Background Co-exposure to noise and microwave radiation occurs frequently. The central nervous system has been identified as a sensitive target organ for both noise and microwave exposure individually, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The specific biological effects resulting from co-exposure to these two factors have yet to be fully elucidated. Objective To clarify the effects of co-exposure to noise and microwave on neurobehavior and hippocampal tissue structure, and to explore the underlying mechanism through the assessment of serum cytokines. Methods C57BL/6N mice were selected and randomly assigned to a blank control group, a noise group, a microwave group, and a combined noise & microwave exposure group. To establish the exposure models, the noise group was subjected to broadband noise at 100 dB for 2 h, while the microwave group received radiation at a central frequency of 9.375 GHz with an average power density of 12 mW·cm⁻² and a specific absorption rate of 2.58 W·kg⁻¹ for 15 min. Open field and tail suspension tests assessed anxiety-like emotional behaviour; novel object recognition and Y-maze tests evaluated cognitive function. Histological changes in hippocampal tissue were examined using haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and Nissl staining under light microscopy. Serum cytokine levels were measured using radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results After 3 d of exposure, the noise, microwave, and combined exposure groups showed significant reductions in exploration frequency, duration, and distance within the central zone of the open field test compared to the control group (P < 0.01); the combined exposure group exhibited increased ratios of peripheral-to-central exploration time and distance (P < 0.05). After 7 d of exposure, compared with the control group, the noise group maintained a decrease in central zone exploration time (P < 0.01), while the combined exposure group showed persistent decline across all central zone metrics (P < 0.05) and elevated peripheral-to-central ratios (P < 0.05); compared to the microwave group, the combined exposure group showed significant less time in the central zone (P < 0.05) and higher peripheral-to-central ratios (P < 0.05). Regarding behaviour and cognition, compared with the control group, the combined exposure group showed increased immobility time in the tail suspension test after 3 d of exposure (P < 0.01). At this interval, all exposure groups demonstrated reduced frequency and duration of novel object recognition (P < 0.05), with the combined exposure group showing a marked decrease in novel arm exploration time (P < 0.01). After 7 d of exposure, compared with the control group, the noise group showed reduced novel object recognition frequency (P < 0.05), and both the noise and microwave groups exhibited decreased novel arm exploration time (P < 0.05). Pathological alterations including an increased number of hyperchromatic nuclei and depleted Nissl bodies were observed in the CA3 and DG regions across all exposure groups with the most severe lesions observed in the combined exposure group. Serum levels of central nervous system-specific protein β (S-100β), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and corticosterone (CORT) were significantly elevated in all exposure groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) levels increased in the combined exposure group (P < 0.05), while CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) levels rose in both the noise and combined groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Specifically, S-100β and CXCL10 levels in the combined exposure group were higher than those in the microwave group (P < 0.05); moreover, levels of S-100β, GFAP, CORT, AQP4, and CXCL10 in the combined exposure group were significantly higher than those in the noise group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Combined exposure to noise and microwave radiation induces pathological changes in the hippocampus of mice, increases levels of serum stress hormones and neuro-specific biomarkers. These impairments are more severe than those observed following single-factor exposure. The underlaying mechanism may be related to systemic stress response, neuronal damage, astrocyte activation, and changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, leading to emotional behavioral abnormalities and cognitive decline.

This study identified six novel azaphilones, isochromophilones G-L (1-6), and three novel biosynthetically related congeners (7-9) from Diaporthe sp. SCSIO 41011. The structures and absolute configurations were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses combined with experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Significantly, three highly oxygenated azaphilones contain an acetyl group at the terminal chain (4) or linear conjugated polyenoid moieties (5 and 6), which occur infrequently in the azaphilone family. Additionally, several compounds demonstrated inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages at 20 μmol·L^-1. The novel compound (1) effectively inhibited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation without exhibiting cytotoxicity in bone marrow and RAW 264.7 macrophages, indicating its potential as a promising lead compound for osteolytic disease treatment. This research presents the first documented evidence of azaphilone derivatives as inhibitors of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.
