Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant disease that has garnered significant attention in terms of treatment modalities and course management. Gaining an understanding of the clinical characteristics of SCLC, acquiring proficiency in screening, diagnosis, and treatment methods for this condition, as well as promptly addressing any adverse reactions to treatment are essential foundations for developing a scientific and rational pathological management plan for SCLC. By utilizing an intelligent whole course follow-up management platform, dynamic follow-up, timely warnings, and early interventions can enable high-quality whole life cycle management. This article aims to review the current treatment landscape of SCLC while exploring the challenges associated with implementing a comprehensive process-oriented management approach. The goal is to provide valuable insights for better managing SCLC patients and ultimately improving their quality of life and prognosis.
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Humans ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/diagnosis* ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Quality of Life ; Follow-Up Studies

Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a novel class of antineoplastic agents, combines tumor-specific targeting with potent cytotoxic activity. In recent years, ADC has achieved notable advances in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly within therapeutic sequencing after failure of first-line therapy or the emergence of resistance. This paper will systematically review the efficacy and safety evidence of representative ADC in NSCLC, and further to discuss progress and challenges in ADC structural optimization, toxicity management, biomarker identification, and combination strategies, aiming to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation and practical reference for clinical practice and future research.
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Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy* ; Immunoconjugates/chemistry* ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects* ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry*

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma(LCNEC)of lung is a rare neuroendocrine carcinoma subtype with difficulty in early diagnosis and poor prognosis which is treated with standard strategies of small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.In recent years,the precise types of LCNEC and its response to therapy have been identified by next-generation sequencing.Some researches have also found the correlation between different subtypes of LCNEC and the efficacy of chemotherapy regimens.However,there is no consensual agreement of its therapy.Recently,immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)has provided a new option for LCNEC patients based on some retrospective research data and case reports.In this review,we aimed to summarize the epidemiological characteristics,standard therapy,the advances of molecular subtypes and clinical applications of ICIs of LCNEC,so as to provide optimal systemic clinical decision-making for LCNEC patients.

Objective To conduct basic research on the structure and function of the heart in cynomolgus monkeys older than 10 years to provide data for animal selection in elderly disease research.Methods A total of 144 cynomolgus monkeys＞10 years old were selected as research subjects,including 37 females and 66 males in the 10～15 years group,and 21 females and 20 males in the 16～20 years group.Basic data on cardiac structure and function in middle-aged and elderly cynomolgus monkeys were obtained through comparative analysis of general indicators(body mass index,blood pressure,and heart rate),blood biochemical indicators(blood glucose,blood lipids,and ion indicators),and cardiac structure and function indicators.Results General indicators for the 10～15 years and 16～20 years groups were compared.As age increased,the blood pressure and heart rate of female and male monkeys increased,and there was a significant difference in blood pressure changes between male monkeys.A comparison of two sets of blood biochemical indicators showed that,as age increased,blood glucose,triglycerides,total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,blood calcium,blood sodium,and blood potassium increased,while lactate dehydrogenase decreased,in female and male monkeys.Among these,blood glucose,triglycerides(males),total cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(males),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(males),blood calcium,blood sodium,blood potassium,and lactate dehydrogenase showed significant changes.A comparison of cardiac contractile function between the two groups showed that,as age increased,the anterior and posterior diameters of the left atrium significantly decreased in both female and male monkeys.Female monkeys showed a significant decrease in the interventricular septal end systolic diameter,left ventricular end diastole and systolic diameters,left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes,and left ventricular mass index,while no significant changes were seen in male monkeys.A comparison of diastolic function between the two groups showed that,as age increased,the late diastolic velocity of the mitral valve decreased significantly in male monkeys,while the early diastolic velocity of the left ventricular sidewall increased significantly in female monkeys.Correlation analysis was conducted between the metabolic indicators and the cardiac structure and function indicators of female and male monkeys.The correlations between metabolic indicators and cardiac structure and function indicators were weak in female monkeys,for which the maximum absolute Γ value did not exceed 0.39.However,the correlations between metabolic indicators and cardiac structure and function indicators were relatively strong in male monkeys,for which the maximum absolute Γ value reached 0.66.Conclusions Based on ultrasound analysis combined with metabolic indicators,the heart function of cynomolgus monkeys was studied,and basic data related to the structure and function of the heart in middle-aged and elderly cynomolgus monkeys were obtained.As age increased,blood glucose and lipid indicators increased in cynomolgus monkeys,while cardiac systolic and diastolic functions show a downward trend,similar to changes in middle-aged and older adult human populations.These data provide support for animal selection in research on age-related diseases related to heart function.

Recently, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) have transcended the genomic "noise" to emerge as pivotal molecular markers due to their essential roles in tumor progression. Substantial evidence indicates a strong association between snoRNAs and critical clinical features such as tumor pathology and drug resistance. Historically, snoRNA research has concentrated on two classical mechanisms: 2'-O-ribose methylation and pseudouridylation. This review specifically summarizes the novel regulatory mechanisms and functional patterns of snoRNAs in tumors, encompassing transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation. We further discuss the synergistic effect between snoRNA host genes (SNHGs) and snoRNAs in tumor progression. More importantly, snoRNAs extensively contribute to the development of tumor cell resistance as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Accordingly, we provide a comprehensive review of the clinical diagnosis and treatment associated with snoRNAs and explore their significant potential as novel drug targets.

