Objective: To explore the association between nap duration with anxiety and depressive symptoms among junior high school students, in order to provide evidence for mental health interventions for adolescents. Methods: From May to June 2022, a combination of convenience sampling and cluster sampling was used to select 2 491 students from 2 junior high schools in Haizhu District, Guangzhou City for questionnaire survey and physical examination. The questionnaire collected nap duration, night time sleep duration, bedtime, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), respectively. Log-binomial regression model was used to analyze the association of nap duration with anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as comorbidity among junior high school students, and a restricted cubic spline (RCS) Log-binomial regression model was employed to analyze the non linear relationship after adjusting for covariates. Results: The detection rates of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms and comorbidity among junior high school students were 13.29%,14.65%,9.19%. After adjusting for covariates such as age, gender and nighttime sleep duration, compared with a school day nap duration of <30 min/d, a nap duration of 30-<60 min/d was associated with a reduced risk of anxiety symptoms ( APR =0.68, 95% CI =0.49-0.98) and comorbidity ( APR =0.56, 95% CI =0.39-0.87)(both P < 0.05 ). Compared with no napping on weekends, a nap duration of 30-<60 min/d was associated with a reduced risk of anxiety symptoms ( APR =0.62, 95% CI =0.41-0.88), depressive symptoms ( APR =0.52, 95% CI =0.34-0.75) and comorbidity ( APR = 0.52 , 95% CI =0.30-0.83)(all P <0.05). RCS curves showed a nonlinear relationship between weekend nap duration and the prevalence of anxiety, depressive symptoms and comorbidity among junior high school students(all P non linear <0.05); weekend nap duration of <120 min was associated with a lower risk of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and weekend nap duration of >180 min was associated with an increased risk. Conclusions Appropriate nap duration can help reduce the risk of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and the comorbidity among junior high school students. Adolescents should be guided to reasonably arrange nap duration for promoting physical and mental health.

Background Co-exposure to noise and microwave radiation occurs frequently. The central nervous system has been identified as a sensitive target organ for both noise and microwave exposure individually, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The specific biological effects resulting from co-exposure to these two factors have yet to be fully elucidated. Objective To clarify the effects of co-exposure to noise and microwave on neurobehavior and hippocampal tissue structure, and to explore the underlying mechanism through the assessment of serum cytokines. Methods C57BL/6N mice were selected and randomly assigned to a blank control group, a noise group, a microwave group, and a combined noise & microwave exposure group. To establish the exposure models, the noise group was subjected to broadband noise at 100 dB for 2 h, while the microwave group received radiation at a central frequency of 9.375 GHz with an average power density of 12 mW·cm⁻² and a specific absorption rate of 2.58 W·kg⁻¹ for 15 min. Open field and tail suspension tests assessed anxiety-like emotional behaviour; novel object recognition and Y-maze tests evaluated cognitive function. Histological changes in hippocampal tissue were examined using haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and Nissl staining under light microscopy. Serum cytokine levels were measured using radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results After 3 d of exposure, the noise, microwave, and combined exposure groups showed significant reductions in exploration frequency, duration, and distance within the central zone of the open field test compared to the control group (P < 0.01); the combined exposure group exhibited increased ratios of peripheral-to-central exploration time and distance (P < 0.05). After 7 d of exposure, compared with the control group, the noise group maintained a decrease in central zone exploration time (P < 0.01), while the combined exposure group showed persistent decline across all central zone metrics (P < 0.05) and elevated peripheral-to-central ratios (P < 0.05); compared to the microwave group, the combined exposure group showed significant less