Objective:To evaluate the effect of an electronic balance aid in balance rehabilitation training for patients with acute peripheral vestibular injury by comparing the outcomes of medication-only treatment and medication combined with vestibular rehabilitation using an electronic balance aid.Methods:This was a randomized controlled trial. The study subjects included 98 patients (40 males and 58 females, aged 25-69 years) diagnosed with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) with vertigo or vestibular neuritis, who were treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of Tianjin First Central Hospital from November 2022 to November 2023. All patients were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group at a 1∶1 ratio using the sealed envelope method. Control group (conventional drug treatment): Patients received medication treatment for 2 weeks, including betahistine mesilate tablets, vitamin B1 tablets, methylcobalamin tablets, ginkgo biloba tablets, diphenhydramine hydrochloride injection (within 3 days of onset), metoclopramide hydrochloride injection, and glucocorticoids. Experimental group (conventional drug treatment+device training): On the basis of the same medication treatment as the control group, patients received vestibular rehabilitation training using an electronic balance aid (20 minutes per session, once a day,≥5 days per week, for a total of 2 weeks). SPSS software was used to compare the total scores of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), the total scores of the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), and sensory analysis indicators between the two groups before and after treatment.Results:After treatment, vertigo symptoms significantly improved in both groups. DHI: The total DHI score in the control group decreased from 77.9±1.8 before treatment to 20.2±2.3 after treatment ( P<0.001). In the experimental group, the total DHI score decreased from 73.5±2.1 before treatment to 8.6±0.9 after treatment ( P<0.001). The difference in total DHI scores between the two groups after treatment was statistically significant, with the experimental group showing a lower score ( t=-4.616, P<0.001). The improvement in DHI scores was also more pronounced in the experimental group compared to the control group ( t=2.004, P=0.048). SOT: The total SOT score in the control group increased from 52.90±0.95 before treatment to 73.3±1.1 after treatment ( P<0.001). In the experimental group, the total SOT score increased from 54.9±0.8 before treatment to 83.5±0.9 after treatment ( P<0.001). The difference in total SOT scores between the two groups after treatment was statistically significant, with the experimental group showing a higher score ( t=7.104, P<0.001). The improvement in SOT scores was also more pronounced in the experimental group compared to the control group ( t=6.532, P<0.001). Sensory Analysis Indicators Proprioception (SOM): In the experimental group, the proprioception score significantly increased after treatment compared with before treatment ( t=-2.338, P=0.029), while, there was no statistically significant difference in the proprioception score of the control group before and after treatment ( P=0.537). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in visual, vestibular, or visual dependence scores between the two groups (all P>0.05). After treatment, the visual, vestibular, and visual dependence scores of both groups significantly increased compared with those before treatment (all P<0.05); moreover, the post-treatment visual, vestibular, and visual dependence scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Compared with medication-only treatment, the combination of an electronic balance aid and medication for the treatment and rehabilitation training of patients with acute peripheral vestibular injury can significantly improve the therapeutic effect in the short term.

To explore the effects of different exercise prescriptions on glycemic metabolism in East Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to compare the differences in the impact of population characteristics and exercise components on glycemic metabolism.