Immunotherapy has significantly improved clinical outcomes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, along with the popularization of immunotherapy, immune resistance has become an unavoidable problem. Immunotherapy can induce extensive cellular and molecular alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Considering the mechanisms of immune resistance are not yet fully understood and the efficacy of standard chemotherapy regimens is limited, more effective coping strategies based on resistance mechanisms are urgently needed. In this review, we intend to summarize the known mechanisms of immune resistance and feasible strategies, so as to provide a foundation for clinicians to develop more individualized and precise regimens and finally improve patients' prognosis.
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Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy* ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Prognosis ; Immunotherapy ; Tumor Microenvironment

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy lacks viable biomarkers for response and prognosis prediction. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of peripheral blood laboratory test results combined with lymphocyte subset ratios to the response and prognosis of immunotherapy in advanced lung cancer. METHODS: Advanced lung cancer patients admitted to West China Hospital, Sichuan University from May 2021 to July 2023 were prospectively enrolled in this study. Clinical data and peripheral blood were collected before and after treatment and lymphocyte subset ratios were analyzed by flow cytometry. Logistic regression was used to identify factors correlated to ICIs treatment efficacy. Cox modeling was applied to explore the prognostic factors. RESULTS: Logistic regression showed that the baseline level of transcription factor T cell factor 1 (TCF1)+CD8+ T cell ratio and peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocyte percentage, cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) after 1 cycle of ICIs treatment were the potential predictors for ICIs response (P<0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that the baseline level of TCF1+CD8+ T cell ratio (P=0.020) and peripheral WBC count after 1 cycle of ICIs treatment (P<0.001) were prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS Patients with high baseline TCF1+CD8+ T cell ratio combined with low WBC counts and low CYFRA21-1 level after 1 cycle of ICIs treatment are more likely to benefit from ICIs therapy.
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy* ; T Cell Transcription Factor 1/genetics* ; Prognosis ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Immunotherapy

Objective:To explore the relationship between doing housework and gait speed(GS)in order to identify ways to maintain physical capability in elderly people.Methods:A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted from Jan.2011 to Dec.2011.Subjects in this survey, with a sample of 2 519 males and 2 541 females aged ≥60 years, came from six regions across the country and satisfactorily completed a GS test.A GS in the lower 20% of the reference population(<0.7 m/s)was used as the cut-off point to define slow GS(SGS). Housework was defined as activities such as house cleaning, shopping, cooking and taking care of grandchildren and a response of"often"(≥5 d/week)was considered as doing housework.Propensity Score Matching(PSM)was performed to select comparable sub-groups of the study population to evaluate the association between housework and GS.Results:There were 3 290 subjects(1 645 pairs)selected by PSM.Logistic regression analysis showed that doing housework was inversely associated with SGS, and housework activities reduced the risk of SGS by 60%( OR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.35-0.46, P<0.01). Conclusions:Elderly people who conduct housework often are more likely to maintain GS and therefore should be encouraged to engage in daily activities to help maintain adequate physical performance.

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT)+ total mesorectal excision (TME) has become the standard mode of treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer(LARC). However, the sensitivity of different patients to nCRT varies greatly, some patients can get pathological complete response (pCR), and their long-term survival is significantly improved, Some patients'tumors continue to progress, therefore, accurate prediction of whether pCR can be achieved after nCRT is very important for guiding individualized treatment of patients. Current studies have shown that some accessible clinical factors, such as age, pathological types of tumors, TNM staging, circumferential extent of tumor, distance to the anal verge, CEA level, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, can be used to predict whether pCR can be achieved.This article reviews the progress of clinical predictors of pCR in LARC after nCRT.

Objective To investigate the ultrasonographic characteristics,pathological diagnosis and surgical treatment strategy of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC).Methods The clinical data of 10 patients with FTC confirmed by histopathology from Jul.2013 to Oct.2017 in Beijing Friendship Hospital,Capital Medical University were retrospectively analyzed including 3 males and 7 females with mean age of 41.5 (15 to 68) years old.The clinical data including preoperative ultrasonographic features,fine needle aspiration results,intraoperative frozen section examination and surgical treatments of these 10 patients were retrospectively analyzed.Descriptive methods were used for Statistical analysis.Results Ultrasonography was performed in all 10 patients,and frozen section examination was performed in 6 patients,of which,5 were considered capsular invasion.Ipsilateral centralcompartment neck dissection was performed in 2 patients,no node metastasis was found.Reoperation were performed in 5 patients with total or near total thyroidectomy.No severe complications such as persistent hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in all 10 patients.The median follow-up time was 34.4 months,and no one died during the follow-up period.Conclusions Preoperative diagnosis of FTC is difficult.The reoperation rate is higher than that of papillary thyroid carcinoma.Lobectomy plus isthmusectomy should be the initial surgical procedure for follicular tumors,while neck dissection is not recommended.