time in the central zone (P < 0.05) and higher peripheral-to-central ratios (P < 0.05). Regarding behaviour and cognition, compared with the control group, the combined exposure group showed increased immobility time in the tail suspension test after 3 d of exposure (P < 0.01). At this interval, all exposure groups demonstrated reduced frequency and duration of novel object recognition (P < 0.05), with the combined exposure group showing a marked decrease in novel arm exploration time (P < 0.01). After 7 d of exposure, compared with the control group, the noise group showed reduced novel object recognition frequency (P < 0.05), and both the noise and microwave groups exhibited decreased novel arm exploration time (P < 0.05). Pathological alterations including an increased number of hyperchromatic nuclei and depleted Nissl bodies were observed in the CA3 and DG regions across all exposure groups with the most severe lesions observed in the combined exposure group. Serum levels of central nervous system-specific protein β (S-100β), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and corticosterone (CORT) were significantly elevated in all exposure groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) levels increased in the combined exposure group (P < 0.05), while CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) levels rose in both the noise and combined groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Specifically, S-100β and CXCL10 levels in the combined exposure group were higher than those in the microwave group (P < 0.05); moreover, levels of S-100β, GFAP, CORT, AQP4, and CXCL10 in the combined exposure group were significantly higher than those in the noise group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Combined exposure to noise and microwave radiation induces pathological changes in the hippocampus of mice, increases levels of serum stress hormones and neuro-specific biomarkers. These impairments are more severe than those observed following single-factor exposure. The underlaying mechanism may be related to systemic stress response, neuronal damage, astrocyte activation, and changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, leading to emotional behavioral abnormalities and cognitive decline.

Objective To explore the correlation and lag effect between meteorological factors and the incidence of scarlet fever in Xicheng District, Beijing, and to provide a theoretical basis for the surveillance, early warning，and scientific prevention and control of scarlet fever. Methods Based on the daily scarlet fever incidence data and concurrent meteorological data in Xicheng District, Beijing from 2010 to 2019, the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to analyze the impact of meteorological factors on the incidence of scarlet fever. Results The risk of scarlet fever was the highest when the daily average temperature was 34.2℃ with a lag of 0 days (RR=1.175, 95% CI:1.006-1.372). The risk was the second highest when the daily average temperature was 2.2℃ with a lag of 12 days (RR=1.123, 95% CI:1.044 -1.209). The cumulative relative risk of scarlet fever was statistically significant when the daily average temperature ranged from 27.2℃ to 34.2℃, with the highest cumulative relative risk at 34.2℃ (RR=1.906, 95%CI:1.215-2.989). When the daily average relative humidity was 19.5% with a lag of 6 days, the risk of scarlet fever incidence was the highest (RR=1.022, 95% CI: 1.005-1.040). The cumulative relative risk was statistically significant when the daily average relative humidity ranged from 24.7% to 40.2%, with the highest cumulative relative risk at 27.3% (RR=1.170, 95% CI: 1.020-1.343). The risk of scarlet fever was the highest when the daily average vapor pressure was 1.2 hPa with a lag of 5 days (RR=1.029, 95%CI:1.008-1.050). The cumulative relative risk of scarlet fever was statistically significant when the daily average vapor pressure was 1.2-7.4 hPa, and the highest cumulative risk was when the daily average vapor pressure was 1.2 hPa (RR=1.362, 95% CI:1.022-1.815). Conclusion There is a nonlinear relationship between meteorological factors and the incidence of scarlet fever in Xicheng District, Beijing, with a certain lag effect. Daily average temperature (27.2-34.2℃), daily average relative humidity (28.6~36.3%) and daily average vapor pressure (1.2-7.4 hPa) increase the risk of scarlet fever. These factors can be used as indicators for the prevention, control, surveillance, and early warning of scarlet fever.