Objective To investigate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of speech,spatial and qualities of hearing scale(SSQ).Methods The SSQ was translated into Chinese using the translation and back-translation method.Self-assessment with the scale was conducted for 50 adults with normal hearing and 28 adults with hearing impairment who had bilateral hearing aids fitted.Two weeks after the initial assessment,10 individuals with bilateral hearing aids fitted were randomly selected to be re-assessed using the same scale.The Cronbach's αcoefficients of the scores of each dimension and the total score of the scale was used to evaluate the internal consis-tency of the scale,and the correlation coefficient of the results of the two assessments was used to test the test-retest reliability of the scale.The expert evaluation method was adopted to test the content validity of the scale,and the correlation coefficients of the scores of each dimension and the total score were used to test the construct validity of the scale.The score differences of each item and each dimension between adults with normal hearing and adults with bilateral hearing aids fitted were compared to test the discriminant validity.Results Valid responses were obtained from all 78 participants.① The test-retest reliability coefficients of the total scale and the three dimensions were all greater than 0.750(P＜0.01),indicating excellent test-retest reliability.The Cronbach's α coefficients of the total scale and the three dimensions were all greater than 0.700,suggesting excellent internal consistency.② All four ex-perts indicated that the content of each item in the three dimensions of the SSQ scale was in line with the measure-ment requirements,showing excellent content validity.The correlation coefficients between the scores of the three dimensions and the total scale were between 0.809 and 0.890,indicating a high degree of correlation.There were statistically significant differences in the scores of the three dimensions between the normal group and the group with bilateral hearing aids fitted(P＜0.05),and the overall discriminant validity of the scale was excellent.Conclusion The Chinese version of the SSQ has good reliability and validity,and can be used as a subjective auditory assessment in clinical practice.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of an electronic balance aid in balance rehabilitation training for patients with acute peripheral vestibular injury by comparing the outcomes of medication-only treatment and medication combined with vestibular rehabilitation using an electronic balance aid.Methods:This was a randomized controlled trial. The study subjects included 98 patients (40 males and 58 females, aged 25-69 years) diagnosed with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) with vertigo or vestibular neuritis, who were treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of Tianjin First Central Hospital from November 2022 to November 2023. All patients were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group at a 1∶1 ratio using the sealed envelope method. Control group (conventional drug treatment): Patients received medication treatment for 2 weeks, including betahistine mesilate tablets, vitamin B1 tablets, methylcobalamin tablets, ginkgo biloba tablets, diphenhydramine hydrochloride injection (within 3 days of onset), metoclopramide hydrochloride injection, and glucocorticoids. Experimental group (conventional drug treatment+device training): On the basis of the same medication treatment as the control group, patients received vestibular rehabilitation training using an electronic balance aid (20 minutes per session, once a day,≥5 days per week, for a total of 2 weeks). SPSS software was used to compare the total scores of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), the total scores of the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), and sensory analysis indicators between the two groups before and after treatment.Results:After treatment, vertigo symptoms significantly improved in both groups. DHI: The total DHI score in the control group decreased from 77.9±1.8 before treatment to 20.2±2.3 after treatment ( P<0.001). In the experimental group, the total DHI score decreased from 73.5±2.1 before treatment to 8.6±0.9 after treatment ( P<0.001). The difference in total DHI scores between the two groups after treatment was statistically significant, with the experimental group showing a lower score ( t=-4.616, P<0.001). The improvement in DHI scores was also more pronounced in the experimental group compared to the control group ( t=2.004, P=0.048). SOT: The total SOT score in the control group increased from 52.90±0.95 before treatment to 73.3±1.1 after treatment ( P<0.001). In the experimental group, the total SOT score increased from 54.9±0.8 before treatment to 83.5±0.9 after treatment ( P<0.001). The difference in total SOT scores between the two groups after treatment was statistically significant, with the experimental group showing a higher score ( t=7.104, P<0.001). The improvement in SOT scores was also more pronounced in the experimental group compared to the control group ( t=6.532, P<0.001). Sensory Analysis Indicators Proprioception (SOM): In the experimental group, the proprioception score significantly increased after treatment compared with before treatment ( t=-2.338, P=0.029), while, there was no statistically significant difference in the proprioception score of the control group before and after treatment ( P=0.537). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in visual, vestibular, or visual dependence scores between the two groups (all P>0.05). After treatment, the visual, vestibular, and visual dependence scores of both groups significantly increased compared with those before treatment (all P<0.05); moreover, the post-treatment visual, vestibular, and visual dependence scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Compared with medication-only treatment, the combination of an electronic balance aid and medication for the treatment and rehabilitation training of patients with acute peripheral vestibular injury can significantly improve the therapeutic effect in the short term.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and potential influencing factors in middle-aged and elderly populations in Zhejiang Province.Methods:Data were obtained from Zhejiang Provincial Household Economic Status Survey, a cross-sectional survey was condcuted in middle-aged and olde adults selected through multi-stage sampling in three cities in Zhejiang (Huzhou, Jiaxing and Shaoxing) in July 2023. A total of 3 019 study participants, average age 62.3 years old, 53.5% men, were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sarcopenia screening was conducted by using the questionnaire with five sarcopenia related-items. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with sarcopenia.Results:The prevalence of sarcopenia in the middle-aged and old study participants was 4.47%. Significant differences were observed between the participants with or without sarcopenia in terms of age, educational level, BMI, alcohol consumption status, diet habit, physical activity level, sleep quality, number of chronic diseases, childhood socioeconomic status, adulthood community socioeconomic status, muscle strength, walking assistance, ability to stand from seat, ability to climb stairs, and fall frequency ( P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that old age (≥75 years: OR=2.82, 95% CI: 1.60-4.97), low body weight ( OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.06-3.62), unhealthy diet habit ( OR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.01-2.46), physical inactivity ( OR=5.80, 95% CI: 3.09-10.88), poor or very poor sleep quality ( OR=1.65, 95% CI:1.23-2.41), number of chronic diseases (1 chronic disease: OR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.08-3.14; 2 chronic diseases: OR=3.22, 95% CI: 1.81-5.71; 3 or more chronic diseases: OR=3.74, 95% CI: 2.11-6.65), poor childhood socioeconomic status ( OR=2.98, 95% CI: 1.23-7.20), and poor adulthood community socioeconomic status ( OR=3.87, 95% CI: 1.63-9.17) were significant risk factors for sarcopenia. Conclusions:The prevalence of sarcopenia was relatively low in middle-aged and old population in Zhejiang. Age, BMI, unhealthy diet, physical activity level, sleep quality, number of chronic diseases, childhood socioeconomic status, and adulthood community socioeconomic status were identified as significant influencing factors.

