In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

Traditional treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus （T1DM） primarily involves insulin replacement， yet some patients encounter issues such as significant blood glucose fluctuations， high risk of hypoglycemia， and weight gain. In recent years， the adjuvant therapeutic role of non-insulin hypoglycemic drugs in T1DM has gradually gained attention. This article reviews the mechanisms of action and clinical research progress of five types of non-insulin hypoglycemic drugs in the treatment of T1DM： amylin analogues （pramlintide）， biguanides （metformin）， sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor， dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor， and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. It is found that these drugs can enhance clinical benefits for T1DM patients by improving insulin sensitivity， delaying gastric emptying， promoting urinary glucose excretion， and regulating incretin levels， thereby reducing glycated hemoglobin levels， decreasing insulin dosage， and managing body weight. Simultaneously， these drugs also present limitations such as low patient compliance due to complex dosing regimens， increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis， and heterogeneity in glycemic control. Future research could focus on developing individualized treatment strategies， combining pharmacogenomics with novel biomarkers to precisely identify subpopulations of patients who may benefit， and delving into the potential value of these drugs in delaying diabetic vascular complications and improving patients’ quality of life.

ObjectiveTo study on the different therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma（RH） before and after steaming with wine on constipation model mice. MethodsFifty-four male ICR mice were randomly divided into control group， model group， lactulose group（1.5 mg·kg^-1）， high， medium and low dose groups of RH and RH steaming with wine（PRH）（8， 4， 1 g·kg^-1）. Except for the control group， the constipation model was replicated by gavage of loperamide hydrochloride（6 mg·kg^-1） in the other groups. After 2 weeks of modeling， each administration group was gavaged with the corresponding dose of drug solution， and the control and model groups were given an equal volume of normal saline， 1 time/d for 2 consecutive weeks. After administration， the feces were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing， the levels of gastrin（GAS）， motilin（MTL）， interleukin-6（IL-6）， γ-interferon（IFN-γ） in the colonic tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）， the histopathological changes of colon were observed by hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining， flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion changes of CD4⁺， CD8⁺ and regulatory T cell（Treg） in peripheral blood. ResultsCompared with the control group， the model group showed significantly decrease in fecal number in 24 h， fecal quality and fecal water rate（P<0.01）， the colon was seen to have necrotic shedding of mucosal epithelium， localized intestinal glands in the lamina propria were degenerated， necrotic and atrophied， a few lymphocytes were seen to infiltrate in the necrotic area in a scattered manner， the contents of GAS and MTL， the proportions of CD4⁺， CD8⁺ and Treg were significantly reduced（P<0.01）， the contents of IL-6 and IFN-γ were significantly elevated（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the fecal number in 24 h， fecal quality and fecal water rate of high-dose groups of RH and PRH were significantly increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）， the pathological damage of the colon was alleviated to varying degrees， the contents of GAS， MTL， IL-6 and IFN-γ were significantly regressed（P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the proportions of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ were significantly increased（P<0.01）， although the proportion of Treg showed an upward trend， there was no significant difference. In addition， the results of intestinal flora showed that the number of amplicon sequence variant（ASV） and Alpha diversity were decreased in the model group compared with the control group， and there was a significant difference in Beta diversity， with a decrease in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and an increase in the relative abundances of Bacillus and Helicobacter. Compared with the model group， the ASV number and Alpha diversity were increased in the high-dose groups of RH and PRH， and there was a trend of regression of Beta diversity to the control group， the relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased， and the relative abundances of Bacillus and Helicobacter decreased. ConclusionRH and PRH can improve dysbacteriosis， promote immune system activation， inhibit the release of inflammatory factors for enhancing the gastrointestinal function， which may be one of the potential mechanisms of their therapeutic effect on constipation.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria. In addition to the manifestations of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and primary infection lesions， critical cases often have manifestations of organ hypoperfusion. The morbidity and mortality of sepsis have remained high in recent years， which seriously affect the quality of life of the patients. The pathogenesis of sepsis is complicated， in which uncontrollable inflammation is a key mechanism. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway plays a key role in mediating inflammation in sepsis. The available therapies of sepsis mainly include resuscitation， anti-infection， vasoactive drugs， intensive insulin therapy， and organ support， which show limited effects of reducing the mortality. Therefore， finding new therapeutic drugs is a key problem to be solved in the clinical treatment of sepsis. In recent years， studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） can regulate the PI3K/Akt pathway via multiple pathways， multiple effects， and multiple targets to inhibit inflammation and curb the occurrence and development of sepsis， which has gradually become a hot spot in the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Moreover， studies have suggested that TCM has unique advantages in the treatment of sepsis. TCM can regulate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to inhibit inflammation， reduce oxidative stress， and control apoptosis in the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Despite the research progress， a systematic review remains to be performed regarding the TCM treatment of sepsis by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. After reviewing relevant papers published in recent years， this study systematically summarizes the relationship between PI3K/Akt pathway and sepsis and the role of TCM in the treatment of sepsis， aiming to provide new ideas for the potential treatment of sepsis and the development of new drugs.