Animals ; Mice ; RANK Ligand/genetics* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Osteoclasts/metabolism* ; Benzopyrans/isolation & purification* ; Osteogenesis/drug effects* ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; Molecular Structure ; Pigments, Biological/isolation & purification* ; Ascomycota/chemistry* ; NF-kappa B/genetics* ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects*

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever outbreaks in schools from Guangzhou in 2024, so as to provide a reference for formulating targeted prevention and control policies and measures. Methods: By using the National Infectious Disease Surveillance Information Reporting Management System to obtain information on dengue fever cases in Guangzhou from January 1st to December 31st, 2024. Descriptive data analysis was conducted on the temporal distribution, regional distribution, and school distribution of dengue fever outbreaks in schools. A mediation effect model was used to analyze the mediating effect of the time between onset and reporting between the type of school and the occurrence of recurrent cases. Results: In 2024,12.41% (385 cases) of dengue fever cases in Guangzhou involved schools, with 300 schools affected. Among these, 16 schools (5.33%) reported cluster outbreaks, and 24 schools (8.00%) reported secondary cases. The first dengue case at the school was reported at 26 July and the last case was reported at 4 December, the peak reporting period for cases was October 7 to November 3. The incidence of secondary cases in schools in central urban areas (5.19%) was lower than that in suburban schools ( 17.39 %), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=9.15, P <0.01). The time from onset to reporting partially mediated the relationship between school type and the occurrence of recurrent cases ( β=0.23, P <0.05), accounting for 21.50% of the total effect. Conclusions Dengue fever is a key infectious disease facing schools in Guangzhou during summer and autumn. Surveillance of dengue fever outbreaks in schools should be strengthened during the peak season to reduce the risk of cluster outbreaks and the occurrence of secondary cases.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity among children and adolescents aged 6-18 in Inner Mongolia and explore the related factors of these two health problems.Methods:In September 2022, a stratified random cluster sampling method was employed to select 188 635 children and adolescents aged 6-18 in Inner Mongolia for physical examinations and questionnaire surveys. Data on height, weight, as well as dietary behavior, physical activity, classroom environment, academic tasks, writing posture, and screen behavior were collected. The epidemiological characteristics of wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity were analyzed. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors associated with wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity.Results:A total of 188 635 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years participated in this study, including 95 393 boys (50.6%) with an average age of (11.53±3.32) years. The detection rate of wasting was 3.79%, with a higher detection rate in boys (4.18%) than in girls (3.38%) ( P<0.001). The detection rate of spinal curvature abnormalities was 3.64%, with a higher detection rate in girls (4.04%) than in boys (3.25%) ( P<0.001). The detection rate of multimorbidity between wasting and spinal curvature abnormalities was 0.17%, and there was no statistically significant difference between genders ( P>0.05). The detection rates of wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities, and multimorbidity all increased with age ( P t<0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for gender, age, urban/rural status, and school grade, compared to children and adolescents who exercised ≥1 hour of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for at least 5 days per week and had daily screen time <2 hours, those who exercised <5 days per week ( OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.19-1.37) and had daily screen time ≥2 hours ( OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.03-1.19) had a higher risk of wasting. Compared to children and adolescents who had ≥5 physical education (PE) classes per week, adjusted desk and chair height,<1 hour of after-school study/writing time, and whose parents or teachers rarely or never reminded them about posture, those with <5 PE classes per week ( OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.02-1.21), unadjusted desk and chair height ( OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.15),≥1 hour of after-school study/writing time ( OR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.07-1.24), frequent reminders from parents ( OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.09-1.23), and frequent reminders from teachers ( OR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16) had a higher risk of spinal curvature abnormalities. Compared to children and adolescents who did not consume sugary drinks daily, exercised ≥1 hour of MVPA for at least 5 days per week, and whose teachers rarely or never reminded them about posture, those who consumed sugary drinks daily ( OR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.00-2.46), exercised <5 days per week ( OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.01-1.79), and had teachers who frequently reminded them about posture ( OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.05-1.75) had a higher risk of multimorbidity between wasting and spinal curvature abnormalities. Conclusion:The detection rates of wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity among children and adolescents aged 6-18 in Inner Mongolia are generally low, with an increasing trend observed with age. Both lifestyle and school environmental factors are associated with wasting, spinal curvature abnormalities and multimorbidity.

