OBJECTIVE To investigate the requirements for infusion sets specified in the package inserts of monoclonal antibody drugs commonly used for intravenous infusion in China， and to provide a reference for the rational selection of infusion sets for this class of drugs in clinical practice. METHODS The “Drug Query” section of the official website of the National Medical Products Administration， including the “Domestically Manufactured Drugs” and “Overseas Manufactured Drugs” databases， as well as the DXY “Yongyao Zhushou” database， were searched to collect the package inserts of monoclonal antibody drugs available on the domestic market as of November 2025 that had requirements for intravenous infusion sets. Relevant requirements for infusion set materials， filter pore size， and filter materials were extracted， classified， and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 55 monoclonal antibody drugs for intravenous infusion were included， comprising 45 anticancer drugs （81.82%）， 5 immunomodulatory drugs （9.09%）， and 5 drugs for other diseases （9.09%）. The package inserts of 44 drugs （80.00%） had clear requirements for the filter pore size of infusion sets， of which 36 drugs （65.45%） required a pore size of 0.2 μm or 0.22 μm. The package inserts of 16 drugs （29.09%） specified the filter material， all of which recommended polyethersulfone. The package inserts of 25 drugs （45.45%） specified the infusion set material， primarily polyvinyl chloride， polyethylene， or polypropylene. CONCLUSIONS The requirements for infusion sets vary among different monoclonal antibody drugs， with differences mainly concentrated in two aspects： material compatibility and filter pore size. In clinical practice， the selection should be based on the drug package inserts， following the principles of “compatibility first， appropriate filtration， and system integration”， and standardized management should be achieved through the development of quick-reference manuals specifically addressing the requirements for infusion sets and the integration of relevant requirements into the prescription review and dispensing systems.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active moiety of both mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), serves as a primary immunosuppressant for maintaining solid organ transplants. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) enhances treatment outcomes through tailored approaches. This study aimed to develop an evidence-based guideline for MPA TDM, facilitating its rational application in clinical settings. The guideline plan was drawn from the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Using the Delphi method, clinical questions and outcome indicators were generated. Systematic reviews, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence quality evaluations, expert opinions, and patient values guided evidence-based suggestions for the guideline. External reviews further refined the recommendations. The guideline for the TDM of MPA (IPGRP-2020CN099) consists of four sections and 16 recommendations encompassing target populations, monitoring strategies, dosage regimens, and influencing factors. High-risk populations, timing of TDM, area under the curve (AUC) versus trough concentration (C₀), target concentration ranges, monitoring frequency, and analytical methods are addressed. Formulation-specific recommendations, initial dosage regimens, populations with unique considerations, pharmacokinetic-informed dosing, body weight factors, pharmacogenetics, and drug‍-‍drug interactions are covered. The evidence-based guideline offers a comprehensive recommendation for solid organ transplant recipients undergoing MPA therapy, promoting standardization of MPA TDM, and enhancing treatment efficacy and safety.
Mycophenolic Acid/administration & dosage* ; Drug Monitoring/methods* ; Humans ; Organ Transplantation ; Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage* ; Delphi Technique

Objective To explore the clinical value of subcutaneous tunneling in the management of chronic subdural hematoma.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 279 cases of unilateral chronic subdural hematoma treated at the Neurosurgery Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2015 to December 2019.The patients were randomly assigned to subcutaneous tunnel group(n=164)and control group(n=115)through double-blind randomization.In the subcutaneous tunnel group,the intraoperative drainage tube was extracted through a subcutaneous tunnel,while in the control group,the drainage tube was removed directly from the incision.We analyzed the hematoma clearance rate,complications,and hematoma recurrence rate after 6 months.Results There was no statistical significance in age,sex,comorbidities,hematoma side or hematoma volume between the two groups(P＞0.05).Subcutaneous tunnel group and control group did not significantly differ in operation time[(27.68±4.1)min vs.(27.50±4.02)min],hospital stay[(7.39±1.04)d vs.(7.42±1.04)d],tube removal time[(24.30±4.82)h vs.25.37±5.02)h],or other clinical features(all P＞0.05).The clearance rate of hematoma was significantly higher in subcutaneous tunnel group than in control group(97.6％vs.95.7％,Z=-3.897,P＜0.001).There were 6 cases(3.7％)of hematoma recurrence in the subcutaneous tunnel group and 11 cases(9.6％)in the control group.The subcutaneous tunnel group had significantly lower recurrence of hematoma than the control group(x2=4.122,P=0.042).Conclusion Subcutaneous tunneling for drainage in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma can increase the hematoma clearance rate and reduce the rates of complications and recurrence.This technique is simple and worthy of broad clinical application.