Objective To analyze personal external exposure dose monitoring results of pet hospital radiation workers in Beijing from 2022 to 2024, and to provide scientific evidence for developing effective monitoring protocols, standardizing radiological practices in pet hospitals, and protecting the health of both workers and the public. Methods Personal dose equivalents, H_p(10), were measured using GR-200A thermoluminescent dosimeters. Monitoring included radiation workers at 286 pet hospitals across all 16 districts of Beijing from 2022 to 2024. Each monitoring cycle lasted no more than 90 days. Annual effective doses were calculated by summing the results of four consecutive quarterly cycles. Data were processed and analyzed using Access and TLPS 6.41 software. All evaluations complied with national laws, regulations, and technical standards. Results A total of 1,579 person-time measurements were recorded. Only 51.87% of workers completed the full four-cycle annual monitoring schedule. Over the study period, the mean annual effective dose was 0.29 mSv, and the median dose was 0.14 mSv. The collective effective dose was 238.34 man-mSv. Notably, 94.26% of workers had annual effective doses below 1.0 mSv, and only 0.12% had doses at or above 5 mSv. Dose levels showed a statistically significant downward trend (P<0.05). Both independent and chain-branded clinics had a median annual effective dose of 0.14 mSv. In independent clinics, the proportion of workers with doses below 1.0 mSv increased from 80.77% in 2022 to 98.82% in 2024. In chain-branded clinics, this proportion rose from 96.88% to 98.11% over the same period. Conclusion Radiation exposure among pet hospital workers in Beijing remains at low levels, well below regulatory limits, and shows an overall declining trend. The disparity in personal doses between independent and chain-branded pet hospitals has diminished over time. Nevertheless, the industry still faces challenges such as high staff turnover and low monitoring completion rates. Expanding monitoring coverage and harmonizing protection standards would provide a scientific basis for precise, nationwide regulation.

Objective: To explore the comorbidity and associated factors of dental caries and overweight/obesity among primary and secondary school students in Guangxi, so as to provide a scientific basis for the development of targeted prevention strategies. Methods: A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to survey 178 700 students from the fourth grade of primary school to the third year of high school in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from September to November 2023, including physical examination, oral screening, and questionnaire survey. Chisquare tests and binary Logistic regression analysis were employed to investigate the related factors of the cooccurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity among students. Results: The comorbidity rate of dental caries and overweight/obesity was 9.55%, with urban areas (9.95%) higher than rural counties (9.24%), boys (10.54%) higher than girls (8.54%), primary school students (11.49%) higher than senior high school students (8.92%) and junior high school students (8.05%), and nonboarding students (11.44%) higher than boarding students (7.94%), and all differences were statistically significant (χ2=26.07, 207.91, 471.54, 629.14,P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that consuming cereal for breakfast (OR=0.91, 95%CI=0.88-0.94), drinking milk in the past week (OR=0.89, 95%CI=0.83-0.95), meeting sleep standards (OR=0.95, 95%CI=0.91-0.99), and brushing teeth at least once a day (OR=0.82, 95%CI=0.73-0.93) had a lower risk of the comorbidity of dental caries and overweight/obesity. In contrast, drinking beverages in the past week (OR=1.14, 95%CI=1.09-1.20), consuming fried foods in the past week (OR=1.11, 95%CI=1.06-1.17), eating fruit ≥1 time every day (OR=1.06, 95%CI=1.02-1.11), consuming fruit ≥1 type every day (OR=1.07, 95%CI=1.01-1.12), and having fish, poultry, meat, or eggbased breakfasts (OR=1.03, 95%CI=1.05-1.13) had a higher risk of the comorbidity of dental caries and overweight/obesity (P<0.05). Conclusions Dietary habits and lifestyle behaviors are associated with the comorbidity of dental caries and overweight/obesity among primary and secondary school students in Guangxi. Guiding students to form healthy living habits is helpful to preven dental caries and overweight/obesity.