Objective:To analyze the causal relationship between type 2 diabetes and lumbar bone mineral density and spinal fractures and to further explore the impact of central obesity on the diabetic bone paradox.Methods:A Mendelian randomization (MR) study was implemented. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with type 2 diabetes were selected from the data of genome-wide association studies as instrumental variables, with lumbar bone density and spinal fractures as the outcome variables. The inverse variance weighting method, weighted median method, and MR-Egger regression were applied to identify a causal relationship between type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis at the genetic level. Additionally, to analyze the impact of central obesity in the diabetic bone paradox, the waist-to-hip ratio was introduced as a new exposure variable, with type 2 diabetes and lumbar bone density as outcome variables, and the MR method was applied again to uncover the influencing factors.Results:The screening criteria were based on the three main assumptions of MR. Finally, 62 SNPs for type 2 diabetes and 241 SNPs for waist-to-hip ratio were included in the MR analysis. Using inverse variance weighting as the primary analysis, the causal association effect analysis indicated a causal relationship between type 2 diabetes and increased lumbar bone density ( OR=1.047 6, P=0.007) and spinal fractures ( OR=1.000 9, P=0.014). A causal relationship between waist-to-hip ratio and type 2 diabetes ( OR=1.638 6, P<0.001) was identified, indicating that the waist-to-hip ratio was a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and may have a causal association with increased lumbar bone density ( OR=1.096 3, P=0.044). This suggests that the waist-to-hip ratio may indirectly affect the relationship between diabetes and osteoporosis. The MR-Egger intercept test showed no horizontal pleiotropy in this study. The leave-one-out analysis indicated that no single SNP had a significant impact on the overall results. Furthermore, the MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test results did not detect any outlier SNPs. Conclusion:MR analysis identified a causal relationship between type 2 diabetes and increased lumbar bone density as well as a higher risk of spinal fractures, a paradox that may be related to central obesity.

Objective:To analyze the gene mutations of 18 patients with plasminogen (PLG) deficiency and to explore the clinical manifestations caused by PLG gene mutations.Methods:This study belongs to observational study-descriptive study: case series.Clinical data from 18 patients with PLG deficiency admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 1st, 2021 to May 31st, 2025 were collected. The age ranged from 16 to 70 years old, with an average of 48 years old. Among them, there were 10 males and 8 females. Anticoagulant blood samples were taken before treatment to measure and analyze plasminogen activity (PLG:A), plasminogen antigen (PLG:Ag), protein C activity, protein S activity, fibrinogen, antithrombin activity, D-dimer, and fibrin (fibrinogen) degradation products. PCR direct sequencing was used to analyze the 19 exons and flanking sequences of the PLG gene in these patients, and reverse sequencing was employed to verify the suspected mutations.Results:For the 18 patients, cranial MRI showed fresh cerebral infarction lesions, and PLG:A levels ranged from 19% to 67%, while no other lab indicators showed significant abnormalities, all presenting with dysplasminogenemia. Genetic analysis revealed five types of PLG gene mutations: c.1858G>A (p.Ala620Thr) heterozygous mutation, c.1858G>A (p.Ala620Thr) homozygous mutation, c.398A>G (p.His133Arg) heterozygous mutation, c.2108G>A (p.Gly703Asp) heterozygous mutation, and c.1702G>A (p.Gly568Arg) heterozygous mutation. Among the above, the c.1858G>A heterozygous mutation was the most common, and c.398A>G and c.1702G>A were identified for the first time.Conclusion:Patients with plasminogen deficiency caused by PLG gene defects are prone to occur cerebral infarction events, which may be related to impaired fibrinolytic function due to PLG gene mutations.

