Background Co-exposure to noise and microwave radiation occurs frequently. The central nervous system has been identified as a sensitive target organ for both noise and microwave exposure individually, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The specific biological effects resulting from co-exposure to these two factors have yet to be fully elucidated. Objective To clarify the effects of co-exposure to noise and microwave on neurobehavior and hippocampal tissue structure, and to explore the underlying mechanism through the assessment of serum cytokines. Methods C57BL/6N mice were selected and randomly assigned to a blank control group, a noise group, a microwave group, and a combined noise & microwave exposure group. To establish the exposure models, the noise group was subjected to broadband noise at 100 dB for 2 h, while the microwave group received radiation at a central frequency of 9.375 GHz with an average power density of 12 mW·cm⁻² and a specific absorption rate of 2.58 W·kg⁻¹ for 15 min. Open field and tail suspension tests assessed anxiety-like emotional behaviour; novel object recognition and Y-maze tests evaluated cognitive function. Histological changes in hippocampal tissue were examined using haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and Nissl staining under light microscopy. Serum cytokine levels were measured using radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results After 3 d of exposure, the noise, microwave, and combined exposure groups showed significant reductions in exploration frequency, duration, and distance within the central zone of the open field test compared to the control group (P < 0.01); the combined exposure group exhibited increased ratios of peripheral-to-central exploration time and distance (P < 0.05). After 7 d of exposure, compared with the control group, the noise group maintained a decrease in central zone exploration time (P < 0.01), while the combined exposure group showed persistent decline across all central zone metrics (P < 0.05) and elevated peripheral-to-central ratios (P < 0.05); compared to the microwave group, the combined exposure group showed significant less time in the central zone (P < 0.05) and higher peripheral-to-central ratios (P < 0.05). Regarding behaviour and cognition, compared with the control group, the combined exposure group showed increased immobility time in the tail suspension test after 3 d of exposure (P < 0.01). At this interval, all exposure groups demonstrated reduced frequency and duration of novel object recognition (P < 0.05), with the combined exposure group showing a marked decrease in novel arm exploration time (P < 0.01). After 7 d of exposure, compared with the control group, the noise group showed reduced novel object recognition frequency (P < 0.05), and both the noise and microwave groups exhibited decreased novel arm exploration time (P < 0.05). Pathological alterations including an increased number of hyperchromatic nuclei and depleted Nissl bodies were observed in the CA3 and DG regions across all exposure groups with the most severe lesions observed in the combined exposure group. Serum levels of central nervous system-specific protein β (S-100β), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and corticosterone (CORT) were significantly elevated in all exposure groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) levels increased in the combined exposure group (P < 0.05), while CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) levels rose in both the noise and combined groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Specifically, S-100β and CXCL10 levels in the combined exposure group were higher than those in the microwave group (P < 0.05); moreover, levels of S-100β, GFAP, CORT, AQP4, and CXCL10 in the combined exposure group were significantly higher than those in the noise group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Combined exposure to noise and microwave radiation induces pathological changes in the hippocampus of mice, increases levels of serum stress hormones and neuro-specific biomarkers. These impairments are more severe than those observed following single-factor exposure. The underlaying mechanism may be related to systemic stress response, neuronal damage, astrocyte activation, and changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, leading to emotional behavioral abnormalities and cognitive decline.

Objective: To investigate the associations of sleep quality and weight stigma with depressive mood among college students, so as to provide evidence for mental health promotion in higher education institutions. Methods: From September to November 2024, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to survey 4 524 undergraduate students from the first to third year in comprehensive universities across various cities in Inner Mongolia. The χ 2 test was used to compare the detection rates of poor sleep quality, experiences of weight stigma, and depressive mood among students with different characteristics, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the independent and combined associations between sleep quality, the number of types of weight stigma experienced, and depressive mood. Results: Among students, the detection rate of poor sleep quality was 21.60%; those with experiences of weight stigma had a detection rate of 11.52%; those with depressive mood had a detection rate of 9.46%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with those who had good sleep quality, individuals with poor sleep quality were more likely to experience depressive mood [ OR (95% CI )=2.99(2.41- 3.71 )]; compared with those who had no experience of weight stigma, individuals who experienced ≥2 types of weight stigma were more likely to experience depressive mood [ OR (95% CI )=4.51(2.82-7.22)] (both P <0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis, with "good sleep quality and no weight stigma experience" as the reference group, showed that all other joint groups had a higher likelihood of developing depressive mood, with the highest likelihood observed among students who had poor sleep quality and had experienced ≥2 types of weight stigma [ OR (95% CI )=14.21(6.95-29.06), P <0.01]. Conclusions Poor sleep quality and a greater number of weight stigma types are both associated with depressive mood among college students. Mental health programs in higher education institutions should simultaneously address students sleep problems and weight related adverse experiences, and implement comprehensive interventions.

