Pain not only affects the physical and mental health of individuals, but also imposes a huge burden on society as a whole. Traditional pain management measures are diverse, but each has its limitations. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new tools. Digital therapies are booming, and virtual reality (VR) has been widely used, especially in the field of pain management. VR uses assistive tools, such as headsets, to build a three-dimensional virtual world with the participation of multiple senses, including vision, hearing, and smell, so that it can make user feel being there. This review aims to summarize the application and mechanism of VR in the field of pain management, with the hope of making VR a new choice for pain management.

Objective To analyze influencing factors of paclitaxel coated ballon(PCB)on long-term restenosis in patients with severe subpatellar artery lesions in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and to construct a prediction model.Methods A total of 268 T2DM patients with severe infra-popliteal artery disease and received PCB treatment were selected.Patients were followed up for 1 year after treatment.Patients with target vessel restenosis were included in the observation group,and the other patients were included in the control group.Clinical data of two groups were analyzed.Multivariable Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze influencing factors of long-term restenosis in T2DM patients with severe infra-knee arterial disease,and a nomogram prediction model was constructed.Results A total of 260 patients(97.00%)completed the follow-up,and the incidence of restenosis was 13.85%(36/260).Both univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age,coexisting coronary heart disease,Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus(TASC)Ⅱ classification,Fontaine staging,glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were independent influencing factors for the occurrence of long-term restenosis in T2DM patients with severe infra-popliteal artery disease(P<0.05).The risk factor with the highest score in the constructed nomogram prediction model was HbA1c,followed by age,LDL-C,TASCⅡ classification,Fontaine stage and coronary heart disease.According to the column chart,the total score was 210 points,and the probability of long-term restenosis was 90%.The discrimination of the nomogram model was 0.866,with a Brier score of 0.081 and a calibration slope of 0.733.When the risk threshold was 0.15 to 1.0,the net benefit rate of long-term restenosis in T2DM patients with severe infra-popliteal artery disease was greater than that of individual evaluation.The smaller the risk threshold,the greater the net benefit rate.The benefit was the best when the threshold reached 0.23.Conclusion The influencing factors for long-term restenosis in T2DM patients with severe subknee artery disease treated by PCB include age,combined coronary heart disease,TASCⅡ grade,Fontaine stage,HbA1c and LDL-C.The prediction model based on the above influencing factors has important value in predicting long-term restenosis in patients.

Objective:To analyze the medium- and long-term outcomes of V-Y quadricepsplasty in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to expose an ankylosed or stiff knee joint.Methods:From May 2010 to February 2019, a total of 12 patients with TKA revealed by V-Y quadricepsplasty in West China Hospital of Sichuan University due to knee ankylosis or stiffness were retrospectively analyzed, including 7 males and 5 females, aged (53.9±14.9) years (range, 24 to 72 years), 6 patients on the left side and 6 patients on the right side. Preoperative diagnosis: 7 cases of osteoarthritis, 2 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, 1 case of traumatic arthritis, and 2 cases of haemophilic arthritis. Visual analogue scale (VAS), range of motion, quadriceps muscle strength, Knee Society score (KSS) and postoperative complications were recorded before and after operation.Results:All patients successfully completed the operation and were followed up for 102.2±31.1 months (range, 51-141 months). The operation time was 87.0±15.7 min (range, 73 to 123 min), the intraoperative blood loss was 823.6±237.7 ml (range, 555 to 1 471 ml), and the hospital stay was 13.3±6.3 d (range, 6 to 28 d). Postoperative VAS scores were decreased in all patients, and the difference before and after operation was statistically significant ( F=132.000, P<0.001). The VAS scores at 3 months and the last follow-up were 2.2±0.7 points and 1.2±0.4 points, respectively, lower than those before operation (5.2±0.7 points), and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). KSS knee scores were higher in all patients after operation, and the difference was statistically significant before and after operation ( F=40.960, P<0.001). KSS knee scores at 3 months and the last follow-up were 56.0±14.1 points and 74.3±16.1 points, respectively, higher than those before operation (26.1±7.8 points), and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Postoperative KSS functional scores were increased in all patients, and the difference before and after operation was statistically significant ( F=24.332, P<0.001). The KSS functional scores at 3 months and the last follow-up were 52.9±19.4 points and 79.2±19.6 points, respectively, higher than those before operation (27.1±15.6 points), and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Postoperative knee joint motion was increased in all patients, and the difference was statistically significant before and after operation ( F=24.145, P<0.001). The range of motion of the knee joint at 3 months and the last follow-up was 57.5°±22.2° and 70.0°±25.9°, respectively, which was higher than the preoperative 12.5°±14.1°, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Preoperative quadriceps muscle strength was grade 3 in 2 cases and grade 4 in 10 cases; at the last follow-up, grade 4 in 1 case and grade 5 in 11 cases, and the muscle strength was improved compared with that before operation, the difference was statistically significant ( Z=11.000, P<0.001). At the last follow-up, there were no complications such as wound seepage, delayed healing, superficial or deep soft tissue infection, periprosthesis infection and loosening, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Conclusion:In patients with ankylosed or stiff knee receiving TKA, the use of V-Y quadricepsplasty can increase the exposure, thereby improving the range of knee motion and quadriceps muscle strength.