Objective:To investigate the molecular pathogenic mechanism of venous thrombosis caused by heterozygous missense mutations in two protein C (PROC) genes through laboratory phenotype analysis, genetic mutation analysis, and in vitro expression experiments.Methods:Two probands presented with venous thromboembolism at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. Clinical data and blood samples were collected from the probands and their family members to evaluate the plasma protein C (PC) activity (PC∶A), PC antigen (PC∶Ag) levels, and other relevant coagulation parameters. The anticoagulant capacity was assessed using the thrombin generation test (TGT). The mutation sites of the PROC gene were identified using direct DNA sequencing. Bioinformatics software was used to analyze the conservation and pathogenicity of the mutated gene. PyMOL software was used for the analysis of the protein three-dimensional models and interactions between mutated amino acids. Wild-type and two mutant expression vectors were constructed and HEK293T cells were transiently transfected. Total cellular RNA was extracted from positively transfected cells to investigate the transcriptional levels of the mutant PROC gene. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, and cellular immunofluorescence assays were used to investigate the translation levels of the mutant PROC protein.Results:Probands 1 and 2 exhibited PC∶A levels of 35% and 40% and PC∶Ag levels of 44% and 39%, with increasing D-dimer levels to 4.42 mg/L and 0.83 mg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, other coagulation parameters revealed no significant abnormalities. TGT demonstrated impaired anticoagulant function in both proband witnesses and their familial PC carriers. Sequencing analysis revealed heterozygous missense mutations c. 833T>C (p. Leu278Pro) in proband 1 and c. 1330T>C (p. Trp444Arg) in proband 2 within exon 9 of the PROC gene. Conservation analysis revealed that Leu278 and Trp444 were highly conserved across homologous species. Pathogenicity analysis indicated that both p. Leu278Pro and p. Trp444Arg mutations are deleterious. Protein modeling analysis demonstrated that both mutations induce structural alterations in the protein. In vitro expression experiments revealed that compared with the wild-type, both p. Leu278Pro and p. Trp444Arg mutations showed no significant differences in the mRNA expression level of the PC protein. However, both mutations caused significantly lower PC∶Ag content and protein expression levels in the cell culture supernatant compared with the wild-type, whereas higher levels were observed in the cell culture lysate. This indicates the association of both mutations with the secretion function of the PC protein.Conclusion:The heterozygous missense mutations p. Leu278Pro and p. Trp444Arg in exon 9 of the PROC gene in both probands are associated with decreased PC levels.

Objective:To assess the application effects of an energy-restricted diet combined with high-protein, high-dietary-fiber meal replacement powder and probiotics in overweight/obese adults.Methods:It was a randomized controlled trial. A consecutive sample of 150 overweight/obese adults who underwent physical examinations at the Health Care Center of the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University between November 2021 and March 2022. The participants were randomly assigned into the combined group, the high-protein group, and the common group (50 participants per group) using a random number table method. All three groups of subjects received weight loss health education, energy-restricted diet, and interventions with meal replacement powder and probiotics (or probiotic placebo). The combined group was given high-protein and high-dietary fiber meal replacement powder and probiotics. The high-protein group was given high-protein meal replacement powder and probiotic placebo. The common group was given ordinary meal replacement powder and probiotic placebo. The meal replacement powder was packaged in 35 g per bag, with main components of varying amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and trace elements. Both the probiotic powder and the probiotic placebo came in 2 g sachets. The primary components of probiotic powder were various Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and excipients, while the main component of probiotic placebo was excipients. The meal replacement powder and the probiotic powder or probiotic placebo were taken twice a day for a total of 12 weeks, one sachet of each time, followed by a 4-week follow-up. The body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, abdominal circumference and hip circumference were measured before the trial (week 0) and at the end of weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. The change rates of each indicator were calculated. Biochemical indicators, trace elements, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured at the end of week 0, 4, 8, and 12. A product evaluation questionnaire was conducted at the end of week 12. A total of 19 cases dropped out due to various reasons. Finally, 46 cases in the combined group, 42 cases in the high-protein group, and 43 cases in the common group were included in the analysis. Paired-samples t test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, one-way analysis of variance, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the differences in weight-loss and maintenance effects, safety and patient acceptance among the three intervention groups, and to analyze the application effect of the energy-restricted diet combined with high-protein and high-dietary fiber meal replacement