Objective:To understand the molecular evolutionary characteristics of the recombinant strain GII.3[P12] of norovirus acute gastroenteritis outbreaks and aggregated outbreaks in China from 2022 to 2023.Methods:Epidemiological information, case information, clinical samples, as well as detection and genotyping information of norovirus outbreaks and aggregated outbreaks from 2022 to 2023 were collected; positive samples of the GII.3[P12] recombinant strain were subjected to nucleic acid extraction, whole-genome amplification, and sequence analysis; and homology simulation method were used to construct a three-dimensional structure and predict antigenic epitopes.Results:From January 2022 to December 2023, a total of 1 136 norovirus outbreaks and aggregated outbreaks were reported in China′s norovirus outbreak surveillance network, and genotyping result were successfully obtained for 942 outbreaks, with GII dominating, accounting for 76.0% (716/942), and the proportion of GI and mixed genotypes being 15.8% (149/942) and 8.2% (77/942). Norovirus outbreaks caused by GII were dominated by GII.3[P12] (22.5%, 161/716), while other major genotypes included GII.17[P17] (18.7%, 134/716), GII.4_Sydney 2012[P16] (11.6%, 83/716) and GII.6[P7] ( 11.3%, 81/716). 2022-2023 Outbreaks caused by GII.3[P12] were concentrated in February-March (54.0%, 87/161), with the main outbreaks occurring in nursery and primary schools (87.5%), the mode of transmission was mainly human-to-human (68.9%), and the main susceptible population was children aged 3-7 years (93.3%). In this study, the genome sequences of 25 GII.3[P12] recombinant strains were obtained, and according to the phylogenetic analysis, it was shown that the GII.3[P12] recombinant strains in China in 2022-2023 belonged to the Cluster IV cluster of sublineage b (7 strains) and sublineage c (18 strains). A total of 11 linear and 8 conformational epitopes were predicted by epitope prediction analysis, and the predicted linear and conformational epitopes had overlapping positions, and each conformational epitope was part of the predicted linear epitope with conserved potential antigen-binding and receptor-binding sites.Conclusions:The recombinant strain GII.3[P12] is one of the epidemic strains that will cause outbreaks and clusters of norovirus in China in 2022-2023, and its genome did not undergo significant mutation.

Objective:To analyze the changes in the prevalence characteristics of multimorbidity among adolescents aged 13-18 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2019 to 2022 and to explore the association between multimorbidity and moderate to high-intensity physical activity among them.Methods:A stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select students aged 13-18 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region every September from 2019 to 2022. Physical examinations, demographic characteristics, and depression-related surveys were conducted to analyze the multimorbidity of overweight, obesity, high blood pressure, myopia, spinal curvature abnormality, and depression. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between multimorbidity and moderate to high-intensity physical activity.Results:From 2019 to 2022, 70 972, 62 923, 80 254, and 78 288 study subjects were included, with the rates of multimorbidity being 56.4%, 55.4%, 57.2%, and 55.8%, respectively. The rates of multimorbidity remained relatively stable from 2019 to 2022 ( χ2=0.06, P=0.950). The incidence of multimorbidity among girls was significantly higher than that among boys ( P<0.001). The incidence of multimorbidity among urban students was significantly higher than that among suburban students ( P<0.001). The incidence of multimorbidity among high school students was higher than that among middle school students ( P<0.001). The top three multimorbidity combinations were myopia and overweight/obesity (26.4%), myopia and high blood pressure (24.4%), and myopia and depression (19.8%), while the least common combination was depression and spinal curvature abnormality (1.1%). The multimorbidity patterns showed no significant differences between years ( χ2=0.03, P=0.999). The multimorbidity status was significantly associated with the status of meeting the standard of moderate to high-intensity physical activity ( OR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.80-0.86). The association was stronger in boys ( OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.73-0.81) compared with girls ( OR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.85-0.96), with a significant interaction term ( P<0.001). Conclusion:From 2019 to 2022, the incidence of multimorbidity among adolescents aged 13 to 18 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is relatively high, mainly due to the co-occurrence of myopia and other health problems. Adequate physical activity is an important factor in reducing multimorbidity.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity among children and adolescents aged 6-18 in Inner Mongolia and explore the related factors of these two health problems.Methods:In September 2022, a stratified random cluster sampling method was employed to select 188 635 children and adolescents aged 6-18 in Inner Mongolia for physical examinations and questionnaire surveys. Data on height, weight, as well as dietary behavior, physical activity, classroom environment, academic tasks, writing posture, and screen behavior were collected. The epidemiological characteristics of wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity were analyzed. