Lymphoma is a highly heterogeneous malignancy characterized by complex molecular regulatory mechanisms that result in significant differences in aggressiveness and prognosis across its subtypes.Gene copy number alteration(CNA)analysis,an emerging technology,has become a pivotal tool in the precision re-search and management of lymphoma.By detecting DNA deletions,amplifications,and chromosomal copy number changes,CNA analysis addresses the limitations of traditional cytogenetic techniques,enhances the ac-curacy of subtype classification,and aids in evaluating tumor heterogeneity and disease progression.This re-view provides a comprehensive summary of CNA detection methods and their applications in lymphoma,with a focus on recent advancements in the field.It offers a comparative analysis of CNA detection techniques and discusses their role in precision diagnosis,subtype classification,monitoring disease progression,predicting therapeutic resistance,and assessing prognosis.Additionally,the review explores the potential applications of CNA analysis in uncovering molecular regulatory mechanisms,optimizing therapeutic strategies,and impro-ving patient survival outcomes.

Objective: To analyze the bioinformatics of domestic Clostridium difficile toxin B(TcdB) and prepare it to provide data support for the development of effective vaccines. Methods: Using bioinformatics software such as Snippy, Blast, Muscle, and the dist.alignment() and hclust() functions in R, 1 355 strains of Clostridium difficile from NCBI GenBank in China were compared and analyzed, and TcdB were grouped. The maximum likelihood tree and phylogenetic tree were beautified and displayed using iTOL. An online bioinformatics analysis website was used to predict and analyze the spatial structure and antigenic epitopes of the two largest subgroups, TcdB1 and TcdB2. The antigen protein TcdB was expressed and purified by prokaryotic system. Results: According to the genotype of toxin B, the 1 355 prevalent strains of Clostridium difficile in China could be roughly divided into 12 subtypes, among which TcdB1 and TcdB2 were the main subtypes, accounting for more than 93.94% of all isolated strains, and about 17.20% of the strains were nontoxigenic or lack TcdB. The antigen epitope prediction of TcdB1 and TcdB2 showed that their antigen epitope distributions were basically the same, and many of them were distributed outside the C-terminal combined repetitive oligopeptides domains. Conclusion A specialized typing system for C. difficile TcdB in China has been established, and its main subtypes have been predicted for antigenic epitopes. The screened TcdB has been expressed for recombinant preparation.

Objective : To study the effect and mechanism of action of Silibinin on the differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes in murine． Methods : The effects of 0－400 μmol / L Silibinin on the proliferation of 3T3-F442A adi- pocytes at 24，48 and 72 h were detected by 3-(4，5-dimethylthiazol-2) -2，5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide ( MTT) assay，and the effects of Silibinin on the adipogenesis of 3T3-F442A adipocytes were visualized by Oil Red O stai- ning ; RT-qPCR , Western blot and ELISA assays were used to detect the effects of Silibinin on 3T3-F442A adipo- cyte differentiation-associated transcription factor CCAAT / enhancer binding protein ( C / EBP) α , C / EBP β , per- oxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ cular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -α and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) ，matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2 and MMP-9，mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and phosphorylated MEK (p-MEK) ，and extracellular regu- lated protein kinase (ERK) and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) expression. (PPARγ) ，adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) ，adipose generation-associated vas Results : MTT assay showed that the cell proliferation rate of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes decreased after 100，200，and 400 μmol /L Silibinin treatment compared with the control group (P＜0. 001) ; Oil Red O staining assay showed that the accumulation of red lipid droplets of the cells in the 160 μmol /L Silibinin assay group significantly decreased ; RT-qPCR assay showed that mRNA expression of C/EBPα , C/EBPβ , PPARγ , aP2，VEGF-α , VEGFR-2，MMP-2，and MMP-9 was down-reg- ulated in 3T3-F442A adipocytes treated with 160 μmol /L Silibinin compared with the control group (P＜0. 001) ; Western blot assay showed that protein expression of C /EBPα , C /EBPβ , PPARγ and aP2 was down-regulated in 3T3-F442A adipocytes treated with 160 μmol /L Silibinin (P＜0. 001) ，and the phosphorylation level of p-MEK/ MEK and p-ERK/ ERK proteins was down-regulated compared with the control group (P ＜0. 001) ; ELISA assay showed that the protein concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the cell supernatant were down-regulated (P < 0. 001) in 3T3-F442A adipocytes treated with 160 μmol /L Silibinin． Conclusion Silibinin inhibited 3T3-F442A adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis through inhibition of the MEK/ ERK pathway and matrix metalloproteinase activity.

