Objective To investigate the effects of Xiaoyukang capsule on neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis after Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)in rats by regulating JNK/c-JUN signaling pathway.Methods Adult male SD rats were intrastriatally injected with bacterial collagenase Ⅶ to induce an ICH model and they were randomly divided into blank control group,model control group,Xiaoyukang capsule small dose group,medium dose group,and large dose group.Neurobehavioral tests,body mass measurements,hematoma volume statistics,hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,immunofluorescence,deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)staining,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and Western Blotting were performed after 3 and 5 days,respectively.Results Compared with the blank control group,the rats in the model control group had severe neurobehavioral defects and weight loss(P＜0.05).The arrangement of neurons in brain tissue was disordered,and there was microglia/macrophages activation,neutrophil infiltration,neuronal apoptosis(P＜0.05).The levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β and the expression of p-JNK,p-c-JUN,Bax,Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein around hematoma were significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model control group,Xiaoyukang capsule large dose group significantly improved the neurobehavioral function of rats,promoted weight recovery and hematoma absorption(P＜0.05).Reduce the pathological injury of brain tissue,inhibition of microglia/macrophages activation,neutrophil infiltration and neuronal apoptosis(P＜0.05).In addition,the levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β and the expression of p-JNK,p-c-JUN,Bax,Caspase-3,Cleaved Caspase-3 protein around hematoma were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Xiaoyukang capsule can improve neurobehavioral defects in ICH rats,promote body mass recovery and hematoma absorption,reduce pathological damage of brain tissue,inhibit microglia/macrophage activation and neutrophil infiltration,its mechanism may be achieved by inhibiting JNK/c-JUN-mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the effects of Xiaoyukang capsule on neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis after Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)in rats by regulating JNK/c-JUN signaling pathway.Methods Adult male SD rats were intrastriatally injected with bacterial collagenase Ⅶ to induce an ICH model and they were randomly divided into blank control group,model control group,Xiaoyukang capsule small dose group,medium dose group,and large dose group.Neurobehavioral tests,body mass measurements,hematoma volume statistics,hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,immunofluorescence,deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)staining,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and Western Blotting were performed after 3 and 5 days,respectively.Results Compared with the blank control group,the rats in the model control group had severe neurobehavioral defects and weight loss(P＜0.05).The arrangement of neurons in brain tissue was disordered,and there was microglia/macrophages activation,neutrophil infiltration,neuronal apoptosis(P＜0.05).The levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β and the expression of p-JNK,p-c-JUN,Bax,Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein around hematoma were significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model control group,Xiaoyukang capsule large dose group significantly improved the neurobehavioral function of rats,promoted weight recovery and hematoma absorption(P＜0.05).Reduce the pathological injury of brain tissue,inhibition of microglia/macrophages activation,neutrophil infiltration and neuronal apoptosis(P＜0.05).In addition,the levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β and the expression of p-JNK,p-c-JUN,Bax,Caspase-3,Cleaved Caspase-3 protein around hematoma were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Xiaoyukang capsule can improve neurobehavioral defects in ICH rats,promote body mass recovery and hematoma absorption,reduce pathological damage of brain tissue,inhibit microglia/macrophage activation and neutrophil infiltration,its mechanism may be achieved by inhibiting JNK/c-JUN-mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis.

Oncomelania hupensis which plays an important role in the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum and carrying out studies on its subspecies differentiation and genetic variation will have an important significance for schistosomiasis control. In this paper the research progress of taxonomy and discrimination techniques of O. hupensis is reviewed at four levels namely the morphological level the cellular level the protein level and the DNA molecule level and DNA sequencing technology is considered as the ideal taxonomy and discrimination technique of O. hupensis and the future research emphasis.