Purpose To investigate the consistency and reliability of immunohistochemistry(IHC)staining and polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis(PCR-CE)in the detection of microsatellite instability.Methods The clinical data of 735 patients with solid tumors who underwent biopsy or surgical resection were collected,and the microsatellite status of tissue samples was detected by IHC and PCR-CE.Results Among the 344 cases of colorectal cancer(CRC),IHC results showed that 290 cases(84.3％)had proficient mismatch repair(pMMR),and 54 cases(15.7％)had deficient mismatch repair(dMMR).The results of PCR-CE showed that 53 patients(15.4％)had high microsatellite instability(MSI-H),and 291 patients(84.6％)had microsatellite stable(MSS).The consistency analysis of IHC and PCR-CE results showed that the Kappa value was 0.923(P＜0.001).Among the 168 cases of en-dometrial cancer(EC),IHC results showed that 42 cases(25.0％)had dMMR and 126 cases(75.0％)had pMMR;The results of PCR-CE showed that 39 cases(23.2％)had MSI-H and 129 cases(76.8％)had MSS.The consisten-cy analysis of the two methods showed that the Kappa value was 0.854(P＜0.001).Among the 165 cases of gastric cancer,IHC results showed that 22(13.3％)had dMMR and 143(86.7％)had pMMR;The results of PCR-CE showed that 22 cases(13.3％)had MSI-H and 143 cases(86.7％)had MSS/low microsatellite instability(MSI-L).The consistency analysis of IHC and PCR-CE results showed that the Kappa value was 0.843(P＜0.001).Among the 58 cases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC),IHC results showed that 3 cases(5.2％)had dMMR and 55 cases(94.8％)had pMMR;The results of PCR-CE showed that 3 cases(5.2％)had MSI-H and 55 cases(94.8％)had MSS.The consistency analysis of the two methods showed that the Kappa value was 1.000(P＜0.001).Conclusion IHC and PCR-CE have high consistency and reliability in detecting MSI status in patients with CRC,EC,gastric cancer and HNSCC,and their combined application is helpful to improve the accuracy of MSI detec-tion in patients with solid tumors.

Objective To explore the effect of the pneumatic and electric hand training system with multiple sensory stimulation mo-dalities combined with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on hand movement and tactile pressure sensation in patients with stroke.Methods From May,2023 to October,2024,62 stroke patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China were randomly divided into control group(n=31)and experimental group(n=31).Both groups received conventional rehabilitation,and 1 Hz low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the primary cerebral motor cortex on the unaffected side,while the experimental group received the pneumatic and electric hand training system with multiple sensory stimulation modalities in addition,for four weeks.They were as-sessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities(FMA-UE),Motor Assessment Scale(MAS),Semmes Weinstein Monofilament Test(SWMT)and modified Barthel index(MBI)before and after treatment.Results One case dropped out in control group and one in the experimental group.After treatment,the scores of FMA-UE,MAS,SWMT and MBI increased in both groups(|t|>5.464,P<0.001),expect the score of SWMT in the control group(P>0.05),and all scores were better in the experimental group than in the control group(|t|>2.195,P<0.05).Conclusion The pneumatic and electric hand training system with multiple sensory stimulation modalities combined with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve the motor and tactile pressure func-tion of stroke patients,and improve their activity of daily living.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)is the most common pathological subtype of head and neck malignancies.The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage,losing the opportunity for curative surgery,and overall prognosis remains poor.With its exceptional capabilities in image analysis and powerful data pro-cessing,artificial intelligence(AI)has the potential to become a valuable tool in precision pathology,offering new op-portunities to improve the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer.This article provides a systematic review of the current research status on AI-assisted pathological image analysis in the diagnosis,treatment strategy selection,and prognosis prediction of HNSCC,while also discussing future research directions.

