BACKGROUND:Currently,the treatment methods for colorectal cancer include surgical resection and chemotherapy.However,the subsequent quality of life of patients cannot be improved due to the multiple surgical complications and drug resistance in the later stage of chemotherapy.OBJECTIVE:To review the mechanism of action,latest progress and existing problems of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of colorectal cancer.METHODS:PubMed,CNKI and WanFang databases were searched for relevant literature using the search terms of"mesenchymal stem cells exosomes,colorectal cancer,chemotherapy,treatment"in Chinese and English,respectively.Finally,96 articles were included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes play different roles in the treatment of colorectal cancer mainly through the microRNAs and long-chain non-coding RNAs carried by themselves to mediate different signaling pathways.(2)Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are highly stable and biocompatible,which makes them excellent carriers of therapeutic drugs.(3)Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have different effects on resistance to different types of chemotherapeutic agents.

BACKGROUND:Early treatment methods for colorectal cancer include endoscopy and surgical resection,but there are many postoperative complications.Chemotherapy is the most common treatment for late-stage colorectal cancer,but chemotherapy can cause gastrointestinal dysfunction,bone marrow suppression,liver and kidney function damage,and other adverse reactions.As a result,most patients are not proactive and do not cooperate with treatment.OBJECTIVE:To review the mechanism of action,latest treatment progress,and current problems of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of colorectal cancer,and provide a basis for future clinical application.METHODS:PubMed,CNKI,and WanFang databases were searched for relevant literature using the keywords of"mesenchymal stem cells,colorectal cancer,cancer stem cell,tumor microenvironment"in Chinese and English,respectively.Finally,119 articles were included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Mesenchymal stem cells have both promoting and inhibiting effects on colorectal cancer.(2)The tumor homing characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells enable them to migrate accurately to the tumor site and release drugs,which increases the safety and effectiveness of the treatment of colorectal cancer.(3)Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells can serve as good carriers and shows a good application prospect in the targeted therapy of colorectal cancer.(4)Using viral vectors,non-viral vectors,or other transfection tools,drugs with mature anti-tumor effects can be loaded into mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of colorectal cancer.(5)The combined use of mesenchymal stem cells and chemotherapy drugs can improve the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs and reduce the adverse reactions of chemotherapy drugs.(6)The mechanism by which mesenchymal stem cells promote the development of colorectal cancer is mainly related to the expression status of signal transduction and chemotactic factors in colorectal cancer cells and the transformation of mesenchymal stem cells into cancer-related fibroblasts.(7)Mesenchymal stem cells may have the characteristics of driving cancer stem cells,promoting tumor initiation and increasing tumor invasion.(8)There are still some unavoidable problems in the treatment of colorectal cancer with mesenchymal stem cells:lack of standardized treatment plans and efficacy evaluation,high treatment costs,preservation and transportation of mesenchymal stem cells,and the proportion of combined use of mesenchymal stem cells and chemotherapy drugs.

BACKGROUND:Currently,the treatment methods for colorectal cancer include surgical resection and chemotherapy.However,the subsequent quality of life of patients cannot be improved due to the multiple surgical complications and drug resistance in the later stage of chemotherapy.OBJECTIVE:To review the mechanism of action,latest progress and existing problems of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of colorectal cancer.METHODS:PubMed,CNKI and WanFang databases were searched for relevant literature using the search terms of"mesenchymal stem cells exosomes,colorectal cancer,chemotherapy,treatment"in Chinese and English,respectively.Finally,96 articles were included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes play different roles in the treatment of colorectal cancer mainly through the microRNAs and long-chain non-coding RNAs carried by themselves to mediate different signaling pathways.(2)Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are highly stable and biocompatible,which makes them excellent carriers of therapeutic drugs.(3)Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have different effects on resistance to different types of chemotherapeutic agents.