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors associated with wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity.Results:A total of 188 635 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years participated in this study, including 95 393 boys (50.6%) with an average age of (11.53±3.32) years. The detection rate of wasting was 3.79%, with a higher detection rate in boys (4.18%) than in girls (3.38%) ( P<0.001). The detection rate of spinal curvature abnormalities was 3.64%, with a higher detection rate in girls (4.04%) than in boys (3.25%) ( P<0.001). The detection rate of multimorbidity between wasting and spinal curvature abnormalities was 0.17%, and there was no statistically significant difference between genders ( P>0.05). The detection rates of wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities, and multimorbidity all increased with age ( P t<0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for gender, age, urban/rural status, and school grade, compared to children and adolescents who exercised ≥1 hour of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for at least 5 days per week and had daily screen time <2 hours, those who exercised <5 days per week ( OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.19-1.37) and had daily screen time ≥2 hours ( OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.03-1.19) had a higher risk of wasting. Compared to children and adolescents who had ≥5 physical education (PE) classes per week, adjusted desk and chair height,<1 hour of after-school study/writing time, and whose parents or teachers rarely or never reminded them about posture, those with <5 PE classes per week ( OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.02-1.21), unadjusted desk and chair height ( OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.15),≥1 hour of after-school study/writing time ( OR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.07-1.24), frequent reminders from parents ( OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.09-1.23), and frequent reminders from teachers ( OR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16) had a higher risk of spinal curvature abnormalities. Compared to children and adolescents who did not consume sugary drinks daily, exercised ≥1 hour of MVPA for at least 5 days per week, and whose teachers rarely or never reminded them about posture, those who consumed sugary drinks daily ( OR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.00-2.46), exercised <5 days per week ( OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.01-1.79), and had teachers who frequently reminded them about posture ( OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.05-1.75) had a higher risk of multimorbidity between wasting and spinal curvature abnormalities. Conclusion:The detection rates of wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity among children and adolescents aged 6-18 in Inner Mongolia are generally low, with an increasing trend observed with age. Both lifestyle and school environmental factors are associated with wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity.

Objective:To examine the near-complete genomic analysis of norovirus (NoV) subtype GⅡ.17 [P17] outbreaks in Beijing Chaoyang District from 2014 to 2024.Methods:Data and specimens related to outbreaks of the NoV aggregation in Beijing′s Chaoyang District from 2014 to 2024 were collected. The NoV was identified using real-time fluorescence reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Specimens with positive nucleic acid were amplified by standard PCR, whole genome sequencing and evolutionary analysis. Amino acid site variations were compared.Results:In Chaoyang District, from 2014 to 2024, a total of 637 aggregated outbreaks caused by the NoV infection were reported, of which 584 were successfully typed. The epidemic caused by the GⅡ.17 [P17] subtype accounted for 8.79% (56/637), which was the dominant epidemic gene subtype in 2014-2015, sporadic in 2016-2019, reappeared in 2022, and significantly increased in 2024 (27.27%, 24/88). Outbreaks caused by the GⅡ.17 [P17] subtype occurred mainly from October to December, with the main sites of occurrence in primary schools and kindergartens. This study yielded 53 near-complete genome sequences of the GⅡ.17 [P17] subtype from 46 incidents in Chaoyang District. The GⅡ.17 [P17] subtype sequences of Chaoyang District from 2014 to 2024 were segmented into three subgroups on the evolutionary tree, with sequences from 2014 to 2019, 2022 to April 2024, and May to December 2024 clustered into the d, e, and b subgroups, respectively. In the VP1 region′s P2 area, particularly at the HBGA binding site, subgroups b and e exhibited mutations in 22 and two sites, while subgroups b and e showed mutations in four and one sites, predominantly in the RdRp region.Conclusion:The outbreak caused by the NoV GⅡ.17 [P17] subtype in Chaoyang District from 2014 to 2024 continues, with a significant increase in 2024, and it becomes the dominant gene subtype from October to December. The sequence formation of the NoV GⅡ.17 [P17] subtype in Chaoyang District from January to April 2022 and from May to December 2024 shows two different evolutions, with specific mutation sites, requiring continuous monitoring of the NoV GⅡ.17 [P17] subtype.

