Formate is an important solar fuel, with large application potential in bioconversion. Especially, the win-win collaboration is achieved when formate is applied to the cultivation of microalgae, which combines the advantages from both artificial and natural photosynthesis. However, the inhibition of formate on the photosynthetic electron transport hinders the application of formate at high concentrations. The engineering or directed evolution of the regulation pathway is a case-by-case and time-consuming strategy. Here, we developed a new strategy by introducing a Stenotrophomonas sp. strain which was isolated and identified from the long-term self-evolution process of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for adapting to high concentrations of formate. The co-culture with the strain or the fermentation broth relieved the inhibition of formate (50 mmol/L) on C. reinhardtii and promoted the growth of the microalga. Especially, the protein content increased significantly to nearly 50% of the dried weight. In addition, the co-culture also benefited the growth of both Chlorella pyrenoidesa and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 exposed to formate, which indicated broader applicability of this strategy. This strategy provides the opportunity to overcome the bottleneck in the formate-mediated artificial-natural hybrid photosynthesis and to aid the development of technologies for solar energy-driven production of bulk biomass, including proteins, by carbon dioxide reduction.
Photosynthesis/physiology* ; Formates/pharmacology* ; Stenotrophomonas/growth & development* ; Microalgae/metabolism* ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/growth & development*

Objective:To evaluate the effect of selective inhibitor of caspase-1 VX-765 on cognitive function in a rat model of hemorrhage shock and resuscitation (HSR).Methods:Forty-eight clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 9-10 weeks, weighing 350-400 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (S group), HSR group (H group), VX-765 group (V group), and solvent control group (C group). The rats in H, V and C groups were subjected to hemorrhage by bleeding from femoral vein to achieve mean arterial pressure of 25-35 mmHg which was maintained at this level for 60 min followed by resuscitation with shed blood within 15 min to restore blood pressure, and normal saline was infused when needed.VX-765 1 mg/kg and 0.4% polyethylene glycol 1 mg/kg were intravenously injected via the femoral vein immediately after the end of resuscitation in V and C groups, respectively.Six rats in each group were selected and sacrificed at 12 h after the end of resuscitation, and the cerebral cortex was removed for determination of neuronal pyroptosis (by immunofluorescence) and degree of cortical edema (using T2-weighted imaging). Cognitive function was measured by open field test on day 7 after resuscitation in the rest 6 rats in each group. Results:Compared with S group, the pyroptosis rate in cortical neurons at 12 h after resuscitation and degree of cortical edema were significantly increased, the distance in the central square and the number of standing on the back legs were decreased on day 7 after resuscitation, and the time spent in the central square was shortened in H, V and C groups ( P<0.05). Compared with H and C groups, the pyroptosis rate in cortical neurons at 12 h after resuscitation and degree of cortical edema were significantly decreased, the distance in the central square and the number of standing on the back legs were increased on day 7 after resuscitation, and the time spent in the central square was prolonged in V group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:VX-765 can improve the cognitive function, and the mechanism may be associated with inhibiting pyroptosis in cortical neurons in a rat model of HSR.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of exogenous carbon monoxide (CO) on cell apoptosis during acute renal injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR) in rats.Methods:Forty-eight clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 9-10 weeks, weighing 350-400 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=12 each) by a random number table method: sham operation group (S group), HSR group (H group), HSR plus CORM-3 group (HC group) and HSR plus iCORM-3 group (HiC group). Mean arterial pressure was maintained at 30-35 mmHg for 45 min by withdrawing blood from the femoral vein, and the shed blood was re-transfused within 15 min to reach the initial blood pressure for resuscitation.Normal saline was infused when necessary, and the model of HSR was established.CORM-3 4 mg/kg and iCORM-3 4 mg/kg were added during resuscitation in HC group and HiC group, respectively.Only femoral vein and artery puncture was performed in S group.Blood samples were obtained from the tail vein