Objective To compare the effects of different respiratory signal acquisition methods on the delineation of moving tumor targets. Methods A cube phantom containing a sphere was placed on a motion platform to simulate respiratory movement by setting motion period, frequency, and direction. Respiratory signal was acquired by real-time position management (RPM) method and GE method independently. Target delineation was conducted using the maximum intensity projection (MIP) sequence. The difference between the reconstructed volume and the theoretical moving volume was compared under the two respiratory signal acquisition methods for cube and sphere targets. Results Under the same respiratory signal acquisition method, the same respiratory amplitude, and different respiratory frequencies, reconstructed volume changes were relatively small. For the sphere target, the deviation between the reconstructed volume and the theoretical moving volume was −1.5% to 5.7% with the RPM method and −1.3% to −13.8% with the GE method (both P < 0.05). For the cube target, the deviation between the reconstructed volume and the theoretical moving volume was 0.2% to 0.9% with the RPM method and −2.6% to 0.9% with the GE method, with no statistical significance. Conclusion For small-volume sphere targets, the target volumes obtained from MIP images by the two respiratory signal acquisition methods are both smaller than the actual moving volume. For large-volume cube targets, there is no significant difference between the reconstructed and theoretical results with any respiratory signal acquisition method. The RPM method produces smaller deviation and better image quality when reconstructing small-volume targets.

Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety of drug-coated balloons (DCB) combined with bare metal stents (BMS) and BMS only for superficial femoral atherosclerosis obliterans.Methods:The clinical and follow-up data of 80 patients (82 limbs) who received combined treatment or BMS implantation at Cardiovascular Surgery Department of China Japan Friendship Hospital from Jan 2017 to Aug 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:43 patients (43 limbs) were included in combined treatment group. 37 patients (39 limbs) were in BMS only. The average lesion length of combined group was longer than BMS group (19.54±7.04 cm vs. 16.25±6.43 cm, P=0.031). The primary patency rate of combined group at 36 months was not statistically different with BMS only group (56.9% vs. 38.5%, P=0.171). The subgroup analysis of superficial femoral artery TASC C/D (Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus) and CTO (chronic total occlusion) lesions indicated that efficacy of the combined group was superior to BMS only group. The patency rates of the combined group compared with the BMS group at 36 months were 57.6% vs. 23.8%, P=0.046, 60.2% vs. 31.4%, P=0.028, respectively. There was no significant difference in the FCD-TLR (free from clinical driven target lesion revascularization) between the two groups at 36 months (72.6% vs. 66.5%, P=0.706). There was no significant difference in major adverse events between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Paclitaxel drug-coated balloon combined with bare metal stent is a safe and effective treatment for superficial femoral atherosclerosis obliterans, which is superior to bare metal stent, especially in TASC C/D and chronic total occlusive lesions.

