Objective:To explore the characteristics of renal oxidative stress injuries in rats with high-voltage electric burns and the intervention effects of breviscapine.Methods:This study was an experimental study. One hundred and sixty 8-10-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into sham injury group, electric burn group, saline group, low breviscapine group, middle breviscapine group, and high breviscapine group, with 60 rats in each of the sham injury group and electric burn group, 10 rats in each of the other 4 groups, respectively. The rats in sham injury group and electric burn group were divided into 10 rats at each time point, including post injury hour (PIH) 0 (immediately), 8, 24, 48, and 72, and post injury week (PIW) 1. The rats in sham injury group were not conducted with electrical current to cause sham injury. The rats in the other 5 groups were caused high-voltage electric burns. The rats in sham injury group and electric burn group were not treated after injury. The rats in saline group, low breviscapine group, middle breviscapine group, and high breviscapine group were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mL/kg normal saline or 0.4, 1.6, and 4.0 g/L breviscapine, repeated every 24 h until PIH 72. After the model was successfully made, 14 rats died, including 1, 2, 2, and 1 rat (s) at PIH 24, 48, and 72 and PIW 1 in electric burn group, 4, 1, 2, and 1 rat (s) at PIH 72 in saline group, low breviscapine group, middle breviscapine group, and high breviscapine group, respectively. The kidney tissue collected from rats in the 6 groups was weighed and the kidney/body weight ratio was calculated. The left upper pole tissue of kidney was collected from each 4 rats in sham injury group, and in electric burn group at PIH 8, 24, 48, and 72 and PIW 1, and in saline group, low breviscapine group, middle breviscapine group, and high breviscapine group at PIH 72. The renal tubular and renal interstitial injury was evaluated by a semi-quantitative histological scoring system after hematoxylin-eosin staining. The inferior vena cava blood samples were collected from rats in the 6 groups to measure the serum creatinine levels via sarcosine oxidase method, and serum urea nitrogen levels via urease method. The right renal cortices were collected from rats in the 6 groups to measure the catalase (CAT) activity in the supernatant of renal tissue via molybdic acid method, and the levels of advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) and Klotho protein in the supernatant of renal tissue via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:At PIH 8, 48, and 72 and PIW 1, the kidney/body weight ratios of rats in electric burn group were significantly higher than those in sham injury group (with t values of -0.52, -3.75, -4.05, and -2.25, respectively, P<0.05). At PIH 72, compared with those in electric burn group, saline group, low breviscapine group, and middle breviscapine group, the kidney/body weight ratio of rats in high breviscapine group was significantly decreased (with P values all <0.05). Compared with those in sham injury group, the renal tubular and renal interstitial injury scores of rats in electric burn group at PIH 48 and 72 and PIW 1 were significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with those in electric burn group at PIH 8 and 24, the renal tubular and renal interstitial injury score of rats in electric burn group at PIW 1 was significantly increased (with P values all <0.05). At PIH 72, the renal tubular and renal interstitial injury scores of rats in the 5 groups of rats with electric burns were similar ( P>0.05). At PIH 8, 24, 48, and 72 and PIW 1, the levels of serum creatinine and serum urea nitrogen of rats in electric burn group were significantly higher than those in sham injury group (with Z values of -2.00, -2.37, -2.62, -2.67, -3.67, -2.34, -3.11, -3.43, -3.11, and -3.51, respectively, P<0.05). Compared with that in electric burn group at PIH 0, the levels of serum creatinine of rats in electric burn group at PIH 72 and PIW 1 were significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with that in electric burn group at PIH 8, the levels of serum creatinine of rats in electric burn group at PIH 72 and PIW 1 were significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with that in electric burn group at PIH 24, the level of serum creatinine of rats in electric burn group at PIW 1 was significantly increased ( P<0.05). At PIH 72, the levels of serum creatinine of rats in the 5 groups of rats with electric burns were similar ( P>0.05). Compared with that in electric burn group, the levels of serum urea nitrogen of rats in low breviscapine group, middle breviscapine group, and high breviscapine group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with that in saline group, the levels of serum urea nitrogen in middle breviscapine group and high breviscapine group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). At PIH 48 and 72 and PIW 1, the CAT activities in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in electric burn group were significantly lower than those in sham injury group (with Z values of -2.22, -2.13, and -3.51, respectively, P<0.05). At PIH 8, 24, 48, and 72 and PIW 1, the levels of AOPP in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in