Objective To investigate the functional changes of oligodendrocytes in a mouse model of cognitive impairment induced by microwave radiation and the mechanism.Methods C57BL/6N male mice were exposed to S-band microwave at 2.856 GHz and 8 mW/cm2 for 15 min.The rectal temperature of mice was monitored by an optical fiber thermometer during microwave radiation.The changes of autonomous exploration behavior and learning and memory ability of mice on the 1st and 7th days after microwave radiation were detected via the open field test and novel object recognition test.Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression and distribution of neuroglia-2 proteoglycan(NG2)and myelin basic protein(MBP)in the hippocampus of mice on the 1st and 7th days after radiation.Clemastine fumarate,a drug that promoted the maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells was administered by gavage,and the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)in hippocampal tissues were detected by radioimmunoassay at 1 and 7 days after radiation.The changes of myelin sheath structure an 1 and 7 days after radiation were observed by transmission electron microscopy.The effects of clemastine fumarate on learning and memory impairment induced by microwave exposure in mice were assessed via open field and new object recognition experiments.Results Under the experimental conditions,the rectal temperature in mice caused by microwave radiation increased by less than 1 ℃,which was within the thermal safety range of the body.The open field test showed that compared with the control group,the microwave radiation group didn't change significant in terms of movement speedon the 1st and 7th days,but the time spent exploring in the central area was significantly reducedon the 1st day after radiation(P＜0.05).In the novel object recognition test,the indexes of the mice on the 1st day were significantly reduced(P＜0.05),indicating that the anxiety like behavior and cognitive function of the mice were impaired after microwave radiation.Compared with the control group,the proportion of NG2+area in the hippocampus was significantly decreased(P＜0.05)in the microwave radiation group,while that of MBP+area hardly changed on the 1st day after microwave radiation(P＞0.05).The expression level of oligodendrocyte related BDNF in the hippocampus was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).The myelin of the corpus callosum was broken,and the myelin g ratio was significantly increased(P＜0.05),suggesting that micro wave radiation could reduce the number of oligodendrocyte precursors and damage the secretion and myelin function of oligodendrocyte.Compared with the radiation group,the expression levels of BNDF and FGF2 in the radiation combined with clemastine fumarate group were up-regulated,the myelin g ratio was significantly decreased on the 1st day after radiation(P＜0.05),and the novel object recognition index was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Pulsed microwave radiation below the body's fever threshold can cause cognitive dysfunction and other brain damage in mice.The impaired secretion and myelin function of oligodendrocytes and the decreased self-repair ability are the important mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction induced by microwave radiation.

Objective To investigate the expression of serum microRNA-29b(miR-29b),microRNA-199a(miR-199a),and microRNA-19a-3p(miR-19a-3p)in patients with acute cerebral infarction(ACI)and their relationship with disease severity and prognosis.Methods(1)Rats were randomly divided into a control group(Control group)and a model group(Model group),with 6 rats in each group.ACI was induced in the model group using the modified Longa suture method;the expression levels of miR-29b,miR-199a,miR-19a-3p in rat serum and brain tissue were detected and analyzed.(2)A total of 106 ACI patients diagnosed at Tangshan People's Hospital from June 2023 to June 2024 were enrolled as the study group,and 108 healthy individuals who underwent physical check-ups at the same hospital during the same period were chosen as the control group.According to the NIHSS evaluation results,the study group patients were assigned into mild(42 cases),moderate(34 cases),and severe(30 cases)groups.Based on the mRS evaluation results,the patients were assigned into good prognosis(68 cases)and poor prognosis(38 cases)groups.