Objective:To analyze the changes in the phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza virus A(H3N2) [A(H3N2)] during the 2022-2024 influenza seasons in Beijing.Methods:The data of influenza-like cases and A(H3N2) strains from 17 network laboratories and their corresponding sentinel hospitals were collected during the 2022-2024 influenza seasons. The HA genes were amplified and sequenced after extracting nucleic acids of the chosen virus strains. BioEdit, the nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity were conducted, and the maximum likelihood method in MEGA 5.0 software was used to construct the phylogenetic tree of HA genes. Web Logo displayed the amino acid mutation, and the N-glycosylation sites of HA online were analyzed using the NetNGlyc1.0 Server online. The Datamonkey platform was utilized to analyze the positive selection pressure sites of the HA protein.Results:The 2022-2024 influenza season includes 2022-2023 and 2023-2024. During the influenza seasons of 2022-2024, the positive rates of A(H3N2) nucleic acid were 10.35% (2 127/20 543) and 10.47% (4 386/41 876), respectively. In the 2022-2023 influenza season, there were two peaks in the A(H3N2). The comparison of HA genes between all A(H3N2) strains studied with the 2022-2024 vaccine strain (A/Darwin/9/2021) revealed that all of the strains studied have the two amino acid mutations involving 186 and 225 receptor binding sites. There were 31 amino acid substitutions in the 2022-2023 influenza season, of which 18 variant sites involved antigenic determinants. There were 35 amino acid mutations during the 2023-2024 influenza season, of which 14 were related to antigenic determinants. There were changes in the genetic evolutionary subclades of A(H3N2) strains in two influenza seasons: from 2022 to 2023, three evolutionary subclades were co-prevalent together, with the 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1 accounting for 76.67% (23/30), the 3C.2a1b.2a.1a accounting for 20.00% (6/30), the 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1 accounting for 3.33% (1/30); from 2023 to 2024, two subclades were prevalent, with 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1 accounting for 95.12% (39/41) and 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1 accounting for 4.88% (2/41). The glycosylation site changes of the HA protein of A(H3N2) have been enhanced from 2023 to 2024. The 145 amino acid position of the HA protein of the A(H3N2) was the positive selection site for stress selection site analysis.Conclusions:The evolutionary subclades of the HA gene of A(H3N2) in Beijing showed changes from 2022 to 2024, and the glycosylation site polymorphism of the HA protein of A(H3N2) significantly increased from 2023 to 2024. Continuous monitoring of HA mutations in the A(H3N2) is crucial, providing a basis for developing influenza prevention and control strategies, as well as new strategic support for screening influenza vaccine components, vaccine design, and discovery of drug targets.

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of 13 common respiratory pathogens in children in Zibo area from 2020 to 2022.Methods A total of 3091 hospitalized children with respiratory infections admitted to Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were selected as the subjects.Throat swabs or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were collected from the patients,and 13 common respiratory pathogens were tested to analyze the distribution differences among different genders,ages,and seasons.Results Among 3091 pediatric patients,1794 were found to be infected with pathogens.The top three pathogens were Mycoplasma pneumoniae,rhinovirus,and respiratory syncytial virus(RSV).The single infection rate was 47.75％,while the mixed infection rate was 10.28％,with the most common scenario being a mixed infection of two pathogens.There were statistically significant differences in the pathogen profiles across different age groups(P＜0.001):infants had the highest detection rate of RSV,young children were primarily infected with rhinovirus,preschool and school-age children were predominantly infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Seasonal distribution showed that the highest positive rate was in autumn,while the lowest was in spring(P＜0.05).In spring,the main pathogens were rhinovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae;in summer,they were rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus;in autumn,they were Mycoplasma pneumoniae and RSV;and in winter,the detection rates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and influenza B virus were higher.Conclusion From 2020 to 2022,Mycoplasma pneumoniae,rhinovirus and RSV were the main pathogens of children's respiratory tract infection in Zibo area,and there were significant differences in the distribution of pathogens among different ages and seasons.