electric burn group were significantly higher than those in sham injury group (with Z values of -2.00, -3.15, -2.71, -2.04, and -2.33, respectively, P<0.05). At PIH 0-PIW 1, the levels of Klotho protein in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in sham injury group and electric burn group were all similar ( P>0.05). Compared with that in electric burn group at PIH 0, the CAT activities in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in electric burn group at PIH 72 and PIW 1 and the levels of Klotho protein in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in electric burn group at PIH 48 and 72 and PIW 1 were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with that in electric burn group at PIH 8, the CAT activities in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in electric burn group at PIH 72 and PIW 1 and the levels of Klotho protein in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in electric burn group at PIH 48 and 72 and PIW 1 were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with that in electric burn group at PIH 24, the CAT activities in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in electric burn group at PIH 72 and PIW 1 were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with that in electric burn group at PIH 48, the CAT activity in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in electric burn group at PIW 1 was significantly decreased ( P<0.05). At PIH 72, the levels of Klotho protein in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in the 5 groups of rats with electric burns were similar ( P<0.05). Compared with 14.6 (12.6, 23.6) U/mgprot in electric burn group, the CAT activities in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in low breviscapine group (20.5 (18.0, 39.8) U/mgprot), middle breviscapine group (24.9 (14.7, 28.9) U/mgprot), and high breviscapine group (28.0 (21.9, 39.1) U/mgprot) were significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with 15.7 (13.7, 25.6) U/mgprot in saline group, the CAT activities in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in middle breviscapine group and high breviscapine group were significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with that in low breviscapine group, the CAT activity in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in high breviscapine group was significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with those in electric burn group and saline group, the levels of AOPP in the supernatant of renal tissue of rats in middle breviscapine group and high breviscapine group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusions:After high-voltage electric burns, oxidative stress injury occur in the kidneys of rats, which is aggravated with time extension. Breviscapine can alleviate oxidative stress injuries in the kidneys of rats with high-voltage electric burns.

Objective To explore the effect of glioma stem cells with high expression of protein tyrosin phosphatase receptor type Z1 (PTPRZ1 )on the phenotypic polarization and phagocytosis of tumor-associated macrophages and its regulatory mechanism.Methods GSCs and non-stem tumor cells (NSTCs) were screened out from human glioblastoma (GBM) specimens using flow cytometry,and the PTPRZ1 expression in paired GSCs and NSTCs were detected.Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)-derived CD14+monocytes were exposed to the conditioned medium from glioma cells or recombinant chemokine C-C motif ligand 20 (CCL20)for TAM polarization.Stable PTPRZ1 knockout GSCs (PTPRZ1-KO GSCs) were constructed using CRISPR/Cas9. TAM phagocytosis to GSCs,NSTCs,PTPRZ1-Control GSCs (PTPRZ1-Ctrl GSCs)and PTPRZ1-KO GSCs and the expression of immunosuppressive phenotype (M2) polarization marker CD163 were examined using flow cytometry.Differentially expressed genes (DEGs ) between paired GSCs and NSTCs were determined using a bulk RNA-sequencing dataset (GSE54791 )from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO).A gene set informing worse outcome of patients with GBM was generated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-GBM cohort.By intersecting the aforementioned gene set with the gene set that encodes for human membrance proteins,the PTPRZ1 gene is obtained.Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)was used for pathway enrichment analysis to compare the differentially regulated pathways between GBMs with high or low PTPRZ1 expression.Bulk RNA sequencing,qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to identify the DEGs between PTPRZ1-KO GSCs and PTPRZ1-Ctrl GSCs.Results GSCs were more capable of escaping from TAM phagocytosis than NSTCs (P<0.05 )and had specifically up-regulated PTPRZ1 expression.PTPRZ1-KO significantly suppressed GSCs escaping from TAM phagocytosis (P<0.01 ). GBMs with high PTPRZ1 expression showed significant inhibition of pathways mediating phagocytosis (P<0.05).The expression of CCL20 as a M2 TAM polarization chemokine was significantly down-regulated in PTPRZ1-KO GSCs (P<0.05 ).Treatment with recombinant CCL20 up-regulated the expression of CD163 as a M2 TAM marker in TAM.Conclusion PTPRZ1+GSCs mediate M2 TAM polarization and inhibit TAM phagocytosis,which may be related to the up-regulation of CCL20 in PTPRZ1+GSCs.

