Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a new non-invasive functional imaging technology, which has the advantages of non-invasion, non-radiation, low cost, fast response, portability and visualization. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that EIT has great potential in the detection of lung diseases and has been applied to early diagnosis and treatment of some diseases. This paper introduced the basic principle of EIT, discussed the research and clinical application of EIT in the detection of acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumothorax and pulmonary embolism, and focused on the summary and introduction of indicators and functional images of EIT related to the detection of lung diseases. This review will help medical workers understand and use EIT, and promote the further development of EIT in lung diseases as well as other fields.
Humans ; Electric Impedance ; Tomography/methods* ; Lung Diseases/diagnosis* ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis* ; Pulmonary Embolism/diagnosis* ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/diagnosis*

Objective:To investigate the diagnosis of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA)for osteoporosis(OP)of postmenopausal patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in Qinghai region and the risk factors of them.Methods:A total of 200 postmenopausal female RA patients who admitted to Qinghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from May 2022 to April 2023 were selected.All patients were tested for bone mineral density(BMD)after admission,and lumbar spines L1-L4,whole lumbar,large trochanter,Ward's triangle area,whole body and whole forearm were measured by DXA.According to the results of BMD test,patients whose BMD T values of all body parts-2.5 SD were less or equal to-2.5 were included in the OP group(121 cases),and patients whose BMD T value of all body parts were larger than-2.5 SD were included in the non-OP group(79 cases).The BMD T value of different body parts between two groups of RA patients were compared and analyzed.The area under curve(AUC)of receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficiency of BMD T value for OP.The logistic regression method was adopted to analyze the risk factors that postmenopausal RA patients of Qinghai region occurred OP.Results:The BMD T values of L1,L2,L3,L4,whole lumbar,large trochanter,Ward's triangular area,whole body and whole forearm of OP group were obviously lower than those of the non-OP group.In analysis of ROC curve,the sensitivities of BMD T values of L1,L2,L3,L4,whole lumbar,large trochanter,Ward's triangle area,whole body and forearm were respectively 96.20%,95.22%,90.16%,96.03%,92.01%,89.36%,99.26%,90.02% and 96.03% in diagnosing OP,and the specificities of them were respectively 81.00%,82.19%,85.22%,83.06%,83.06%,90.22%,80.06%,86.23%,83.09%,and the AUC values of them were respectively 0.908,0.905,0.896,0.906,0.903,0.879,0.918,0.901 and 0.906.The results of the logistic-regression analysis showed that advanced age,long disease course,rheumatic activity scores of 28 joints,erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Calcium supplementation were the risk factors of occurring OP in postmenopausal RA patients in Qinghai region.Conclusion:The DXA method that detects BMD of RA patients who occur OP can be used as gold standard to assess OP,and there are many risk factors that affect the occurrence of OP in postmenopausal RA patients of Qinghai region.The clinical work should combine with relative factors to formulate reasonable measure so as to reduce the incidence of OP.

