 36 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:sham operation group(IS group),aero-bic exercise group(AE group),and model group(IC group).MCAO/R models were established in the IC and AE groups,while the IS group underwent the same arterial dissection without occlusion.After model estab-lishment,the rats in the AE group were trained on a treadmill for 14 days,while the rats in the IS group and IC group were only placed on the treadmill for the same duration without running.The neurological func-tion of the rats in each group was scored,the cerebral infarction focus of the rats was observed by magnetic resonance imaging T2WI scanning before and after the intervention,and the recognition and memory ability of the rats was detected by the new object recognition experiment before and after the intervention.The Western Blot was used to detect the expression of NLRP3,caspase-1,and GSDMD in the hippocampus,and immuno-histochemistry was used to detect the activation of microglia in the CA1 region of the ischemic hippocampus.The levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were detected by ELISA.The expression and co-localization of IBA1 with NL-RP3,caspase-1,and GSDMD were detected by immunofluorescence co-labeling assay. Result:Before intervention,the neurological function score and the signal intensity of the left cerebral cortex hippocampus of the IC Group were significantly higher than that of the IS group(P＜0.05),and the resolu-tion of new objects decreased significantly(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences between the AE and IC groups in the proportion of neurological deficit,cerebral infarction volume and novel object recogni-tion rate(P＞0.05).After 14 days of treadmill training intervention,compared with IC group,the AE group showed significantly lower neurological function scores(P＜0.05),reduced the percentage of cerebral infarction volume(P＜0.05),improved object recognition ability(P＜0.05),improved pathology in hippocampal CA1 area,reduced microglia activation level(P＜0.05),decreased levels of IL-1β and IL-18(P＜0.05),and significantly re-duced expression of NLRP3,caspase-1 and GSDMD proteins(P＜0.05).In addition,compared with the IC group,the accumulative optical density of NLRP3,GSDMD in CA1 and caspase-1 in CA3 regions of the ischemic hippocampus in the AE group was significantly decreased,and the number of IB A1 and NLRP3,IBA1 and GSDMD double-positive cells was significantly decreased(P＜0.05). Conclusion:Regular aerobic exercise can improve the ability of recognition and memory in MCAO/R rats,which may be related to the inhibition of hippocampal microglia pyroptosis and activation.

Lactic acid bacteria(LAB)were isolated and cultivated from the intestinal contents of rabbits by MRS-CaCO3 solid medium.Identification was achieved through morphological observa-tion,Gram staining,physiological and biochemical characterisation,16S rDNA sequence analysis,and ERIC-PCR analysis.Strains displaying typical Lactobacilli characteristics were exanimated for their biological characteristics,resistance properties,adherence capacity in vitro,colonization abili-ty in vivo,and safety profile.In this study,a total of four strains of Lactobacillus reuteri were iso-lated from rabbits,all of which exhibited typical biological characteristics of LAB.These strains demonstrated inhibitory effects on common pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract,with the primary inhibitory substance being bacteriocin.Furthermore,they showed sensitivity to chlor-amphenicol,rifampicin,and erythromycin,and displayed a degree of tolerance to gastrointestinal conditions and high temperature.These stains were capable of successful colonization in rabbits with a higher degree of safety.This study lays a foundation for the development of LAB prepara-tions for the prevention and treatment of rabbit intestinal diseases.

AIM:To explore the mechanism by which Qingshen granules(QSG)intervene in the microRNA-4516(miR-4516)targeted regulation of the SIAH3/PINK1 axis,enhancing mitophagy and inhibiting renal fibrosis.METHODS:Male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:control,model,and QSG groups.The QSG aqueous solution was administered via gavage once daily,4 mL each time,for 8 consecutive weeks.Blood creatinine levels were measured in each group.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)and Masson staining were utilized to assess the degree of renal patholog-ical damage.Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of β-actin,PINK1,Parkin,SIAH3,VDAC1,Mfn1,Mfn2,OPA1,LC3B,and P62 proteins in renal tissue.RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expres-sion level of SIAH3 in rat kidney tissue,and transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe mitochondrial dam-age in renal tissue.QSG-containing serum and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)were used to induce an HK-2 cell fibrosis model.The cells were divided into the following groups:normal cell(NC)group,model cell(MC)group,MC+miR-4516 mimics group,MC+miR-4516 NC+QSG group,MC+miR-4516 mimics+QSG group,and MC+QSG group.Cell activity in each group was detected using the CCK-8 method,and Western blot analysis was performed to determine E-cad-herin and α-SMA protein expression levels.The regulation of SIAH3 by miR-4516 was verified using a dual luciferase re-porter assay.RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of miR-4516,SIAH3 mRNA,and PINK1.RESULTS:The results indicated that QSG intervention reduced fibrosis in rat renal tissue and HK-2 cells,decreased SIAH3 mRNA expression,increased PINK1 expression,and activated mitophagy in renal tissue.In vitro results confirmed that QSG can elevate miR-4516 expression,inhibit SIAH3 mRNA expression,promote PINK1 expression in HK-2 cells,and reduce the expression of the fibrosis marker protein α-SMA.CONCLUSION:In summary,this study preliminarily clarified the mechanism by which QSG intervention targets miR-4516 to regulate the SIAH3/PINK1 axis,thereby enhancing mitophagy and inhibiting renal fibrosis.