Neurosurgery is considered as one of the most difficult areas in the field of medicine, and the complexity of nervous system is a leading cause. Therefore, it demands neurosurgeons possess basic knowledge, spatial thinking, and practical experiences. Here, we introduce a rapid developing technique applying multi-modal neuroimaging reconstruction and virtual reality, which constitutes a novel learning model for boosting the growth of neurosurgeons. The incorporation of multi-modal neuroimaging and virtual reality builds a bridge from two-dimensional image to actual surgical view. Neurosurgeons are able to perform surgical planning and simulation with naked eyes under the constructed three-dimensional hologram. The technique also provides evidence of accurate localization and guidance for operation. Therefore, multi-modal neuroimaging reconstruction and virtual reality are expected to tremendously promote the progress of young trainees, and can further enhance their all-round abilities. In short, this revolutionary learning model would impact the neurosurgical specialists training profoundly.

Objective:To investigate the value of mind map combined with blended teaching in improving the teaching quality of medicinal botany. Methods:A total of 102 students studying the course of medicinal botany were enrolled as subjects. The 51 students in the class of 2020 were enrolled as control group and received conventional teaching, and the 51 students in the class of 2021 were enrolled as observation group and received mind map combined with blended teaching. The two groups were assessed in terms of examination scores, critical thinking ability scores, self-learning ability scores, and student feedback on teaching quality. SPSS 22.0 was used for the t-test and the chi-square test. Results:Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly higher examination scores ( t=3.01 and 3.14, P=0.003 and 0.002). After practice, both groups had increases in the scores of critical thinking ability and self-learning ability, and the observation group had significantly higher scores than the control group ( t=11.22 and 2.69, P<0.001 and P=0.008). Compared with the control group, the observation group had a better student feedback on teaching quality than the control group ( t=6.79, 7.83, 7.26, 7.43, and 8.54, P=0.009, 0.005, 0.007, 0.006, and 0.003). Conclusion:The combination of mind map and blended teaching can improve the examination scores of students and their critical thinking ability and self-learning ability, and students believe that this teaching model can help to improve teaching quality.

To investigate the effects of the S-curve leakage testing method on the detection of flexible endoscope and occurrence of medium to high-level faults of flexible endoscope. A convenience sampling method was used to study the information of endoscopic leak detection at the digestive endoscopic centre of the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University. From July 2016 to December 2017, 58 endoscopes which received conventional leakage testing were set as the control group (29 116 tests). From January 2018 to June 2019, 56 endoscopes which received S-curve leakage testing were set as the observation group (28 112 tests). The results showed that the detection proportion of angular abnormalities in the observation group was higher than that in the control group [65.6% (59/90) VS 40.4% (36/89), χ2=11.330, P<0.001]. However, the detection proportion of medium to high-grade faults such as damaged charge coupled device (CCD) components and broken insertion section in the observation group was lower than that in the control group [0.04% (10/28 112) VS 0.08% (23/29 116), χ2=4.680, P=0.030]. Moreover, the overall maintenance cost was lower in the observation group than that in the control group (313.7 thousand yuan VS 942.6 thousand yuan). It is indicated that the S-curve leakage testing method can detect low-level endoscopic faults early such as angular abnormalities, and reduce the occurrence of medium to high-level endoscopic faults, which contributes to cost reduction and efficiency increase.