BACKGROUND:Early treatment methods for colorectal cancer include endoscopy and surgical resection,but there are many postoperative complications.Chemotherapy is the most common treatment for late-stage colorectal cancer,but chemotherapy can cause gastrointestinal dysfunction,bone marrow suppression,liver and kidney function damage,and other adverse reactions.As a result,most patients are not proactive and do not cooperate with treatment.OBJECTIVE:To review the mechanism of action,latest treatment progress,and current problems of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of colorectal cancer,and provide a basis for future clinical application.METHODS:PubMed,CNKI,and WanFang databases were searched for relevant literature using the keywords of"mesenchymal stem cells,colorectal cancer,cancer stem cell,tumor microenvironment"in Chinese and English,respectively.Finally,119 articles were included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Mesenchymal stem cells have both promoting and inhibiting effects on colorectal cancer.(2)The tumor homing characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells enable them to migrate accurately to the tumor site and release drugs,which increases the safety and effectiveness of the treatment of colorectal cancer.(3)Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells can serve as good carriers and shows a good application prospect in the targeted therapy of colorectal cancer.(4)Using viral vectors,non-viral vectors,or other transfection tools,drugs with mature anti-tumor effects can be loaded into mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of colorectal cancer.(5)The combined use of mesenchymal stem cells and chemotherapy drugs can improve the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs and reduce the adverse reactions of chemotherapy drugs.(6)The mechanism by which mesenchymal stem cells promote the development of colorectal cancer is mainly related to the expression status of signal transduction and chemotactic factors in colorectal cancer cells and the transformation of mesenchymal stem cells into cancer-related fibroblasts.(7)Mesenchymal stem cells may have the characteristics of driving cancer stem cells,promoting tumor initiation and increasing tumor invasion.(8)There are still some unavoidable problems in the treatment of colorectal cancer with mesenchymal stem cells:lack of standardized treatment plans and efficacy evaluation,high treatment costs,preservation and transportation of mesenchymal stem cells,and the proportion of combined use of mesenchymal stem cells and chemotherapy drugs.

BACKGROUND:Hypoxic exercise can promote the degradation of body fat,and changes in the external environment can affect the circadian rhythm of animals,but the mechanisms by which changes in circadian rhythm regulate adipose tissue browning and fat degradation are unclear. OBJECTIVE:To elucidate the mechanism of clock gene regulation on epididymal adipose tissue Browning in obese rats undergoing hypoxia exercise. METHODS:Forty obese rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups(n=10 per group):normoxic sedentary group,hypoxic sedentary group,normoxic exercise group,and hypoxic exercise group for 4 weeks of intervention.The rats in the sedentary groups were not intervened,while those in the hypoxic groups lived in a hypoxic chamber with an oxygen concentration of 13.6%for the whole day.In the exercise groups,adaptive training was performed in the 1st week,and the speed and length of training remained unchanged for the last 3 weeks.The body mass,body length and perirenal fat mass of obese rats were measured.Serum levels of triacylglycerol,total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in obese rats were detected by a biochemical assay kit.Liver fat content was observed by oil red O staining.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate the browning of epididymal adipose tissue of rats in different groups.RNA sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis was used to analyze transcriptome changes in adipose tissue.The mRNA expressions of PGC-1α,Beclin 1,KLF 2 and Perilipin 1 in epididymal adipose tissue were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Hypoxic exercise intervention significantly decreased body mass,body fat percentage,Lee's index,serum triacylglycerol,total cholesterol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels(P＜0.01),and significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level(P＜0.01).Oil red O staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that hypoxic exercise was more effective in promoting fat mobilization in liver tissue and promoting the browning of parepididymal adipose tissue compared with normoxic sedentary group,hypoxic sedentary group,and normoxic exercise group.RNA-seq results showed that hypoxic exercise significantly upregulated the expression of clock genes Dbp,Nr1d1,Sik1 and adipose tissue browning gene Ppargc1a(PGC-1α)and downregulated the expression of Arntl(Bmal1),accompanied by the enhanced expression of genes related to substance metabolism.qRT-PCR indicated that hypoxic exercise significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of PGC-1α and Perilipin1(P＜0.01).Therefore,these findings indicate that clock genes play an important role in promoting adipose tissue browning during hypoxic exercise.