Objective:To explore the continuing care needs of primary caregivers for neonates with enterostomy during the discharge transition period, based on Meleis's Transitions Theory.Methods:Totally 17 primary caregivers of neonates with enterostomy who were hospitalized or attending follow-up visits at Shenzhen Children's Hospital from June to December 2022 were selected by purposive sampling. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step phenomenological analysis method.Results:Four themes emerged: the need for caregiving knowledge, guidance on stoma care and operation skills, the demand for diverse forms of continuing care services, and psychological support needs.Conclusions:Primary caregivers for neonates with enterostomy face numerous challenges and needs during the discharge transition period. Essential strategies include providing stoma care training and assessment before discharge, enhancing caregiving capacity, implementing diversified health education to improve caregivers' knowledge accessibility, delivering hybrid (online and offline) multidisciplinary continuing care services, and addressing caregivers' psychological well-being.

Objective To investigate the characteristics and development of stops consonant production in Mandarin-speaking prelingually deaf children after cochlear implantation.Methods Thirty prelingually deaf children with a mean age of 4.37 years(SD=1.57)who received unilateral cochlear implantation(CI)under the age of 3,and thirty age-matched normal hearing(NH)children with a mean age of 4.02 years(SD=0.67)participated in the test.Word lists developed by Institute of Linguistics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences were selected.The accu-racy of the stops(/b/,/d/,/p/,/t/,/k/,/g/)production performance and error types were analyzed.Results① The accuracy of children's stops output in the CI group was significantly lower than that in the NH group.The correct rate of each stop in the CI group was/b/＞/d/＞/p/＞/t/＞/g/＞/k/,and that in the NH group was/b/＞/p/＞/d/＞/t/＞/g/＞/k/.② The error type of CI children's stops output was similar to the NH group,with the main error being substitution error.The most common errors involved substitutions within the same place of ar-ticulation,and the more difficult sounds being replaced by the easier ones.③ With the increase in physiological age and hearing age,the total accuracy of stops production of CI children increased.The greatest progress was made 3 years after the operation,but the accuracy still did not reach 100％.There was no significantly correlation with im-plantation age(P＞0.05).Conclusion The accuracy of stops production in the CI group was lower than that in the NH group.With the increase of hearing and physiological age,stops production ability improved gradually and de-veloped rapidly within 3 years after the operation.

Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition status of pregnant women in Zhejiang Province, explore the impact of salt industry system reform on iodine nutrition level of pregnant women, and provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:From 2016 to 2021, a multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select 100 pregnant women from 90 counties (cities, districts) in Zhejiang Province each year as survey subjects. Salt samples were collected from pregnant women's families, and one random urine sample was taken for salt iodine and urinary iodine level testing, respectively.Results:A total of 56 581 samples of household edible salt were collected from pregnant women, with a median salt iodine level of 23.20 mg/kg. Among them, 7 961 were non iodized salt, 45 803 were qualified iodized salt, and 2 817 were unqualified iodized salt. The iodized salt coverage rate was 85.93% (48 620/56 581), and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 80.95% (45 803/56 581). The proportion of non iodized salt increased from 10.05% (897/8 928) in 2016 to 15.09% (1 461/9 679) in 2021 (χ 2trend = 95.16, P < 0.001). A total of 56 581 urine samples were collected from pregnant women, with a median urinary iodine level of 130.50 μg/L. Among them, the proportions of urinary iodine levels < 150, 150 - 249, 250 - 499, and ≥500 μg/L were 58.32% (32 996/56 581), 27.24% (15 410/56 581), 12.24% (6 926/56 581), and 2.21% (1 249/56 581), respectively. The median urinary iodine level of pregnant women in inland areas was significantly higher than that in coastal areas ( Z = 19.15, P < 0.001). Furthermore, urinary iodine levels exhibited a non-linear decline as age increased (χ 2regression = 12.65, P < 0.001; χ 2partial = 22.65, P < 0.001) and as pregnancy progressed (χ 2regression = 37.28, P < 0.001; χ 2partial = 18.89, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The overall iodine nutrition status of pregnant women in Zhejiang Province is in a state of iodine deficiency (< 150 μg/L), and there is a greater risk in coastal areas compared to inland areas. However, in the context of the reform of the salt industry system, it is still necessary to strengthen the quality supervision of iodized salt, provide scientific iodine supplementation education, promote specialized iodized salt for pregnant women, and strengthen interventions for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.

Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH), an autosomal recessive disorder, stems from genetic mutations affecting the enzymes and cofactors integral to adrenal steroidogenesis. These mutations may result in diminished activity or a complete loss of function for critical enzymes, such as 21-hydroxylase, 11β-hydroxylase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17α-hydroxylase, and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). The impairment of these enzymatic processes has profound implications for reproductive health in females, mediated through both genetic and endocrine pathways. This review aims to explore the pathogenesis of various enzyme defects in different types of NCCAH, their clinical features, and their impact on female fertility. It is hoped that this will help refine the diagnostic strategies for infertility associated with NCCAH, thereby enhancing fertility of patients and providing new directions and opportunities for further research in this field.

Objective To investigate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of speech,spatial and qualities of hearing scale(SSQ).Methods The SSQ was translated into Chinese using the translation and back-translation method.Self-assessment with the scale was conducted for 50 adults with normal hearing and 28 adults with hearing impairment who had bilateral hearing aids fitted.Two weeks after the initial assessment,10 individuals with bilateral hearing aids fitted were randomly selected to be re-assessed using the same scale.The Cronbach's αcoefficients of the scores of each dimension and the total score of the scale was used to evaluate the internal consis-tency of the scale,and the correlation coefficient of the results of the two assessments was used to test the test-retest reliability of the scale.The expert evaluation method was adopted to test the content validity of the scale,and the correlation coefficients of the scores of each dimension and the total score were used to test the construct validity of the scale.The score differences of each item and each dimension between adults with normal hearing and adults with bilateral hearing aids fitted were compared to test the discriminant validity.Results Valid responses were obtained from all 78 participants.① The test-retest reliability coefficients of the total scale and the three dimensions were all greater than 0.750(P＜0.01),indicating excellent test-retest reliability.The Cronbach's α coefficients of the total scale and the three dimensions were all greater than 0.700,suggesting excellent internal consistency.② All four ex-perts indicated that the content of each item in the three dimensions of the SSQ scale was in line with the measure-ment requirements,showing excellent content validity.The correlation coefficients between the scores of the three dimensions and the total scale were between 0.809 and 0.890,indicating a high degree of correlation.There were statistically significant differences in the scores of the three dimensions between the normal group and the group with bilateral hearing aids fitted(P＜0.05),and the overall discriminant validity of the scale was excellent.Conclusion The Chinese version of the SSQ has good reliability and validity,and can be used as a subjective auditory assessment in clinical practice.