Objective To investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided bilateral superior laryngeal nerve internal branch block combined with endotracheal surface anesthesia in patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage for the duration of postoperative tube insertion.Methods A total of 100 emergency hypertensive intracerebral hemor-rhage surgical patients who visited our hospital from October 2021 to April 2023 were included as the research subjects.They were randomly divided into four groups,25 patients in each group.After surgery,group U received bilateral superior laryngeal nerve internal branch block under guidance of ultrasound combined with endotracheal surface anesthesia,group C1 received bilateral superior laryngeal nerve internal branch block under guidance of ultrasound,group C2 received endotracheal surface anesthesia,and group C3 did not undergo any procedure after surgery.Hemodynamic changes(HR,MAP,and SpO2)at different time points during the postoperative tube insertion in four groups of patients were recorded.The frequency of restlessness within 10 hours after surgery,the dosage of dexmedetomidine and urapidil,the volume of wound drainage,and the satisfaction of bed nurses were also recorded.Results There was no statistically significant difference in general conditions among the four groups(P>0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in HR and MAP at different time points in Group U(P>0.05),while the differences among the other three groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).At the same time point,the MAP and HR of group U and C1 were significantly lower than those of group C3(P<0.05),and the MAP of group U was significantly lower than that of group C2(P<0.05).There was no statistical difference in SPO2 among the four groups of patients at the same time point(P>0.05);The frequency of restlessness,dosage of dexmedetomidine and urapidil,and volume of wound drainage in the U and C1 groups were significantly lower than those in the C2 and C3 groups(P<0.05).Except for the difference in restlessness frequency(P<0.05),there was no statistical difference in other indicators between group U and C1;There was a statistical difference in satisfaction among the four groups of nurses(P<0.05,C3>C2>C1>U group).No nerve block related complications were observed in the U and C1 group.Conclusion Ultrasound-guided bilateral superior laryngeal nerve branch block combined with endotracheal surface anesthesia can maintain hemodynamics steadily of the postoperative patients in the NICU to varying degrees and reduce the frequency of postoperative restlessness,the dosage of sedative and anti-hypertensive drugs,while reducing the flow of wound drainage,and improve the satisfaction of bed nurses.

Objective:To establish surgical difficulty scoring system of partial nephrectomy based on holographic imaging and explore its application value in partial nephrectomy.Methods:A total of 184 patients including 110 males and 74 females with renal tumors diagnosed as stage cT 1 to cT 2 before surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from October 2019 to January 2022 were included. Among the 184 patients, 141 patients were treated with partial nephrectomy and 43 patients were treated with radical nephrectomy (3 partial nephrectomies were finally changed to radical nephrectomies due to vascular and tumor location). 60 patients had hypertension. 24 patients had diabetes. 7 patients had hyperuricemia. The median age was 55(47, 62) years. The median BMI was 23.7(21.8, 26.4) kg/m 2. The median maximum tumor diameter was 3.9(2.9, 5.2) cm. The median preoperative eGFR was 99.7(83.4, 114.2) ml/(min·1.73m 2). The median R. E.N.A.L. score was 8(6, 9). The median PADUA score was 9(8, 10). 153 patients were diagnosed as stage cT 1 and 31 patients were diagnosed as stage cT 2. The hologram reconstruction was performed according to preoperative CT or MRI examination. The maximum diameter of the tumor in the kidney (D), the compression degree of the renal segmental vessels by tumor(C), the area of the renal sinus occupied by tumor(O) and the mass of exophytic rate(M) were comprehensively considered and finally constituted the difficulty scoring system named DCOM score for partial nephrectomy. The DCOM score divided the complexity of tumor surgery into mild (4-6 points), moderate (7-8 points) and high (≥ 9 points). Meanwhile, the MIC (surgical margins are negative, WIT is <20 min, and no major complications)was used to evaluate the overall surgical effect. The DCOM, R. E.N.A.L. and PADUA scores were performed on all patients and compared with each other to evaluate the surgical effect of