Allergic diseases exhibited the characteristics of latent concealment and dynamic transmutation， which highly align with the pathogenic features of "latency and transformative change" described in the theory of latent pathogens. Based on the "latent pathogens with transformative potential" theory， this paper systematically explored the mechanisms of occurrence， transmission， and outcome of allergic diseases. It proposed that the insufficiency of kidney essence is the root cause enabling pathogens to lurk internally， leading to disease onset due to deficient healthy qi and lurking pathogens； the dysfunction of sanjiao serves as the pathway for pathogen stagnation， driving multi-system transmission； the accumulation of phlegm， stasis， and toxins constitutes the predicament of a protracted course， ultimately resulting in intractable pathological entanglement. Accordingly， a tiered intervention strategy is formulated，i.e. during the latency period， treatment should tonify the kidney and replenish essence to consolidate the foundation and halt the tendency of pathogens to lurk internally； during the transmission period， treatment should regulate sanjiao to intercept disease transmission and curb multi-system proliferation； during the protracted period， treatment should purge phlegm and resolve stasis to eliminate stubborn lesions， and break the vicious cycle of chronic accumulation and damage.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory pathogens in China.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study, which encompassed 19 core units of the clinical pathogen network and established a three-tiered clinical pathogen surveillance system. Thirty respiratory samples were collected every two weeks from various units from January to December 2024, and the clinical and pathogen diagnostic information were gathered. A total of 11 864 samples were tested using this system. The tier-1 clinical pathogen surveillance system covered influenza A virus (Flu-A), influenza B virus (Flu-B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The tier-2 clinical pathogen surveillance system focused on 18 key respiratory pathogens. The tier-3 clinical pathogen surveillance system further clarified whether any emerging infectious diseases had occurred.Results:The tier-1 clinical pathogen surveillance system showed Flu-A predominated in December, Flu-B predominated in January, SARS-CoV-2 peaked in March and August, whereas RSV circulated sporadically throughout the year. Geographic trends were broadly consistent across the seven major regions, although Flu-A detection in December was notably higher in Northeast China (48.1%(111/231)) and East China (36.2%(148/409)), and RSV detection was concentrated in the Northwest and South China from January to March. Data from the tier-2 clinical pathogen surveillance system indicated that Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, rhinovirus, and adenovirus were detected year-round, of these, Streptococcus pneumoniae and rhinovirus showed elevated positive detection rates from August to September, while adenovirus peaked in January. Legionella pneumophila was not detected throughout the year, and other pathogens fluctuated throughout the year without a consistent pattern. The predominant etiologic agents of pediatric pneumonia were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (35.0%(105/300)), rhinovirus (25.7%(77/300)), and adenovirus (17.3%(52/300)), whereas adult pneumonia was mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.5%(29/277)), Staphylococcus aureus (6.9%(19/277)), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6.9%(19/277)), and Flu-A (6.1%(17/277)). The tier-3 clinical pathogen surveillance system did not identify any emerging respiratory pathogens. Conclusion:Respiratory pathogens in China in 2024 exhibit distinct temporal and spatial distribution patterns and vary among different populations.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory pathogens in China.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study, which encompassed 19 core units of the clinical pathogen network and established a three-tiered clinical pathogen surveillance system. Thirty respiratory samples were collected every two weeks from various units from January to December 2024, and the clinical and pathogen diagnostic information were gathered. A total of 11 864 samples were tested using this system. The tier-1 clinical pathogen surveillance system covered influenza A virus (Flu-A), influenza B virus (Flu-B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The tier-2 clinical pathogen surveillance system focused on 18 key respiratory pathogens. The tier-3 clinical pathogen surveillance system further clarified whether any emerging infectious diseases had occurred.Results:The tier-1 clinical pathogen surveillance system showed Flu-A predominated in December, Flu-B predominated in January, SARS-CoV-2 peaked in March and August, whereas RSV circulated sporadically throughout the year. Geographic trends were broadly consistent across the seven major regions, although Flu-A detection in December was notably higher in Northeast China (48.1%(111/231)) and East China (36.2%(148/409)), and RSV detection was concentrated in the Northwest and South China from January to March. Data from the tier-2 clinical pathogen surveillance system indicated that Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, rhinovirus, and adenovirus were detected year-round, of these, Streptococcus pneumoniae and rhinovirus showed elevated positive detection rates from August to September, while adenovirus peaked in January. Legionella pneumophila was not detected throughout the year, and other pathogens fluctuated throughout the year without a consistent pattern. The predominant etiologic agents of pediatric pneumonia were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (35.0%(105/300)), rhinovirus (25.7%(77/300)), and adenovirus (17.3%(52/300)), whereas adult pneumonia was mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.5%(29/277)), Staphylococcus aureus (6.9%(19/277)), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6.9%(19/277)), and Flu-A (6.1%(17/277)). The tier-3 clinical pathogen surveillance system did not identify any emerging respiratory pathogens. Conclusion:Respiratory pathogens in China in 2024 exhibit distinct temporal and spatial distribution patterns and vary among different populations.