Objective:To determine the relationship between tibial plateau stresses and malunion by exploring the changes in mechanical conduction in the knee joint after malunion of Hoffa fracture of the tibial plateau.Methods:This study selected 28 knee joint specimens treated with formalin for preservation, half of which were from male and half from female individuals with an age of (51.4±9.5) years. Their structures were intact, and flexion-extension activities normal. X-ray examinations excluded osteoporosis, tuberculosis, and diseases that could have potentially affected bone quality. The knee specimens were divided into a control group (intact tibia) ( n=4) and 6 groups of tibial plateau Hoffa fracture malunion model: 3 vertical malunion groups (groups V1, V2, and V3, with a vertical displacement of 1, 2, and 3 mm, respectively, n=4) and 3 separation malunion groups (groups S3, S5, and S7, with a separation displacement of 3, 5, and 7 mm, respectively), with half males and half females in each group. After a 600N vertical load was applied at passive knee flexions at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°, the stress levels in the medial and lateral compartments of the knee joint were measured using pressure-sensitive films. Results:Under a vertical load of 600 N, when the knee joint was in a neutral position (flexion of 0°), the differences in the medial and lateral tibial plateau stress values were not statistically significant between the malunion models groups and the control group ( P>0.05). When the knee flexion increased to 30°, the medial tibial plateau stress in the V3 and S7 groups was significantly greater than that in the control group ( P<0.05). At a knee flexion of 60°, the medial plateau stress was significantly greater in the V3, S5 and S7 groups than that in the control group, and the differences were significantly greater than the comparisons at a knee flexion of 30° (all P<0.05). When the knee flexion was 90°, the medial plateau stress in the V2, V3, S5 and S7 groups was significantly greater than that in the control group ( P<0.05), but the lateral tibial plateau stress in the V3 group was significantly smaller than that in the control group ( P<0.05). When the knee flexion was further increased to 120°, the differences in the medial and lateral plateau stress values were statistically significant between all the malunion groups and the control group ( P<0.05), and the differences significantly greater than the comparisons at a knee flexion of 90° (all P<0.05). Under a vertical load of 600 N, the differences in the stresses on the medial and lateral plateaus were not statistically significant between the control group and all the malunion groups at a knee flexion of 0° ( P>0.05). When the knee flexion increased to 30°, the difference between the medial and lateral stresses was not statistically significant in the control group ( P>0.05), but was statistically significant in the V3 and S7 groups ( P<0.05). When the knee flexion reached 60°, 90°, and 120°, the differences between the medial and lateral tibial plateau stresses in all the groups were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The peak knee stresses after malunion of Hoffa fracture of the tibial plateau correlate with the severity of malunion and knee flexion angles. The mechanical properties are not significantly different between a mild malunion knee and a normal knee, but a significant displacement (vertical displacement >2 mm and separation displacement ≥5 mm) may increase the peak knee stresses to increase the risk of knee osteoarthritis. When the severity of malunion is certain, an increase in knee flexion angle increases the difference in the peak stress between the medial and lateral tibial plateaus, thus increasing the risk of knee osteoarthritis.

Objective To compare and analyze the differences between customized models and commercial universal models in the segmentation of organs-at-risk in cervical cancer,and to investigate the feasibility of customized models.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 270 cervical cancer patients.Senior clinicians manually delineated organs-at-risk,including the bladder,rectum,small intestine,pelvic bone marrow,femoral heads,and kidneys.The cases were randomly selected to develop customized models,with 202 cases allocated to the training set,38 cases to the test set,and 30 cases to the validation set.The universal and customized models were used for segmentation on the test set,and the automatic segmentation results obtained by the two models were compared with manual segmentation results to assess the performance of the customized model.Results Both customized model and universal model had comparable DSC values to manual segmentation,demonstrating satisfactory delineation outcomes(DSC values ranging from 0.7 to 0.9).However,in terms of deviation of centroid and 95％Hausdorff distance,the customized model surpassed the universal model.Conclusion Compared with the universal model,the customized model offers superior accuracy in delineating the structures of organs-at-risk in cervical cancer.As the customized model is optimized based on specific datasets,it provides precise support for clinical decision-making and holds promising applications in the treatment of cervical cancer.

Objective:To analyze the correlation between elastic modulus of shear wave elastography of periurethral prostatic tissue and serum prostate-specific antigen(PSA)in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Methods:A total of 200 BPH patients who received treatment in the Second People's Hospital of Hefei from October 2019 to October 2022 were collected by convenient sampling method,and all patients were subjected to ultrasound shear wave elastography and serum PSA examination,and the elastic modulus of periurethral prostate tissue was measured by shear wave elastography,and the mean of them was obtained.They were divided into mild group(96 cases),moderate group(59 cases)and severe group(45 cases)according to the results of the International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS).At the same time,the related information of 30 cases without prostatic lesions who were selected from the prostate examination population were included into healthy control groups.The correlation between the elastic modulus of periurethral prostatic tissue and serum PSA was analyzed and compared.Results:Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference in the elastic modulus value of prostate among various groups(F=190.914,P<0.05).Compared with the healthy control group,the elastic modulus values of prostate of the mild,moderate and severe groups were significantly increased,and the differences were significant(t=6.572,14.172,18.441,P<0.05),respectively.Compared with the mild group,the elastic modulus values of prostate of the moderate and severe groups were significantly increased(t=7.853,18.274,P<0.05),respectively.Compared with the moderate group,the elasticity modulus value of prostate of the severe group significantly increased(t=11.371,P<0.05).There was significant difference in serum PSA among BPH patients with different degrees(F=126.143,P<0.05).Compared with the healthy control group,the serum PSA values of the mild,moderate and severe groups significantly increased(t=10.694,14.368,13.804,P<0.001),respectively.Compared with the mild group,the serum PSA values of the moderate and severe group significantly increased(t=6.401,13.047,P<0.05),respectively.Compared with the moderate group,the serum PSA value of the patients in the severe group significantly increased(t=7.293,P<0.001).There was no significant correlation between serum PSA and the elastic modulus of periurethral tissues in the healthy control group(P>0.05).There were significant positive correlation between serum PSA and the elastic modulus of periurethral tissues in the mild,moderate and severe groups(r=0.314,0.296,0.354,P<0.05),respectively.Conclusion:Both serum PSA level and elastic modulus value of periurethral prostate tissue of BPH patients significantly increase,and there is a positive correlation between them.