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was applied to measure the expression levels of serum miR-29b,miR-199a,and miR-19a-3p.Pearson correlation analyzed the correlation between serum miR-29b,miR-199a,miR-19a-3p levels and NIHSS score and mRS score in ACI patients.The risk factors for poor prognosis in ACI patients were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.ROC curves were used to analyze the predictive value of serum miR-29b,miR-199a,miR-19a-3p levels and NHISS scores in poor prognosis of ACI patients.Results(1)Compared with the Control group,the levels of miR-199a and miR-19a-3p in the serum and brain tissue of the Model group rats were significantly increased,while the level of miR-29b was significantly decreased(P<0.05);(2)Compared with the control group,as the severity of ACI patients gradually increased,the levels of serum miR-199a and miR-19a-3p unusually increased in the mild,moderate,and severe groups,while the level of miR-29b was significantly decreased(P<0.05).The NHISS score,miR-199a and miR-19a-3p levels in the poor prognosis group were significantly higher than those in the good prognosis group,while miR-29b was significantly lower than that in the good prognosis group(P<0.05).The levels of serum miR-199a and miR-19a-3p were positively correlated with NIHSS score;the level of miR-29b was negatively correlated with NIHSS score(P<0.05).Elevated serum miR-199a and miR-19a-3p levels and increased NHISS score were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in ACI patients,and elevated serum miR-29b levels were protective factors for poor prognosis in ACI patients(P<0.05).The combined prediction of poor prognosis in ACI patients using serum miR-29b,miR-199a,miR-19a-3p levels and NHISS scores yielded an ACI of 0.988,which was superior to individual predictions(Z=2.878,3.551,3.300,3.452,P<0.05).Conclusion The serum expression levels of miR-199a and miR-19a-3p were significantly up-regulated,while miR-29b levels significantly down-regulated,which were related to the disease severity and prognosis.The the combination of the three miRNAs had certain value in predicting the poor prognosis of patients.MiR-29b,miR-199a,and miR-19a-3p can be used as important predictors to evaluate the progression and prognosis of ACI patients.

Objective: To analyze the association between altitudes and nutritional status of children and adolescents, and to explore the moderating effects of dietary behaviors and physical activity, so as to provide a scientific basis for developing lifestyle interventions tailored to local conditions. Methods: From September to November 2023, physical examinations and questionnaire surveys were conducted among children and adolescents aged 7-17 in two autonomous regions, Inner Mongolia and Xizang, with a final sample of 156 511 participants by the stratified cluster random sampling method. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Sociodemographic characteristics, dietary behaviors, and physical activity were collected via questionnaires, while the altitude of each participant s school was obtained using Amap. Logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between altitudes and nutritional status. Interaction terms and stratified analyses were applied to assess the moderating effects of dietary behaviors and physical activity. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used for visualization. Results: In 2023, the prevalence of wasting and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents in Xizang were 9.7% and 9.0%, respectively, compared to 2.9% and 22.0% in Inner Mongolia. Logistic regression analysis results showed that for every 1 km increase in altitude, the risk of wasting increased, while the risk of overweight/obesity decreased ( OR =1.43, 0.19, both P <0.05). The results of the stratified analysis showed that compared to those living at altitudes <1 km, children and adolescents with healthy diets showed no significant association between altitudes (1-<2 and 2-<3 km) and wasting ( OR =1.22, 0.75, both P >0.05), whereas significant associations were observed at 3-<4 and ≥4 km altitudes ( OR =2.25, 2.89, both P <0.05). In contrast, unhealthy dietary groups showed statistically significant associations across altitudes ( OR =1.18-4.04, all P <0.05), consistent with RCS results. No moderating effects were observed for physical activity on the altitude wasting association or for dietary behaviors and physical activity combined on the altitude overweight/obesity association ( P interaction =0.63, 0.10, 0.53). Conclusion Healthy dietary behaviors play a critical role in improving the nutritional status of children and adolescents and reducing regional disparities, providing a scientific foundation for public health policy formulation and implementation.