Objective To investigate the correlation between coronary heart disease(CHD)and osteoporosis(OP)based on coronary computed tomography angiography(CTA).Methods Data of patients with coronary CT A were prospectively collected.A total of 130 patients with CHD were included in the experimental group,and 61 patients without CHD were included in the control group matched by age and gender.General information and blood biochemical indexes of patients were collected.Coronary CTA data was transmitted to Shukun Technology software to obtain coronary assessment indicators;Bone mineral density(BMD)of the T9-T11 was measured using quantitative computed tomography(QCT)software.The correlation between CHD and OP was analyzed with the obtained data.Results BMD in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(P＜0.01),and the fat attenuation index(FAI)was higher than that in the control group(P＜0.001).BMD in the experimental group was highly negatively correlated with calcification score(r,=-0.35,P=0.001);The BMD of the extremely low risk group was higher than that of the other three groups(P＜0.01);The degree of coronary stenosis was lower in the extremely low and low risk groups than in the other two groups(P＜0.001).BMD in the experimental group was highly negatively correlated with the degree of coronary stenosis(r=-0.29,P＜0.001);The FAI in the occlusion group was the highest.There was no correlation between BMD and FAI in the experimental group;The degree of coronary stenosis and calcification score in FAI＞-70 HU group were higher than FAI≤-70 HU group(P＜0.01).Conclusion CHD is closely related to OP.Coronary plaque calcification accelerates bone loss and aggravates coronary stenosis.When the calcification score is more than 100,the effect on coronary stenosis and bone loss is more significant.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of Liu Zi Jue Qigong (LQG)-based breathing training on the curvature and range of motion (ROM) of the thoracic and lumbar spines in different positions. Methods: Forty-seven college students were selected as subjects and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group. In the observation group, 27 subjects received regular LQG-based breathing training for 12 weeks, while 20 subjects in the control group did not receive any intervention. The spine measuring instrument Spinal Mouse was adopted to detect the curvature and ROM of the thoracic and lumbar spines. Results: In the observation group, the changes in the curvatures of thoracic spine in the upright and forward-bending positions showed statistical significance after LQG exercise (P<0.05), while there was no notable difference in the control group. The comparison of ROM of the thoracic spine from the upright position to the forward-bending and load-bearing positions showed statistically significant difference in the observation group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the control group. There was no significant difference in the lumbar curvature and ROM in the two groups after LQG exercise. Conclusion: LQG-based breathing training improves the curvature and ROM of the thoracic spine.

Objective:To propose recommendations for noise protection and control measures in high-performance fighter cockpits by investigating the noise exposure of pilots in cockpits.Methods:In the ground test for 3 types of high-performance fighters (J-A, J-B and J-C), the total sound pressure level (SPL), A sound level, as well as the linear SPL at 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1 000, 2 000, 4 000, 8 000 Hz were respectively measured by the sound level meter installed at ear position of a dummy pilot in cockpit and at 2.5 m away along the line started at right tail nozzle and 60° off the aircraft longitudinal axis when the engine accelerated to its maximum speed for 5-180 s. Ten young male volunteers with normal hearing were selected to use 125, 250, 500, 1 000, 2 000, 4 000, 8 000 Hz octave center frequency narrowband signals, respectively, to test their hearing thresholds with and without 3 types of flight helmet (imported, in-service, and newly developed) under active and passive noise reduction conditions. The sound attenuation values of the helmets (difference between the bare-ear threshold and the threshold with the helmet) were calculated.Results:The total SPL at the ear position of the dummy pilot in the cockpits of J-A, J-B, and J-C during ground test at maximum engine operation was 102.2, 100.4, 111.2 dB, respectively; the total SPL at the tail nozzle of J-B and J-C was 134.4, 148.0 dB, respectively. The cockpit noise of J-C exceeded the limit standard of GJB 565A—2009. Except for the measure at 4 000 Hz, the sound attenuation values of different helmets at other frequencies were significantly different ( H=35.49, 38.93, 32.37, 33.50, 23.96, 27.81, all P<0.001). By attenuating under active state of Type B helmet, the total noise exposure SPL in the cockpits of J-A, J-B, and J-C was 87.3, 84.1, 89.3 dB, respectively. Conclusions:The noise in high performance aircraft cockpit still exposes pilot in relatively high SPL. It still poses the potential threat to pilot′s hearing health and performance. Helmet noise attenuation needs further development. The active attenuation of helmet, as well as the reduction of the source noise level is still the main goal of noise protection.