Objective:To investigate the effects of dexmetomide intrathecal injection on the behavior and the spinal cord glial cells of rats with phantom limb pain.Methods:Eighteen healthy and clean adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups ( n=6): sham operation group, control group, and DEX group. The control group and the DEX group were used to establish the model of phantom limb pain by chronic constriction injury of the sciatica (CCI); and the sham operation group was treated with sham operations. One week after the establishment of the model, a single intrathecal injection was carried out. The sham operation group was treated with normal saline, and the control group was treated with DEX at a dose of 30 μg/kg. At the time points before the intrathecal injection (T1), and 30 min (T2), 12 h (T3), 2 d (T4), and 1 week (T5) after the intrathecal injection, the behavior, the bradykinin (BK) and histamine (HIS) contents in the blood of the rats at each time point were observed and recorded. One week later, three rats in each group were randomly selected according to random number table method and killed; and the changes of the glial cell activation in the spinal cords of the rats in each group were observed through immunohistochemical staining. Results:Compared with the sham operation group, the total moving distances were significantly reduced in the control group and the DEX group at T1 ( P<0.05). In the DEX group, the total moving distances of the rats at T2, T3, T4 and T5 were significantly higher than those at T1 ( P<0.05). The total moving distances and the counts of crossed squares in the DEX group increased with time. The time of movement at T2 and T5 were significantly higher than those of T1 ( P<0.05). Compared with T1, the BK and HIS values in the control group showed an increasing trend with time; and the BK and HIS values in the DEX group showed a decreasing trend. Compared with the sham operation group, the astrocytes and microglia increased significantly in the control group ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the count of astrocytes in the DEX group decreased significantly ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Dexmetomide intrathecal injection can improve the motor behavior of rats with phantom limb pain, inhibit the pain-causing factor and inflammatory factors, and decrease the activation of glial cells in the spinal cord to protect the nerves. Hence it is a new idea for the treatment of phantom limb pain.

Objective:To investigate the effects of dexmetomide intrathecal injection on the behavior and the spinal cord glial cells of rats with phantom limb pain.Methods:Eighteen healthy and clean adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups ( n=6): sham operation group, control group, and DEX group. The control group and the DEX group were used to establish the model of phantom limb pain by chronic constriction injury of the sciatica (CCI); and the sham operation group was treated with sham operations. One week after the establishment of the model, a single intrathecal injection was carried out. The sham operation group was treated with normal saline, and the control group was treated with DEX at a dose of 30 μg/kg. At the time points before the intrathecal injection (T1), and 30 min (T2), 12 h (T3), 2 d (T4), and 1 week (T5) after the intrathecal injection, the behavior, the bradykinin (BK) and histamine (HIS) contents in the blood of the rats at each time point were observed and recorded. One week later, three rats in each group were randomly selected according to random number table method and killed; and the changes of the glial cell activation in the spinal cords of the rats in each group were observed through immunohistochemical staining. Results:Compared with the sham operation group, the total moving distances were significantly reduced in the control group and the DEX group at T1 ( P<0.05). In the DEX group, the total moving distances of the rats at T2, T3, T4 and T5 were significantly higher than those at T1 ( P<0.05). The total moving distances and the counts of crossed squares in the DEX group increased with time. The time of movement at T2 and T5 were significantly higher than those of T1 ( P<0.05). Compared with T1, the BK and HIS values in the control group showed an increasing trend with time; and the BK and HIS values in the DEX group showed a decreasing trend. Compared with the sham operation group, the astrocytes and microglia increased significantly in the control group ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the count of astrocytes in the DEX group decreased significantly ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Dexmetomide intrathecal injection can improve the motor behavior of rats with phantom limb pain, inhibit the pain-causing factor and inflammatory factors, and decrease the activation of glial cells in the spinal cord to protect the nerves. Hence it is a new idea for the treatment of phantom limb pain.

Objective To analyze the effects of nursing intervention on the prevention of infection in the operation room of a certain Nansha reef hospital.Methods One hundred and seventy-six outpatients who received surgery from March 2016 to November 2017 in a certain Nansha reef hospital were randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group,each group consisting of 88 patients.The intervention group received interventions in environmental temperature and humidity control,patient education and other nursing measures,while the control group received routine nursing measures.Then,rates of infection and nursing satisfaction were compared between the patients of the 2 groups.Results There was only ease of infection in the intervention group (1.1％),which was significantly lower than 7 cases in the control group (8.0％).The rate of nursing satisfaction in the intervention group (94.3％) was significantly higher than that of the control group (69.3％),and statistical significance could be seen when comparisons were made between them (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Nursing intervention could effectively reduce the rate of infection in the outpatients undergoing surgery in the special climate environment in the Nansha reef hospital,and improve nursing satisfaction.For this reason,it is worth further clinical promotion.