Objective To explore the effectiveness of virtual autopsy-based postmortem computed tomography(PMCT)liver three dimensional slicer(3D slicer)artificial intelligence(AI)volume reconstruction to assist forensic practice.Methods Twenty cases of the deceased who underwent both virtual autopsy and traditional autopsy in our center were selected and subjected to liver volume segmentation by 3D slicer method,Tada's formula method and literature method,and the data obtained from the traditional autopsy were compared and analyzed to obtain the accuracy rate.Results The 3D slicer method yielded higher consistency(95%confidence interval),lower volumetric variability(standard deviation),and a smaller region(variance)of uncertainty than the Tada formula method and the methods mentioned in the literature.Conclusion 3D slicer AI reconstruction based on virtual autopsy can visualize virtual anatomy,help increase the diagnostic accuracy of traditional autopsy,assist in pathological diagnosis,and provide new directions and tools for the development of imaging histology of virtual autopsy.

【Objective】 To investigate the efficacy of low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of penile hypersensitive premature ejaculation. 【Methods】 A total of 66 patients treated during Nov.2021 and Aug.2022 were randomly divided into electrical stimulation group (n=22), local anesthesia group (n=21), and combined therapy group (n=23). The electrical stimulation group received low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation, 5 times a week;the local anesthesia group used compound lidocaine cream 30 minutes before sexual intercourse;the combined therapy group received both treatments. After 3-month treatment, the latency of dorsal nerve somatosensory evoked potential (DNSEP), glans penis somatosensory evoked potential (GPSEP), intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT), premature ejaculation diagnostic tool score (PEDT), and spouse sexual satisfaction score were collected. 【Results】 After treatment, IELT, PEDT, spouse’s sexual life satisfaction score, DNSEP and GPSEP of the three groups were significantly improved (P<0.05). The combined therapy group outperformed the other two groups in all parameters (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the electrical stimulation group and local anesthesia group (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 Low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation is effective in the treatment of penile hypersensitive premature ejaculation, and the combination of local anesthetics is more effective, which is worthy of clinical application and promotion.

Objective:To discuss the molecular association pattern of Shenling Baizhu Powder for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and ulcerative colitis through network pharmacology method based on the theory of "treating different diseases with same method" in TCM.Methods:The TCMSP and ETCM Chinese medicine chemical composition databases were used to obtain the chemical composition and predict the targets of Shenling Baizhu Powder. The OMIM, GeneCards, DrugBank and TTD disease databases were used to obtain the disease targets of T2DM and ulcerative colitis. The intersection targets of chemical composition of Shenling Baizhu Powder, T2DM and ulcerative colitis were obtained by Bioinformatics platform. Cytoscape 3.8.2 software was used to map the "Chinese materia medica-component-target" network and "effective component- intersection target" network. The GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis of the intersection targets were performed with the STRING platform. The intersection target protein-protein interaction network was constructed by STRING database, and core targets were obtained using the CytoNCA plugin of Cytoscape 3.8.2 software. AutodockTools software was applied to validate the molecular docking between the core chemical components and the core targets of Shenling Baizhu Powder.Results:Totally 176 chemical components of Shenling Baizhu Powder, 226 corresponding targets, 11 478 T2DM targets, 4 857 Ulcerative targets of ulcerative colitis, and 162 intersection targets of medicinal chemistry components and diseases were obtained. 1 789 related biological processes, 163 molecular functions, 92 cell constituents, and 192 signaling pathways were obtained by GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis. The signaling pathways were mainly about AGE-RAGE, TNF, IL-17,MAPK, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, etc. The core components of Shenling Baizhu Powder were mainly sitosterol, luteolin, kaempferol, naringenin, beta-carotene, etc. The core targets were EGFR, ALB, IL1B, CASP3, ESR1, VEGFA, PTGS2, TNF, IL6, MYC, AKT 1, JUN, TP53, etc. The core chemical components had tight correlation with the core targets by the molecular docking.Conclusions:By acting on core targets such as TNF, IL1B, IL6, AKT1, VRGFA, PTGS2, MYC, JUN, TP53, and regulating IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, etc., Shenling Baizhu Powder improves tissue inflammation damage, mucosal barrier damage, immune regulation imbalance, intestinal flora dysbiosis, insulin resistance, apoptosis, oxidative stress and other biological processes. Therefore Shenling Baizhu Powder can treat T2DM and ulcerative colitis with the same method.