Objective:To propose recommendations for noise protection and control measures in high-performance fighter cockpits by investigating the noise exposure of pilots in cockpits.Methods:In the ground test for 3 types of high-performance fighters (J-A, J-B and J-C), the total sound pressure level (SPL), A sound level, as well as the linear SPL at 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1 000, 2 000, 4 000, 8 000 Hz were respectively measured by the sound level meter installed at ear position of a dummy pilot in cockpit and at 2.5 m away along the line started at right tail nozzle and 60° off the aircraft longitudinal axis when the engine accelerated to its maximum speed for 5-180 s. Ten young male volunteers with normal hearing were selected to use 125, 250, 500, 1 000, 2 000, 4 000, 8 000 Hz octave center frequency narrowband signals, respectively, to test their hearing thresholds with and without 3 types of flight helmet (imported, in-service, and newly developed) under active and passive noise reduction conditions. The sound attenuation values of the helmets (difference between the bare-ear threshold and the threshold with the helmet) were calculated.Results:The total SPL at the ear position of the dummy pilot in the cockpits of J-A, J-B, and J-C during ground test at maximum engine operation was 102.2, 100.4, 111.2 dB, respectively; the total SPL at the tail nozzle of J-B and J-C was 134.4, 148.0 dB, respectively. The cockpit noise of J-C exceeded the limit standard of GJB 565A—2009. Except for the measure at 4 000 Hz, the sound attenuation values of different helmets at other frequencies were significantly different ( H=35.49, 38.93, 32.37, 33.50, 23.96, 27.81, all P<0.001). By attenuating under active state of Type B helmet, the total noise exposure SPL in the cockpits of J-A, J-B, and J-C was 87.3, 84.1, 89.3 dB, respectively. Conclusions:The noise in high performance aircraft cockpit still exposes pilot in relatively high SPL. It still poses the potential threat to pilot′s hearing health and performance. Helmet noise attenuation needs further development. The active attenuation of helmet, as well as the reduction of the source noise level is still the main goal of noise protection.

To explore the differences in cognitive function between different subtypes of chronic insomnia，including the diferences of incidence of cognitive dysfunction and the cognitive domain of each subtype. Methods To collect patients diagnosed as chronic insomnia in the neurology department of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 2018 to December 2018（65 cases in total）. Polysomnography（PSG） was used to classify patients with insomnia objectively. 14 cases were sleep difficultly，12 cases were awakened early，16 cases were difficult to maintain，and 23 cases were mixed. On the morning of the completion of PSG，to evaluate the cognitive function of patients with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment（MoCA）. Results （1）The incidence of cognitive impairment in different subtypes of chronic insomnia was different（χ2=8.004，P<0.05），and the mixed group was more prone to cognitive dysfunction. （2）The delayed recall scores of patients with different subtypes of insomnia were different（H=13.239，P<0.05），and the scores of the mixed group were lower than other groups（P<0.05）. Conclusion The incidence of cognitive dysfunction among different subtypes of chronic insomnia was different，the mixed type was more prone to cognitive impairment. The delayed recall ability varied among different types，the mixed type was worse.