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 7 anti-tumor drugs （irinotecan， capecitabine， paclitaxel， docetaxel， tamoxifen， letrozole and methotrexate） in human plasma and apply it to the clinic. METHODS After precipitating with a methanol-acetonitrile mixture （1∶ 1， V/V） containing 0.1% formic acid， liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） was used to determine the plasma concentration， using deuterium isotopes of each analyte as internal standards. The chromatography was performed on the Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column with a gradient elution of water （containing 0.1% formic acid+0.04% 5 mmol/L ammonium formate） as mobile phase A and acetonitrile （containing 0.1% formic acid） as mobile phase B. The flow rate was 0.6 mL/min， and the column temperature was set at 40 ℃ . The sample size was 10 μL， and the analysis lasted for 5.5 min. Electrospray ionization was used in positive and negative ion mode， and multiple reaction monitoring mode was used. The ion pairs used for quantitative analysis were m/z 587.1→167.1 （irinotecan）， m/z 360.1→244.1 （capecitabine）， m/z 876.4→308.0 （paclitaxel）， m/z 830.3→304.2 （docetaxel）， m/z 372.1→129.1 （tamoxifen）， m/z 284.1→242.1 （letrozole）， and m/z 455.0→ 308.0 （methotrexate）. A total of 97 patients with malignant tumors in our hospital were selected to measure the plasma concentrations of 7 anti-tumor drugs using the above method. RESULTS The linear ranges of irinotecan， capecitabine， paclitaxel， docetaxel， tamoxifen， letrozole and methotrexate were 2-1 000 ng/mL （r＝0.994 3）， 20-10 000 ng/mL （r＝0.997 5）， 2-1 000 ng/mL （r＝0.997 9）， 1-500 ng/mL （r＝0.995 8）， 1-500 ng/mL （r＝0.995 2）， 1-500 ng/mL （r＝0.996 4）， 10-5 000 （r＝0.997 7）， respectively. The quantitative lower limits were 2， 20， 2， 1， 1， 1 and 10 ng/mL； RSDs of intra-assay precision were 0.08%-14.86% （n＝6）. RSDs of inter-batch precision were 1.51%-11.55% （n＝3）， and the accuracies were 89.17%-114.93% （n＝6）. The matrix effects ranged from 89.89%-119.74% （n＝6）. RSDs of the stability tests were 1.98%-14.88% （n＝6）. The results of E-mail：hangpengzhou@163.com clinical application showed， the average plasma concentrations of irinotecan， capecitabine， paclitaxel and docetaxel were 704.09， 909.40， 36.45， 150.43 ng/mL， respectively. The values of the coefficient of variation were 25.24%， 62.65%， 122.69%， and 92.27%. CONCLUSIONS The established LC-MS/MS method is simple and rapid， and can be used for the simultaneous determination of 7 commonly used anti-tumor drugs in the plasma of patients with malignancy.

POEMS syndrome is a rare condition associated with plasma cell disorders， and it often involves multiple systems and has diverse clinical manifestations. This article reports two cases of POEMS syndrome with hepatosplenomegaly as the initial manifestation. During the course of the disease， the patients presented with lower limb weakness， hepatosplenomegaly， lymph node enlargement， ascites， hypothyroidism， positive M protein， and skin hyperpigmentation， and ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging revealed bone lesions mainly characterized by osteolytic changes and plasma cell tumors. There was an increase in the serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor. The patients were finally diagnosed with POEMS syndrome， and the symptoms were relieved after immunomodulatory treatment.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)has emerged as the leading cause of vision loss among working-age people in many countries under the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the longevity of the population. The pathogenesis of DR is complicated and has not been fully elucidated at present, while the treatment methods of DR have not been greatly improved, mainly retinal laser photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)treatment and vitrectomy surgery. The current treatment methods not only have shortcomings, but also bring serious economic burden to patients. Therefore, new methods are needed to explore the pathogenesis of DR, discover new treatments or improve current treatments, and improve the satisfaction of DR patients. In recent years, the identification and quantification of proteins expressed in blood, retina, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, and tears of all observable DR patients and DR rats and differentially expressed proteins after drug intervention have provided new ideas for further exploring the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of DR with the rise of proteomics, which put forward new insights into early detection and treatment.The proteomics of DR in recent years are reviewed, in order to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of DR.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)has emerged as the leading cause of vision loss among working-age people in many countries under the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the longevity of the population. The pathogenesis of DR is complicated and has not been fully elucidated at present, while the treatment methods of DR have not been greatly improved, mainly retinal laser photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)treatment and vitrectomy surgery. The current treatment methods not only have shortcomings, but also bring serious economic burden to patients. Therefore, new methods are needed to explore the pathogenesis of DR, discover new treatments or improve current treatments, and improve the satisfaction of DR patients. In recent years, the identification and quantification of proteins expressed in blood, retina, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, and tears of all observable DR patients and DR rats and differentially expressed proteins after drug intervention have provided new ideas for further exploring the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of DR with the rise of proteomics, which put forward new insights into early detection and treatment.The proteomics of DR in recent years are reviewed, in order to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of DR.