Objective To analyze the effects of nursing intervention on the prevention of infection in the operation room of a certain Nansha reef hospital.Methods One hundred and seventy-six outpatients who received surgery from March 2016 to November 2017 in a certain Nansha reef hospital were randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group,each group consisting of 88 patients.The intervention group received interventions in environmental temperature and humidity control,patient education and other nursing measures,while the control group received routine nursing measures.Then,rates of infection and nursing satisfaction were compared between the patients of the 2 groups.Results There was only ease of infection in the intervention group (1.1％),which was significantly lower than 7 cases in the control group (8.0％).The rate of nursing satisfaction in the intervention group (94.3％) was significantly higher than that of the control group (69.3％),and statistical significance could be seen when comparisons were made between them (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Nursing intervention could effectively reduce the rate of infection in the outpatients undergoing surgery in the special climate environment in the Nansha reef hospital,and improve nursing satisfaction.For this reason,it is worth further clinical promotion.

Objective To compare the anesthetic effects of interscalene brachial plexus combined with ulnar nerve and axillary brachial plexus block guided by nerve stimulator. Methods Eighty patients belonging to ASA ⅠorⅡ and undergoing replantation of severed palm or wrist were divided randomly into 2 groups, Each group had 40 patients. Nerve stimulator guided nerve block. Patients in groupⅠreceived interscalene brachial plexus combined with ulnar nerve block, and those in groupⅡreceived axillary brachial plexus block. The onset time, hold time, tourniquet tolerance of radial nerve, median nerve and ulnar nerve of two groups was recorded. The phrenic nerve block, Horner′s syndrome and recurrent laryngeal nerve block was compared between two groups. Results The onset time of radial nerve, median nerve and ulnar nerve in group Ⅰwas (5.13 ± 0.76), (7.13 ± 1.04), (3.23 ± 0.62) min , in group Ⅱ was (9.23 ± 1.61), (12.35 ± 1.76), (8.83 ± 1.13) min, and there were significant differences (P<0.05). The excellent rates of sensory block of radial nerve, median nerve and ulnar nerve in group Ⅰ were 90.0%(36/40), 85.0%(34/40), 97.5%(39/40), in group Ⅱ were 72.5%(29/40), 65.0%(26/40), 70.0%(28/40), and there were significant differences (P<0.05). The full rates of motor block of radial nerve, median nerve and ulnar nerve in groupⅠwere 75.0%(30/40), 37.5%(27/40), 80.0%(32/40), in groupⅡ were 47.5%(19/40), 40.0%(16/40), 45.0%(18/40), and there were significant differences (P < 0.05). The tourniquet tolerance rate in group Ⅰwas significantly higher than that in groupⅡ:90.0%(36/40) vs. 62.5%(25/40) , P<0.05. In groupⅠ, phrenic nerve block occurred in 2 patients, and Horner syndrome occurred in 1 patient. None had laryngeal recurrent nerve block in both group. Conclusions The interscalene brachial plexus combined with ulnar nerve block guided by nerve stimulator is more suitable for a long time microsurgery of the palm or wrist, because it takes action faster, has better sensory and motor block effects, improves the rate of tourniquet tolerance without increasing untoward reaction.

Objective To evaluate the clinic effects of perioperative psychological intervention combined appropriate sedation by target-controlled infusion of midazolam during operation via symptom check List 90 (SCL-90) and observers assessment of alertness/sedation scale (OAA/S) in patients undergoing thumb or finger reconstruction.Methods Eighty patients undergoing thumb or finger reconstruction were randomly divided into group A,B,C,and D (n =20 cases per group).All patients were received brachial plexus block and spinal-epidural combined anesthesia.Patients in group A were given perioperative psychological intervention combined appropriate sedation by target-controlled infusion of midazolam during operation; patients in group B were received routine treatment; patients in group C were given perioperative psychological intervention; and patients in group D were sedated with midazolam during operation.The vital signs and the scores of OAA/S were observed during operation.The scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and SCL-90 were recorded after operation.Results The OAA/S grade in groups A and D were stability than that in groups B and C (P ＜ 0.05) ; the scores of VAS and the results of psychological status assessment by SCL-90 in group A were superior to groups B,C,and D (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Perioperative psychological intervention combined appropriate sedation in operation on thumb or finger reconstruction is a excellence anaesthesia processing method.It might have beneficial effects on postoperative recovery profile,and strengthen the tolerance to pain and improve the patient's psychological status during operative period.