More than 300 million people world-wide suffer from asthma,and the incidence is in-creasing year by year.As one of the most common chronic diseases,asthma is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease with complex triggering mechanisms and strong heterogeneity.With the in-depth study of physiological and pathological mech-anisms,therapeutic small molecule and hormone drugs have been introduced to control and treat most patients,but about 5％-10％of patients still suffer from various subtypes of difficult to control and treat asthma,that is,severe asthma.In the past decade,with the rapid development of bio-pharmaceutical research,protein and antibody have become the key drugs for the treatment of se-vere asthma with high efficacy,high specificity and high safety.However,biological drugs are usually administered by injection,they cannot be noninva-sive and directly delivered into the lung to quickly absorb and take effect.Therefore,there is an ur-gent need for the introduction of inhaled biologics with quick effectiveness,convenience,economy and safety in clinical.The review summarizes the existing small molecule,hormone and biological therapy drugs,and summarizes the development of inhalable biological agents of asthma,and ana-lyzes the future prospects of the inhalable biologi-cal drugs,which is designed to deepen the percep-tion of the direction of the inhalable biological drugs research,and update the information of the field,in order to provide reference for the develop-ment of more inhalable biologics.

More than 300 million people world-wide suffer from asthma,and the incidence is in-creasing year by year.As one of the most common chronic diseases,asthma is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease with complex triggering mechanisms and strong heterogeneity.With the in-depth study of physiological and pathological mech-anisms,therapeutic small molecule and hormone drugs have been introduced to control and treat most patients,but about 5％-10％of patients still suffer from various subtypes of difficult to control and treat asthma,that is,severe asthma.In the past decade,with the rapid development of bio-pharmaceutical research,protein and antibody have become the key drugs for the treatment of se-vere asthma with high efficacy,high specificity and high safety.However,biological drugs are usually administered by injection,they cannot be noninva-sive and directly delivered into the lung to quickly absorb and take effect.Therefore,there is an ur-gent need for the introduction of inhaled biologics with quick effectiveness,convenience,economy and safety in clinical.The review summarizes the existing small molecule,hormone and biological therapy drugs,and summarizes the development of inhalable biological agents of asthma,and ana-lyzes the future prospects of the inhalable biologi-cal drugs,which is designed to deepen the percep-tion of the direction of the inhalable biological drugs research,and update the information of the field,in order to provide reference for the develop-ment of more inhalable biologics.

More than 300 million people world-wide suffer from asthma,and the incidence is in-creasing year by year.As one of the most common chronic diseases,asthma is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease with complex triggering mechanisms and strong heterogeneity.With the in-depth study of physiological and pathological mech-anisms,therapeutic small molecule and hormone drugs have been introduced to control and treat most patients,but about 5％-10％of patients still suffer from various subtypes of difficult to control and treat asthma,that is,severe asthma.In the past decade,with the rapid development of bio-pharmaceutical research,protein and antibody have become the key drugs for the treatment of se-vere asthma with high efficacy,high specificity and high safety.However,biological drugs are usually administered by injection,they cannot be noninva-sive and directly delivered into the lung to quickly absorb and take effect.Therefore,there is an ur-gent need for the introduction of inhaled biologics with quick effectiveness,convenience,economy and safety in clinical.The review summarizes the existing small molecule,hormone and biological therapy drugs,and summarizes the development of inhalable biological agents of asthma,and ana-lyzes the future prospects of the inhalable biologi-cal drugs,which is designed to deepen the percep-tion of the direction of the inhalable biological drugs research,and update the information of the field,in order to provide reference for the develop-ment of more inhalable biologics.