Objective:To compare the dosimetric differences between the VenusX accelerator with an orthogonal dual-layer multi-leaf collimator (MLC) and the Varian′s CLINAC IX and EDGE accelerators with a single-layer MLC for hippocampus protection in the whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT).Methods:Forty patients with multiple brain metastases admitted to the Radiotherapy Department of the Shanghai General Hospital from June 2021 to February 2023 were selected in this study. Three whole-brain treatment plans were designed based on the above three accelerators for each patient. Under the same prescription dose, radiation field, and plan constraints, the three plans were compared in terms of the dosimetric differences in target volumes, hippocampi, and adjacent organs at risk (OARs), as well as the execution efficiency.Results:For the planning target volume (PTV), there were statistically significant differences in approximate maximum dose ( D2) between the VenusX and IX plans ( t = 4.94, P < 0.05), in approximate minimum dose ( D98) between the VenusX and EDGE plans ( t = 5.98, P < 0.05), in the target conformity indices (CIs) between VenusX plan and EDGE plans, and between the VenusX and IX plans ( t = -6.84, -14.30; P < 0.05), and dose homogeneity indices (HIs) between the VenusX and IX plans ( t = 3.48, P < 0.05). For OARs, the maximum doses ( Dmax) and average doses ( Dmean) to bilateral hippocampi of the VenusX plan were lower than those of the EDGE and IX plans ( t = 8.59-17.11, P < 0.05); the maximum doses ( Dmax) to bilateral lenses, bilateral optic nerves, and optic chiasma of the VenusX plan were lower than those of the other two plans ( t = 2.10-20.80, P < 0.05); and the differences between the maximum doses ( Dmax) to the brain stem of the VenusX and EDGE plans were statistically significant ( t = 3.86, P < 0.05). In terms of plan execution efficiency, the number of machine jumps (MU) and the treatment time of the VenusX plan were higher than those of the EDGE and IX plans, with statistically significant differences ( t = -56.48, -56.90, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The doses to target volumes of the three treatment plans all meet the prescription requirements, and the VenusX plan outperforms the EDGE and IX plans in the protection of OARs. Despite the reduced execution efficiency, the VenusX plan shortens the actual treatment time by improving the dosage rate, thus meeting the clinical requirements.

Objective: To obtain chimeric antigen receptor macrophages ( CAR-M) targeting HER2 stably transfected． Methods : CAR lentivirus vector targeting HER2 was constructed and infected with human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) ．CAR THP-1 cells with green fluorescent labeling were selected by sorting flow cytometry and continued to be cultured in vitro．The CAR THP-1 cells targeting HER2 were co-cultured with the endometrial cancer cell line Ishikawa with negative and positive HER2 expression，and their targeted phagocytosis of CAR-M to HER2 positive tumor cells was detected by imaging flow cytometry ，and the targeted phagocytosis efficiency of CAR-M to HER2 positive tumor cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results : CAR lentivirus infection with THP- 1 cells was less efficient ; After co-culture with cancer cells，flow cytometry and imaging flow cytometry showed that CAR THP-1 cells had enhanced phagocytosis of HER2 positive Ishikawa cells compared with the empty body group (P＜0. 01) ． Conclusion In this experiment，CAR THP-1 cell line targeting HER2 was established by constructing CAR lentivirus vector and transfecting THP-1 cells ，and it was proved that CAR THP-1 could phagocytize HER2 positive Ishikawa cells through specific targeting.

