With population aging worldwide,Alzheimer's disease(AD)has become a serious human health issue.Owing in part to the complexity of the pathogenesis of AD,effective therapeutic options are lacking.Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes(MSC-Exos)have powerful regenerative properties and repair functions,providing a new direction for treatment.They are donor-derived,easily stored,natural carriers,with low immunogenicity and a low risk of tumor formation.They have shown great potential in the treatment of AD and post-treatment rehabilitation.This article introduces the pathological mechanisms of AD and characteristics of MSC-Exos,provides a detailed review of the roles of MSC-Exos in the treatment of AD,including anti-inflammatory effects,immunomodulatory effects,and related signaling pathway modulation,and summarizes recent research progress,with the aim of providing a basis for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to AD.

With population aging worldwide,Alzheimer's disease(AD)has become a serious human health issue.Owing in part to the complexity of the pathogenesis of AD,effective therapeutic options are lacking.Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes(MSC-Exos)have powerful regenerative properties and repair functions,providing a new direction for treatment.They are donor-derived,easily stored,natural carriers,with low immunogenicity and a low risk of tumor formation.They have shown great potential in the treatment of AD and post-treatment rehabilitation.This article introduces the pathological mechanisms of AD and characteristics of MSC-Exos,provides a detailed review of the roles of MSC-Exos in the treatment of AD,including anti-inflammatory effects,immunomodulatory effects,and related signaling pathway modulation,and summarizes recent research progress,with the aim of providing a basis for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to AD.

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that relies on the accumulation of intracellular iron ions,causing irreversible damage to cell membranes through extensive lipid peroxidation,ultimately leading to cell death.Ferroptosis is closely associated with various neurodegenerative diseases.The ferroptosis of glial cells can regulate neuronal death by inducing neuroinflammation and affecting oxidative stress,thereby exacerbating the progression of neu-rodegenerative diseases.This review summarizes how ferroptosis occurs in different types of glial cells and its impact on neurons,aiming to deeply understand the effects of glial cell ferroptosis on neurodegenerative diseases and explore the po-tential therapeutic applications of inhibiting this process in treatment.

Postherpetic neuralgia(PHN)is a typical chronic neuropathic pain syndrome.Both peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms are believed to be involved in PHN,but the central nervous system-related brain network structure and function are not yet fully elucidated,limiting the study on the clinical analgesic drugs and other intervention strategies.In recent years,the research on pain matrix-related brain networks has helped to reveal the central nervous system regulation mechanism of pain,but there are few reports on the PHN pain matrix.This review summarizes the recent studies on the PHN pain matrix,retrospectively analyzes the functional and structural changes in specific pain-related brain regions,in order to provide the new insights for exploring the effective targeted analgesic treatments.

Objective:To evaluate the impact of preemptive analgesia with ibuprofen on postoperative pain following the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars in a Chinese population, aiming to provide a clinical reference for its application.Methods:This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial was conducted from April 2022 to October 2023 at the Capital Medical University School of Stomatology (40 cases), Beijing TianTan Hospital, Capital Medical University (22 cases), and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University (20 cases). It included 82 patients with impacted mandibular third molars, with 41 in the ibuprofen group and 41 in the control group. Participants in the ibuprofen group received 300 mg of sustained-release ibuprofen capsules orally 15 min before surgery, while the control group received a placebo. Both groups were instructed to take sustained-release ibuprofen capsules as planned for 3 days post-surgery. Pain intensity was measured using the numerical rating scale at 30 min, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after surgery, and the use of additional analgesic medication was recorded during days 4 to 6 postoperatively.Results:All 82 patients completed the study according to the protocol. No adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, or allergies were reported in either group during the trial. The ibuprofen group exhibited significantly lower pain scores at 4 h [2.0 (1.0, 4.0) vs. 4.0 (3.0, 5.0)] ( Z=-3.73, P<0.001), 6 h [2.0 (1.0, 4.0) vs. 5.0(2.5, 6.0)] ( Z=-3.38, P<0.001), and 8 h [2.0 (1.0, 4.0) vs. 5.0 (2.0, 6.0)] ( Z=-2.11, P=0.035) postoperatively compared to the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in pain scores between the groups at 30 min, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively ( P>0.05). Additionally, 11 out of 41 patients (26.8%) in the ibuprofen group and 23 out of 41 patients (56.1%) in the control group required extra analgesic medication between days 4 and 6 post-surgery, with the ibuprofen group taking significantly fewer additional pills [0.0 (0.0, 1.0) vs. 1.0 (0.0, 3.0)] ( Z=-2.81, P=0.005). Conclusions:A pain management regimen involving 300 mg of oral sustained-release ibuprofen capsules administered 15 minutes before surgery and continued for 3 d postoperatively effectively reduces pain levels and the total amount of analgesic medication used after the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. Considering its efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness, ibuprofen is recommended as a first-line drug for perioperative pain management, enhancing patient comfort during diagnosis and treatment in a feasible manner.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of preemptive analgesia with ibuprofen on postoperative pain following single posterior tooth implantation, aiming to provide a clinical reference for its application.Methods:A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial was conducted. A total of 82 participants were included in the trial, meeting the eligibility criteria from April 2022 to April 2024 at the Capital Medical University School of Stomatology (40 cases), Beijing TianTan Hospital, Capital Medical University (22 cases), Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University (20 cases). Participants were randomly assigned in a 1∶1 ratio to either the ibuprofen group or the control group, with each group comprising 41 individuals. Participants in the ibuprofen group received 300 mg of sustained-release ibuprofen capsules orally 15 min before surgery, while the control group received a placebo. Both groups received the same postoperative analgesic regimen for 3 days. Pain scores were assessed using the numerical rating scale at 30 min, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively, and the additional use of analgesic medication was recorded from days 4 to 6 postoperatively.Results:A total of 82 participants were initially enrolled in the study, with 7 dropouts (4 from the control group and 3 from the ibuprofen group), resulting in 75 participants (37 in the control group and 38 in the ibuprofen group) completing the trial. There were no reports of adverse events such as nausea or vomiting among the participants. The ibuprofen group exhibited significantly lower pain scores at 4 h, 6 h and 8 h [1.0 (0.0, 2.0), 1.0 (0.0, 2.0), 1.5 (0.0, 3.0) ] postoperatively compared to the control group 4 h, 6 h and 8 h [2.0 (1.0, 3.0), 3.0 (1.5, 4.0), 2.0 (1.0, 4.0)] ( Z=-1.99, P=0.047; Z=-3.01, P=0.003; Z=-2.10, P=0.036). The proportions of patients requiring additional analgesic medication between days 4 and 6 post-surgery were 18.4% (7/38) in the ibuprofen group and 27.0% (10/37) in the control group, with no significant difference (χ 2=0.79, P=0.373). The median additional medication usage postoperatively was [0.0 (0.0, 0.0) pills] in the ibuprofen group and [0.0 (0.0, 1.0) pills] in the control group, with no significant difference ( Z=-0.78, P=0.439). Conclusions:Preemptive analgesia with ibuprofen effectively reduces postoperative pain following tooth implantation, representing a safe and effective perioperative pain management strategy.