More than 300 million people world-wide suffer from asthma,and the incidence is in-creasing year by year.As one of the most common chronic diseases,asthma is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease with complex triggering mechanisms and strong heterogeneity.With the in-depth study of physiological and pathological mech-anisms,therapeutic small molecule and hormone drugs have been introduced to control and treat most patients,but about 5％-10％of patients still suffer from various subtypes of difficult to control and treat asthma,that is,severe asthma.In the past decade,with the rapid development of bio-pharmaceutical research,protein and antibody have become the key drugs for the treatment of se-vere asthma with high efficacy,high specificity and high safety.However,biological drugs are usually administered by injection,they cannot be noninva-sive and directly delivered into the lung to quickly absorb and take effect.Therefore,there is an ur-gent need for the introduction of inhaled biologics with quick effectiveness,convenience,economy and safety in clinical.The review summarizes the existing small molecule,hormone and biological therapy drugs,and summarizes the development of inhalable biological agents of asthma,and ana-lyzes the future prospects of the inhalable biologi-cal drugs,which is designed to deepen the percep-tion of the direction of the inhalable biological drugs research,and update the information of the field,in order to provide reference for the develop-ment of more inhalable biologics.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponins （PNS） on wound healing after anal fistula surgery in rats by regulating the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）/vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）/ vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 （VEGFR2） signaling pathway. METHODS SD rats were selected to establish a postoperative rat model of anal fistula by infecting wound with Escherichia coli. The model rats were randomly grouped into model group， PNS low-dose and high-dose groups （15， 30 mg/cm2）， high-dose of PNS+2-methoxyestradiol （2ME2） group （PNS 30 mg/cm2+HIF-1α inhibitor 2ME2 4 mg/kg）， with 10 rats in each group. Another 10 normal rats were selected for back hair removal treatment as the control group. Each drug group was injected with the corresponding drug solution intramuscularly or （and） intraperitoneally， once a day， for 3 weeks. After the last administration， the wound healing rate （excluding the control group）， microvascular density （MVD）， the expression of collagen Ⅰ and fibronectin （FN） in the wound tissue were detected in each group； the levels of angiogenic factors [VEGF， E-mail：842710813@qq.com angiopoietin-Ⅰ （Ang-Ⅰ）， Ang-Ⅱ] in serum， the levels of inflammatory factors [interleukin-6 （IL-6） and IL-2] in serum binggui7183@163.com and wound tissue as well as the expressions of the related proteins of HIF-1α/VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway in the wound tissue of rats were also detected in each group. RESULTS The MVD， the expression of collagen Ⅰ and FN in the wound tissue， and the levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in serum and wound tissue of rats increased significantly in the model group， compared to the control group （P＜0.05）， while the serum levels of VEGF， Ang- Ⅰ and Ang-Ⅱ decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. The wound healing rate， the MVD in wound tissue， the serum levels of VEGF， Ang-Ⅰ and Ang-Ⅱ， the expressions of collagen Ⅰ and FN in the wound tissue， and protein expressions of HIF-1α， VEGF and VEGFR2 in the PNS low-dose and high-dose groups increased significantly， compared to the model group （P＜0.05）， while the levels of IL-6 and IL-2 in serum and wound tissue decreased significantly （P＜0.05）； the high-dose PNS had a stronger effect （P＜ 0.05）. 2ME2 could weaken the effect of PNS on above indicators of rats after anal fistula surgery （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS PNS can promote the production of angiogenic factors and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory factors， thereby promoting wound healing in rats after anal fistula surgery. The above effects are related to the activation of HIF-1α/VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway.

More than 300 million people worldwide suffer from asthma, and the incidence is increasing year by year. As one of the most common chronic diseases, asthma is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease with complex triggering mechanisms and strong heterogeneity. With the in-depth study of physiological and pathological mechanisms, therapeutic small molecule and hormone drugs have been introduced to control and treat most patients, but about 5% - 10% of patients still suffer from various subtypes of difficult to control and treat asthma, that is, severe asthma. In the past decade, with the rapid development of bio-pharmaceutical research, protein and antibody have become the key drugs for the treatment of severe asthma with high efficacy, high specificity and high safety. However, biological drugs are usually administered by injection, they cannot be noninvasive and directly delivered into the lung to quickly absorb and take effect. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the introduction of inhaled biologics with quick effectiveness, convenience, economy and safety in clinical. The review summarizes the existing small molecule, hormone and biological therapy drugs, and summarizes the development of inhalable biological agents of asthma, and analyzes the future prospects of the inhalable biological drugs, which is designed to deepen the perception of the direction of the inhalable biological drugs research, and update the information of the field, in order to provide reference for the development of more inhalable biologics.

Objective:To analyze the level of interleukin-36(IL-36) family cytokines in peripheral blood, and explore the regulatory role of recombinant human IL-36α in monocyte function in patients with diabetic kidney disease(DKD).Methods:A total of 41 type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients, 36 DKD patients, and 20 controls were consecutively enrolled. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) were isolated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to measure plasma levels of IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36 receptor antagonist(IL-36Ra). PBMCs were sorted, and real-time quantitative PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of IL-36 receptor subunits in monocytes. Monocytes were stimulated with recombinant IL-36α, and levels of cytotoxic molecules and cytokines in the culture supernatant were measured. Flow cytometry was used to assess the expressions of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4(CTLA-4). Co-culture of monocytes with Vero cells was performed to evaluate monocyte cytotoxicity.Results:Plasma levels of IL-36α and IL-36β in the T2DM and DKD groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. The DKD group also showed higher plasma levels of IL-36α compared to the T2DM group( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in IL-36γ and IL-36Ra levels among the three groups( P>0.05). The mRNA expression of IL-36 receptor subunits in monocytes was comparable among the three groups( P>0.05). The DKD group had higher level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) compared to the control and T2DM groups( P<0.05). The levels of PD-1 and CTLA-4 were lower in the DKD group than those in the control and T2DM groups( P<0.05). The proportion of monocyte-induced Vero cell death was significantly higher in the DKD group compared to the control and T2DM groups( P<0.05). After stimulation with recombinant human IL-36α, monocytes from DKD patients showed a significant increase in the secretion of granzyme B and TNF-α( P<0.05), as well as an increased proportion of monocyte-induced Vero cell death( P=0.024). Conclusion:In DKD patients, elevated IL-36α and granzyme B levels in monocytes enhance monocyte function.