Objective:To assess the effect of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) on in-hospital mortality in patients with cardiac arrest undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR).Methods:A retrospective study was performed on 696 patients with intra-hospital cardiac arrest undergoing ECPR from Samsung Medical Center in Korea between January 2004 and December 2013. According to whether IABP was used, the patients were divided into ECPR group and ECPR+IABP group. Cox regression and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to examine the correlation between IABP usage and in-hospital mortality, and standardized mean difference ( SMD) was used to check the degree of PSM. Survival analysis of in-hospital mortality was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and further analyzed by the Log-Rank test. Using the propensity score as weights, multiple regression model and inverse probability weighting (IPW) model were used for sensitivity analysis. In-hospital mortality, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) withdrawal success rate and neurological function prognosis were compared between the two groups. Results:A total of 199 patients with cardiac arrest undergoing ECPR were included, including 120 males and 79 females, and the average age was (60.0±16.8) years. Thirty-one patients (15.6%) were treated with ECPR and IABP, and 168 patients (84.4%) only received ECPR. The total hospitalized mortality was 68.8% (137/199). The 1 : 1 nearest neighbor matching algorithm was performed with the 0.2 caliper value. The following variables were selected to generate propensity scores, including age, gender, race, marital status, insurance, admission type, service unit, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, pulse oxygen saturation, white blood cell count. After the propensity score matching, 24 pairs of patients were successfully matched, with the average age of (63.0±12.8) years, including 31 males and 17 females. The in-hospital mortality was 72.6% (122/168) and 48.4% (15/31) in the ECPR group and the ECPR+IABP group [hazard ratio ( HR) = 0.48, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.28-0.82, P = 0.007]. Multiple regression model, adjusted propensity score, PSM and IPW model showed that the in-hospital mortality in the ECPR+IABP group was significantly lower compared with the ECPR group ( HR = 0.44, 0.50, 0.16 and 0.49, respectively, 95% CI were 0.24-0.79, 0.28-0.91, 0.06-0.39 and 0.31-0.77, all P < 0.05). The combined application of IABP could improve the ECMO withdrawal success rate [odds ratio ( OR) = 8.95, 95% CI was 2.72-29.38, P < 0.001] and neurological prognosis ( OR = 4.06, 95% CI was 1.33-12.40, P = 0.014) in adult cardiac arrest patients. Conclusion:In patients with cardiac arrest using ECPR, the combination of IABP was independently associated with lower in-hospital mortality, higher ECMO withdrawal success rate and better neurological prognosis.

Bivalves are species-rich mollusks with prominent protective roles in coastal ecosystems.Across these ancient lineages,colony-founding larvae anchor themselves either by byssus produc-tion or by cemented attachment.The latter mode of sessile life is strongly molded by left-right shell asymmetry during larval development of Ostreoida oysters such as Crassostrea hongkongensis.Here,we sequenced the genome of C.hongkongensis in high resolution and compared it to reference bivalve genomes to unveil genomic determinants driving cemented attachment and shell asymmetry.Importantly,loss of the homeobox gene Antennapedia(Antp)and broad expansion of lineage-specific extracellular gene families are implicated in a shift from byssal to cemented attachment in bivalves.Comparative transcriptomic analysis shows a conspicuous divergence between left-right asymmetrical C.hongkongensis and symmetrical Pinctada fucata in their expression profiles.Especially,a couple of orthologous transcription factor genes and lineage-specific shell-related gene families including that encoding tyrosinases are elevated,and may cooperatively govern asymmet-rical shell formation in Ostreoida oysters.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effects of environmental cobalt exposure on insulin resistance (IR) in the general adult population. We investigated the association between cobalt concentration and IR. METHODS: A total of 1281 subjects aged more than 20 years with complete blood cobalt data were identified from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016 cycle. Blood cobalt levels were analyzed for their association with IR among all populations and subgroups by sex. Regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of blood cobalt concentrations in association with fasting glucose, insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were estimated using multivariate linear regression after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, education level, and household income. A multivariate generalized linear regression analysis was further carried out to explore the association between cobalt exposure and IR. RESULTS: A negative association between blood cobalt concentration (coefficient = - 0.125, 95% CI - 0.234, - 0.015; P = 0.026) and HOMA-IR in female adults in the age- and sex-adjusted model was observed. However, no associations with HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, or insulin were found in the overall population. In the generalized linear models, participants with the lowest cobalt levels had a 2.74% (95% CI 0.04%, 5.50%) increase in HOMA-IR (P for trend = 0.031) compared with subjects with the highest cobalt levels. Restricted cubic spline regression suggested that a non-linear relationship may exist between blood cobalt and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS These results provide epidemiological evidence that low levels of blood cobalt are negatively associated with HOMA-IR in female adults.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cobalt/blood* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Environmental Pollutants/blood* ; Female ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin/blood* ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Sex Factors ; United States ; Young Adult