Objective:To analyze the gene mutations of 18 patients with plasminogen (PLG) deficiency and to explore the clinical manifestations caused by PLG gene mutations.Methods:This study belongs to observational study-descriptive study: case series.Clinical data from 18 patients with PLG deficiency admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 1st, 2021 to May 31st, 2025 were collected. The age ranged from 16 to 70 years old, with an average of 48 years old. Among them, there were 10 males and 8 females. Anticoagulant blood samples were taken before treatment to measure and analyze plasminogen activity (PLG:A), plasminogen antigen (PLG:Ag), protein C activity, protein S activity, fibrinogen, antithrombin activity, D-dimer, and fibrin (fibrinogen) degradation products. PCR direct sequencing was used to analyze the 19 exons and flanking sequences of the PLG gene in these patients, and reverse sequencing was employed to verify the suspected mutations.Results:For the 18 patients, cranial MRI showed fresh cerebral infarction lesions, and PLG:A levels ranged from 19% to 67%, while no other lab indicators showed significant abnormalities, all presenting with dysplasminogenemia. Genetic analysis revealed five types of PLG gene mutations: c.1858G>A (p.Ala620Thr) heterozygous mutation, c.1858G>A (p.Ala620Thr) homozygous mutation, c.398A>G (p.His133Arg) heterozygous mutation, c.2108G>A (p.Gly703Asp) heterozygous mutation, and c.1702G>A (p.Gly568Arg) heterozygous mutation. Among the above, the c.1858G>A heterozygous mutation was the most common, and c.398A>G and c.1702G>A were identified for the first time.Conclusion:Patients with plasminogen deficiency caused by PLG gene defects are prone to occur cerebral infarction events, which may be related to impaired fibrinolytic function due to PLG gene mutations.

Objective To investigate the effects of long-term radiofrequency(RF)radiation at 2.65 GHz on behavior,inflammatory response,and intestinal microecology in mice in order to provide a basis for the safety assessment of long-term RF exposure.Methods One hundred and eight male C57BL/6N mice(17～21 g,6～8 weeks old)were randomly assigned to a control group(Con)and a RF exposure group.The mice of the RF exposure group were subjected to whole-body uniform exposure to 2.65 GHz RF radiation in an electromagnetic reverberation chamber for 3 h/day for 28 consecutive days.RF field distribution and changes in core body temperature were monitored using an electromagnetic radiation analyzer and a fiber-optic temperature probe,respectively.Cognitive function was assessed using the Y-maze and novel object recognition(NOR)test.Anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated through open field test(OFT)and elevated plus maze(EPM),while depressive-like behaviors were examined with sucrose preference test(SPT)and tail suspension test(TST).HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in mouse tissues.Radioimmunoassay(RIA)was employed to detect the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines,TNF-α and IL-1 β,as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines,IL-4 and IL-10 in the serum,brain,jejunum,and spleen samples.Additionally,metagenomic sequencing was performed to assess alterations in the gut microbiota composition.Results Long-term RF radiation led to a maximal increase of 0.59℃in the core body temperature,but had no significant effects on cognitive function,anxiety-like behaviors,or depressive-like behaviors,or apparent damage of the hippocampal or jejunal tissues in the exposed mice.However,RF exposure significantly up-regulated the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in serum(P<0.05),and did not significantly alter the concentrations of other cytokines(IL-1β,IL-4,IL-10),caused significant decrease in α-diversity of the intestinal microbiota(P<0.01),with reduced relative abundances of Ligilactobacillus murinus and Acetatifactor muris(P<0.05),while elevated abundances of Lachnospiraceae bacterium(P<0.01).Conclusion Long-term exposure to 2.65 GHz RF radiation induces systemic inflammatory responses and disrupts gut microbiota homeostasis in mice.