Objective To explore the clinical value of subcutaneous tunneling in the management of chronic subdural hematoma.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 279 cases of unilateral chronic subdural hematoma treated at the Neurosurgery Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2015 to December 2019.The patients were randomly assigned to subcutaneous tunnel group(n=164)and control group(n=115)through double-blind randomization.In the subcutaneous tunnel group,the intraoperative drainage tube was extracted through a subcutaneous tunnel,while in the control group,the drainage tube was removed directly from the incision.We analyzed the hematoma clearance rate,complications,and hematoma recurrence rate after 6 months.Results There was no statistical significance in age,sex,comorbidities,hematoma side or hematoma volume between the two groups(P＞0.05).Subcutaneous tunnel group and control group did not significantly differ in operation time[(27.68±4.1)min vs.(27.50±4.02)min],hospital stay[(7.39±1.04)d vs.(7.42±1.04)d],tube removal time[(24.30±4.82)h vs.25.37±5.02)h],or other clinical features(all P＞0.05).The clearance rate of hematoma was significantly higher in subcutaneous tunnel group than in control group(97.6％vs.95.7％,Z=-3.897,P＜0.001).There were 6 cases(3.7％)of hematoma recurrence in the subcutaneous tunnel group and 11 cases(9.6％)in the control group.The subcutaneous tunnel group had significantly lower recurrence of hematoma than the control group(x2=4.122,P=0.042).Conclusion Subcutaneous tunneling for drainage in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma can increase the hematoma clearance rate and reduce the rates of complications and recurrence.This technique is simple and worthy of broad clinical application.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)is the most common pathological subtype of head and neck malignancies.The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage,losing the opportunity for curative surgery,and overall prognosis remains poor.With its exceptional capabilities in image analysis and powerful data pro-cessing,artificial intelligence(AI)has the potential to become a valuable tool in precision pathology,offering new op-portunities to improve the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer.This article provides a systematic review of the current research status on AI-assisted pathological image analysis in the diagnosis,treatment strategy selection,and prognosis prediction of HNSCC,while also discussing future research directions.

Purpose To investigate the consistency and reliability of immunohistochemistry(IHC)staining and polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis(PCR-CE)in the detection of microsatellite instability.Methods The clinical data of 735 patients with solid tumors who underwent biopsy or surgical resection were collected,and the microsatellite status of tissue samples was detected by IHC and PCR-CE.Results Among the 344 cases of colorectal cancer(CRC),IHC results showed that 290 cases(84.3％)had proficient mismatch repair(pMMR),and 54 cases(15.7％)had deficient mismatch repair(dMMR).The results of PCR-CE showed that 53 patients(15.4％)had high microsatellite instability(MSI-H),and 291 patients(84.6％)had microsatellite stable(MSS).The consistency analysis of IHC and PCR-CE results showed that the Kappa value was 0.923(P＜0.001).Among the 168 cases of en-dometrial cancer(EC),IHC results showed that 42 cases(25.0％)had dMMR and 126 cases(75.0％)had pMMR;The results of PCR-CE showed that 39 cases(23.2％)had MSI-H and 129 cases(76.8％)had MSS.The consisten-cy analysis of the two methods showed that the Kappa value was 0.854(P＜0.001).Among the 165 cases of gastric cancer,IHC results showed that 22(13.3％)had dMMR and 143(86.7％)had pMMR;The results of PCR-CE showed that 22 cases(13.3％)had MSI-H and 143 cases(86.7％)had MSS/low microsatellite instability(MSI-L).The consistency analysis of IHC and PCR-CE results showed that the Kappa value was 0.843(P＜0.001).Among the 58 cases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC),IHC results showed that 3 cases(5.2％)had dMMR and 55 cases(94.8％)had pMMR;The results of PCR-CE showed that 3 cases(5.2％)had MSI-H and 55 cases(94.8％)had MSS.The consistency analysis of the two methods showed that the Kappa value was 1.000(P＜0.001).Conclusion IHC and PCR-CE have high consistency and reliability in detecting MSI status in patients with CRC,EC,gastric cancer and HNSCC,and their combined application is helpful to improve the accuracy of MSI detec-tion in patients with solid tumors.

Objective To explore the effect of the pneumatic and electric hand training system with multiple sensory stimulation mo-dalities combined with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on hand movement and tactile pressure sensation in patients with stroke.Methods From May,2023 to October,2024,62 stroke patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China were randomly divided into control group(n=31)and experimental group(n=31).Both groups received conventional rehabilitation,and 1 Hz low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the primary cerebral motor cortex on the unaffected side,while the experimental group received the pneumatic and electric hand training system with multiple sensory stimulation modalities in addition,for four weeks.They were as-sessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities(FMA-UE),Motor Assessment Scale(MAS),Semmes Weinstein Monofilament Test(SWMT)and modified Barthel index(MBI)before and after treatment.Results One case dropped out in control group and one in the experimental group.After treatment,the scores of FMA-UE,MAS,SWMT and MBI increased in both groups(|t|>5.464,P<0.001),expect the score of SWMT in the control group(P>0.05),and all scores were better in the experimental group than in the control group(|t|>2.195,P<0.05).Conclusion The pneumatic and electric hand training system with multiple sensory stimulation modalities combined with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve the motor and tactile pressure func-tion of stroke patients,and improve their activity of daily living.