at 3 h after resuscitation for measurement of serum urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Scr) concentrations.Rats were sacrificed at 12 h after resuscitation, and renal tissues were obtained for determination of the expression of Bcl-2 and Bak protein and cleaved caspase-3 (by Western blot) and cell apoptosis (by TUNEL). The damage to the renal tubules was assessed by paller assay after HE staining.Bcl-2/Bak ratio and apoptosis rate were calculated. Results:Compared with group S, the serum BUN and Scr concentrations, paller scores, and apoptosis rate were significantly increased, Bcl-2/Bak ratio was decreased, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was up-regulated in H, HC and HiC groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group H, the serum BUN and Scr concentrations, paller scores, and apoptosis rate were significantly decreased, Bcl-2/Bak ratio was increased, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was down-regulated in group HC ( P<0.05). Compared with group HC, the serum BUN and Scr concentrations, paller scores, and apoptosis rate were significantly increased, Bcl-2/Bak ratio was decreased, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was up-regulated in group HiC ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the indexes mentioned above between group H and group HiC ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The mechanism by which exogenous CO improves acute kidney injury may be related to inhibiting cell apoptosis in a rat model of HSR.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) on blood transfusion-related acute lung injury in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods:Seventy-two clean-grade healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 300-350 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=18 each) using the random number table method: sham operation group (group S), TBI group (T group), TBI plus 10 ml/kg plasma transfusion group (TP group), and TBI plus 10 ml/kg plasma transfusion plus CORM-3 group (TPC group). TBI was induced by dropping a 20-g weight from 20 cm height falling freely in anesthetized rats.Plasma 10 ml/kg was infused via the femoral vein after TBI in TP and TPC groups.The rats were sacrificed at 24 h after plasma transfusion, and lung tissues were obtained for determination of wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio, cell apoptosis, and expression of caspase-3, Bid, Bim and Puma (by Western blot). The lung injury score was calculated using the results of HE staining.Lung ultrasonography was performed for assessment of sonographic score, and the apoptosis rate was calculated by the TUNEL staining method. Results:Compared with S group, the W/D ratio, lung injury score, sonographic score and apoptosis rate were significantly increased, and the expression of activated caspase-3, Bid, Bim and Puma was up-regulated in the other three groups ( P<0.05). Compared with T group, the W/D ratio, lung injury score, sonographic score and apoptosis rate were significantly increased, and the expression of activated caspase-3, Bid, Bim and Puma was up-regulated in TP group ( P<0.05). Compared with TP group, the W/D ratio, lung injury score, sonographic score and apoptosis rate were significantly decreased, and the expression of activated caspase-3, Bid, Bim and Puma was down-regulated in TPC group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:CORM-3 can reduce acute lung injury related to blood transfusion in rats with TBI, and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting cell apoptosis in lung tissues.

Objective To explore the application value of shenjindan capsule combined with comprehensive rehabilitation training on limb function recovery in patients with shoulder hand syndrome.MethodsA total of 90 patients with shoulder-hand syndrome who were treated in our hospital from January 2014 to June 2015 were enrolled in this study.All subjects were randomly divided into three groups using a randomized, 30 cases.Group A was treated only with oral Yanjin Dan capsule, group B was only integrated rehabilitation training, group C was treated with Yanjin Dan capsule and comprehensive rehabilitation training program.Comparison of limb function, life ability recovery and treatment efficiency.ResultsThe scores of FIM score (102.14±6.78) and ADL score (81.65±6.02) in group C were higher than those in group A[(89.32±6.78), (63.56±5.90)] and group B[90.22±6.49), (65.21±6.44)], the difference was significant (P<0.05).The total effective rate of group C was 90.00%, which was significantly better than that of group A (66.67%) and group B (63.33%), the difference was significant (P<0.05).ConclusionShenjindan capsule combined with comprehensive rehabilitation training can significantly improve the limb function of patients with shoulder hand syndrome and clinical treatment effect.