Objective:To investigate the predictors of the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the treatment of ureteral calculi, and to evaluate the predictive value of the maximum ureteral wall thickness (UWT) in the treatment of ureteral calculi with ESWL.Methods:The clinical data of 138 patients with ureteral calculi treated with ESWL in the Second People's Hospital of Hefei from January 2020 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 91 males and 47 females. The age was (50.9±14.8) years old. The body mass index was (25.3±3.6) kg/m 2. The stones of 73 cases were located on the left side and 65 cases were on the right side. 70 cases had upper ureteral stones, 18 cases had middle ureteral stones, and 50 cases had lower ureteral stones. The median length of the stone was 8.5 (7.5, 10.5) mm. The CT value of the stone was 509 (343, 783) HU. The anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis was 12.0 (10.1, 16.0) mm, and UWT was (2.8 ± 0.8) mm. All patients underwent urinary non-contrast CT before lithotripsy, and the UWT of the stone bed was measured on the CT images. According to the stone removal situation 2 weeks after the operation, the patients were divided into a successful lithotripsy group and a failed lithotripsy group. Univariate analysis was used to compare the differences of various indicators between the two groups, and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent predictors of ESWL in the treatment of ureteral calculi for the indicators. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) of each independent predictor, and the cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity were analyzed. Results:All operations were successfully completed, and the success rate of the first-stage lithotripsy was 71.7% (99/138). The results of univariate analysis showed that the stone length diameter, stone CT value, anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis, stone skin distance, and UWT were significantly different between the successful lithotripsy group and the failure group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in age, gender, body mass index, stone side and stone location ( P>0.05). The results of multivariate logistic analysis showed that stone length ( OR=1.393, P=0.015), stone CT value ( OR=1.002, P=0.043) and UWT ( OR=17.997, P<0.001) were all for the efficacy of ESWL in the treatment of ureteral stones. The ROC curve was used to compare the three independent predictors. The area under the UWT curve was the largest (AUC=0.898, P<0.001), followed by the length of the stone (AUC=0.744, P<0.001), and the CT value of the stone (AUC=0.672, P= 0.002). The cut-off value for UWT was 3.19 mm, which had a sensitivity of 91.9% and a specificity of 71.8% for predicting the success of ESWL lithotripsy. When dividing the patients into thin wall group (UWT ≤3.19 mm) and thick wall group (UWT>3.19 mm) according to the cut-off value, the success rates of one-stage lithotripsy in the two groups were 89.2% (91 / 102) and 22.2% (8/36), respectively ( P<0.05). Conclusions:UWT, calculus length and calculus CT value are independent predictors of the efficacy of ESWL in the treatment of ureteral calculi, and UWT has the best predictive value. When UWT≤3.19 mm, the success rate of ESWL in the treatment of ureteral calculi is higher.

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the ratio of inflammatory cell counts in the blood, reflects the changes of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the inflammatory system in the peripheral blood. More and more scholars have found that NLR increases in patients with bone and joint injury, which can be used to predict postoperative mortality, infection, deep vein thrombosis, pain and other complications. This article is intended to review the application of NLR in bone and joint injury and related complications, providing reference for clinical application of NLR.