powder plus probiotics in overweight/obese adults. Results:Among the 131 overweight/obese adults included in the analysis, there were 57 males and 74 females, with a mean age of (37.30±8.33) years. By the end of the week 12, the body mass index [26.87(25.77, 30.38) vs 29.61(27.96, 33.09) kg/m2; 27.10(24.70, 31.37) vs 29.40(27.20, 34.17) kg/m2; 27.98(26.43, 30.12) vs 29.88(28.22, 31.93) kg/m2] and body fat masses [22.15(17.70, 30.15) vs 30.75(25.63, 35.40) kg; 23.35(19.12, 28.70) vs 29.45(26.20, 37.05) kg; 26.80(24.10, 31.60) vs 30.00(26.00, 34.70) kg] in the combined group, the high-protein group and the common group were all lower than those at baseline (week 0) (all P<0.05). At the end of the week 12, the change rates of body fat mass and body mass index in the combined group were both higher than those in the high-protein group and the common group [(25.98%±9.58%) vs (23.88%±11.15%) and (9.35%±11.00%), 9.29%(7.23%, 11.58%) vs 7.96% (5.51%, 10.92%) and 5.77% (2.68%, 10.03%)] (all P<0.05). At the end of the week 12, the body fat mass in the combined group and the high-protein group were both lower than that in the common group [22.15(17.70, 30.15), 23.35(19.12, 28.70) vs 26.80(24.10, 31.60) kg] (both P<0.05). At the end of the week 12, the decreased values of uric acid and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the combined group were both higher than those in the high-protein group and the common group [17.15(13.02, 23.45) vs 1.50(0.22, 28.60) and 4.20(0.15, 19.95) μmol/L, 0.43(0.24, 0.60) vs 0.21(0.06, 0.43) and 0.28(-0.04, 0.88) mg/L](both P<0.05). No serious adverse events were observed during the intervention period and at the end of the intervention. In the product evaluation questionnaire, the combined group scored higher than the high-protein group and the common group on items such as usage frequency, taste, satiety, willingness to continue use, willingness to recommend to others, and willingness to purchase [4(3, 4) vs 3(3, 4) and 3(2, 4) points, 4(3, 4) vs 3(3, 4) and 3(2, 4) points, 4(3, 4) vs 3(3, 4) and 3(3, 3) points, 4(3, 4) vs 3(3, 4) and 3(3, 4) points, 4(3, 4) vs 3(3, 4) and 3(3, 3) points, 3(3, 4) vs 3(3, 4) and 3(2, 3) points] (all P<0.05). Conclusion:An energy-restricted diet combined with high-protein, high-dietary-fiber meal replacement powder and probiotics demonstrates superior weight-loss and weight-maintenance effects in overweight/obese adults, with high safety and great user acceptability.

AIM:To observe the therapeutic efficacy of 25G+minimally invasive vitrectomy for retinal arterial macroaneurysm.METHODS:Totally 40 patients(40 eyes)who admitted to Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital from January 2021 to May 2024 and with vitreous hemorrhage or dense premacular hemorrhage in the macular area caused by retinal arterial macroaneurysm, underwent 25G+minimally invasive vitrectomy. Preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), complications, and special cases were analyzed.RESULTS: The general patient data aligned with previous literature reports. The postoperative BCVA was significantly improved(t=9.72, P<0.01), and no significant serious surgical complications were observed. Notably, intraoperative findings revealed secondary macular holes in 3 eyes, resulting in poor visual prognosis.CONCLUSION: For vitreous hemorrhage or dense premacular hemorrhage caused by retinal arterial macroaneurysm, 25G+ minimally invasive vitrectomy is a safe and effective treatment. Visual prognosis was excluded for secondary macular holes.

Objective: To investigate the association between medium to long term PM 2.5 exposure around school areas and overweight/obesity among primary and secondary school students in Guangxi, providing data support and theoretical foundations for scientifically addressing overweight and obesity in primary and secondary school students. Methods: From September to November 2023, a stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 251 183 students aged 7-18 years (grade 1 to grade 12) from 14 prefecture level cities (111 districts and counties) in Guangxi. PM 2.5 mass concentration data were obtained from the Tracking Air Pollution in China (TAP) dataset. Preliminary comparative analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test, while binary Logistic regression models were applied to quantify the relationship between PM 2.5 exposure and overweight/obesity. Restricted cubic spline analysis was further utilized to examine the nonlinear association between PM 2.5 concentration and overweight/obesity risk. Results: The detection rate of overweight/obesity among Guangxi students in 2023 was 19.5%. The median PM 2.5 concentration in the year prior to the study was higher in the overweight/obesity group (23.22 μg/m 3) compared to the non overweight/obesity group (22.63 μg/m 3) ( Z=-15.66, P <0.01), and consistent trends were observed across gender (male/female) and educational stage (primary/junior/senior high school) subgroups (all P <0.01). Binary Logistic regression revealed that for every 10 μg/m 3 increase in the annual average PM 2.5 concentration, the risk of overweight/obesity increased by 12% ( OR=1.12, 95%CI=1.09- 1.15 , P <0.01). Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a nonlinear relationship between monthly PM 2.5 levels and overweight/obesity risk ( P trend <0.01). Below 22.68 μg/m 3, PM 2.5 exposure showed no significant association with obesity risk; above the threshold, the risk increased with rising PM 2.5 levels. Conclusion Medium to long term PM 2.5 exposure around school environments is significantly associated with overweight/obesity among primary and secondary school students.