Objective: To investigate the association between 24 hour activity behavior and body composition among primary and secondary school students using compositional data analysis method, so as to provide scientific guidance for optimizing daily activity allocation and improving physical health. Methods: In June 2021, following the principle of random cluster sampling, 349 primary and middle school students were selected by lottery method from Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. Compositional multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between different 24 hour activity behaviors and body composition indicators. The isotemporal substitution model was adopted to examine the quantitative effects of substituting 10 or 20 minutes among activity behaviors on body composition. Results: In girls, sedentary behavior (SB) time was negatively correlated with fat free mass (FFM) ( β =-4.81); in boys, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time was positively correlated with FFM ( β =7.01), while light physical activity (LPA) time was negatively correlated with FFM ( β =-9.26) and positively correlated with body fat percentage (FAT%) ( β =0.09) (all P <0.01). Isocaloric substitution analysis revealed that replacing the same duration of MVPA with SB, sleep (SL), or LPA for 10 or 20 minutes produced significantly greater adverse effects compared to the beneficial effects of MVPA substitution. Replacing MVPA with LPA for 10 minutes resulted in 1.01% increase in FAT% and 0.91% decrease in reverse substitution for boys; replacing MVPA with SB or SL for 10 minutes resulted in a decrease of 1.10 kg and 1.16 kg in FFM for boys, 0.81 kg and 0.74 kg for girls, and reverse substitution increased by 0.92 and 0.97 kg, 0.65 and 0.58 kg, respectively (all P < 0.05 ). When LPA, SB or SL were replaced with MVPA for 20 minutes, the trend of change were basically consistent (all P <0.05). Conclusions Activity behaviors of 24 hour are associated with body composition among primary and secondary school students. MVPA is the primary influential component.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Forsythiae Fructus-Lonicerae Japonicae Flos（FF） in the treatment of acute lung injury（ALI） by investigating the effects of FF on serum metabolomics of rats with ALI. MethodsThirty male SD rats were acclimated for 1 week， and 6 rats were randomly selected as the blank group. The other 24 rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide（LPS） solution by tracheal drip to establish an ALI model. After successful model establishment， the rats were randomly divided into the model group， the FF low-dose group（3.0 g·kg^-1）， the FF high-dose group（6.0 g·kg^-1）， and the dexamethasone group（5 mg·kg^-1）， with six rats in each group. The FF low- and high-dose groups and the dexamethasone group were received daily oral administration of the corresponding drug solution， and the blank group and the model group were gavaged with an equal amount of saline， treatment was administered continuously for 3 d. The pathological conditions of rat lung tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining， wet/dry mass ratio（W/D） of the lung tissues， and protein concentration in rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid（BALF）. Metabolomic analysis of rat serum was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）， combined with multivariate statistical analysis， the potential biomarkers of FF in treating ALI were screened by variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1， P<0.05 from t-test， and log₂fold change（FC）>1 or log₂FC<-1. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） database combined with MetaboAnalyst were used for pathway analysis of the screened differential metabolites. The protein expression levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate（S1P）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase（PI3K）， protein kinase B1（Akt1）， and phosphorylated Akt1（p-Akt1） were examined by Western bolt. The expression levels of interleukin（IL）-6， IL-1β， and tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-α in BALF were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. ResultsCompared with the blank group， rats in the model group showed ALI pathological features such as alveolar lumen dilatation， interstitial hemorrhage and massive inflammatory cell infiltration， and the protein concentration in BALF and W/D of the lung tissues were significantly elevated（P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the low- and high-dose groups of FF as well as the dexamethasone group exhibited reduced pulmonary bronchial hemorrhage in rats， and the protein concentration in BALF and W/D were significantly decreased（P<0.05）， and the lung injury was significantly alleviated. Analysis of rat serum metabolomics revealed that FF downregulated 38 biomarkers. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that FF primarily exerted therapeutic effects through 7 key metabolic pathways， including arginine biosynthesis， sphingomyelin metabolism， alanine， aspartate and glutamate metabolism， taurine and hypotaurine metabolism， α-linolenic acid metabolism， niacin and nicotinamide metabolism， and retinol metabolism. The results of Western bolt and ELISA showed that， compared with the blank group， the model group exhibited significantly elevated expression levels of S1P， PI3K， Akt1 and p-Akt1 proteins in the lung tissues， as well as increased expression levels of IL-6， IL-1β and TNF-α in BALF（P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the expression levels of the aforementioned indicators were significantly downregulated in the low- and high-dose FF groups as well as the dexamethasone group（P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionFF may play a role in ALI by regulating amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism， and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of S1P/PI3K/Akt1 signaling pathway to attenuate the inflammatory response caused by ALI.