To determine the physicians′compliance of hour-1 bundle for sepsis. A management system of hour-1 bundle for sepsis was established. The clinical data of 286 sepsis patients were collected, who were classified into 3 months before the bundle (control group), 9 months during process (observation group) and 3 months after bundle (study group). The compliance of hour-1 bundle implementation was compared in three groups. The results showed that with the application and implementation of the management system, the compliance of hour-1 bundle for sepsis in the control group, observation group and study group was 58.3%(28/48), 69.1%(105/152) and 88.4%(76/86) respectively (χ 2=7.053, P=0.029). The 28 day mortality in sepsis patients was 41.7%(20/48), 34.9%(53/152) and 23.3%(20/86) respectively (χ 2=5.576, P=0.062).The management system of hour-1 bundle for sepsis can effectively improve the physicians′ compliance.

Objective　To investigate the clinical manifestation,electroencephalography characteristics and prognosis of myoclonic absence epilepsy (MAE).Methods　Data from 14 patients diagnosed as MAE in the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from 2013 to 2019 were collected and analyzed.Results　Among the 14 cases,8 were male and 6 were female.Of all the 14 cases,myoclonic absences (MA) was the sole or main seizure symptoms,an abrupt onset and termination,a high frequency at least several times to nearly 100 times per day.They can be elicited by hyperventilation and intermittent light stimulation.The ictal EEG shows bilateral,synchronous and symmetrical spike and wave discharges repeated at 3 Hz in strict relation with myoclonias recorded on EMG.The effective drug was valproate,or combined with other antiepileptic drugs.The ages at follow up ranged from 5 years to 15 years.Seizures were controlled for 4 months to 3 years in 8 cases.Conclusion　MAE is a rare type of children with epilepsy syndrome characterized by MA.The diagnosis of MAE depends on the clinical symptoms and V-EEG findings.Early and exact diagnosis contributes to the prognosis of MAE.

The interaction between microglia and T cells plays an important role in brain injury after ischemic stroke.Unlike helper T cells (Th),regulatory T cells (Treg) are T cell subset with regulatory and immunosuppressive functions,and important regulator of immune response and inflammatory response.Its interaction with microglia provides a potential therapeutic target for the recovery of brain injury after ischemic stroke.Among them,the interaction between M1 microglia and Thl/Thl7 cells promotes immune response and aggravates brain injury after stroke,while the interaction between M2 microglia and Th2/Treg cells inhibits inflammatory response and contributes to the repair of brain injury.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically investigate the management mode of non-medical prescribing in Britain and its enlightenment to the establishment and implementation of non-medical prescribing in China. METHODS:By retrieving domestic and foreign literatures,non-medical prescribing in Britain was introduced systematically in terms of development history,types, core elements,implementation status and effect;the suggestions were put forward for the development of non-medical prescribing in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Britain implemented non-medical prescribing since 1994. After years of practice and a series of legislation and revision,independent prescribers (including nurses and pharmacists) have owned the statutory right to prescribe any medicine for patients by 2012. In Britain,non-medical prescribing is divided into independent prescribing which mainly exists in community pharmacies and is limited to specific diseases,supplementary prescribing which exists in hospitals or clinic and needs to be signed with doctors. The management institutions are mainly composed of one state administrative department (British Department of Health) and three professional associations (British Nursing and Midwifery Council,The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain,The Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland). There are detailed and strict stipulations on the qualification and corresponding responsibilities of the prescribing authority. The British government has provided legal protection for the development of the non-medical prescribing model,and the number of non-medical prescribers is increasing. The implementation of this model has increased the patients'access to medical services. Drawing lessons from the development of non-medical prescribing management in Britain,our country needs to improve legislation,provide legislative protection for the implementation of non-medical prescribing,expand the scope of practice of nurses and pharmacists,establish and improve the training program of non-medical prescribing professionals to promote the development of non-medical prescribing model in China.