DCOM score in partial nephrectomy. Results:All surgeries in this study were successfully completed, including 141 partial nephrectomies and 43 radical nephrectomies. The DCOM score was 10(9, 11) for radical nephrectomy and 6(5, 8) for partial nephrectomy, and the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.001). There were 23 patients (37.7%) in highly complex group, 39 patients (88.6%) in moderately complex group and 79 patients (100.0%) in mildly complex group underwent partial nephrectomy, respectively. According to multifactorial analysis, patients in highly and moderately complex group of DCOM score had 8.88 times ( P=0.001) and 1.76 times ( P=0.005) less reach MIC than those in mildly complex group, respectively. Patients in highly and moderately complex group of PADUA score had 4.86 times ( P=0.005)and 3.41 times ( P=0.006)less reach MIC than patients in mildly complex group of DCOM score, respectively. What’s more, patients in moderately complex group of R. E.N.A.L. score had 3.11 times ( P=0.003) less reach MIC than patients in mildly complex group of DCOM score. In the ROC curves to predict MIC achievement, the AUC values of R. E.N.A.L., PADUA and DCOM scores were 0.657, 0.655 and 0.746, respectively. Comparing:R. E.N.A.L. score with DCOM score, the AUC value was statistically significant ( P=0.025). Conclusions The surgical difficulty scoring system (DCOM score) based on holographic imaging can predict the outcome of partial nephrectomy, but further verification is needed.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), also known as membrane vesicles, are vesicular bodies secreted by eukaryotic cells and bacteria. EVs can carry proteins, DNA, RNA, and various metabolites for the exchange and transmission of substances between cells. They play contents-dependent physiological functions, such as delivering nutrients, participating in immune response, and treating cancers. Currently, most studies focus on the exploration of vesicles secreted by eukaryotic cells and gram-negative bacteria, while few studies focus on gram-positive bacteria. This review summarized the production, content composition, physiological function, and engineering of EVs secreted by gram-positive bacteria, and prospected future perspectives in this area.
Bacteria/metabolism* ; Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism* ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/metabolism* ; Proteins/metabolism*

Objective:To evaluate the value of conventional ultrasound, shear wave elastic parameters and immunohistochemistry in predicting axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer.Methods:The ultrasonographic features and pathological results of 172 masses in 152 breast cancer patients who underwent surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College from May to October 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into metastatic group and non-metastatic group according to the status of axillary lymph nodes. The conventional ultrasound characteristics, shear wave velocity (SWV) and immunohistochemical indexes (ER, PR, HER-2, Ki-67) of 2 groups of breast cancer masses were analyzed. Finally, the parameters with statistically significant difference between groups were selected and the Logistic regression model was established.Results:There were significant differences in the aspect ratio, calcification, SWVmean and HER-2 expression between metastatic group and non-metastatic group (all P<0.05). A prediction model was constructed with aspect ratio >1, calcification, high SWVmean and HER-2(+ ). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the subjects was 0.891, which was larger than the single parameter (all P<0.05), and was in good agreement with pathological results (Kappa=0.731). Conclusions:The joint prediction model can be used to predict the status of lymph nodes, and the axillary lymph node metastasis is more likely to occur in breast cancer with the aspect ratio >1, calcification, high SWVmean and HER-2(+ ).

The enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is a polysaccharide composed of polysaccharide repeats that are located in the outer membrane of almost all Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and has diverse biological functions. ECA is synthesized by the synergistic action of multiple genes that are present in clusters on the genome of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, forming the ECA antigen gene cluster, an important virulence factor that plays a role in host invasion and survival of Enterobacteriaceae in vivo. ECA also plays an important role in the maintenance of the bacterial outer membrane permeability barrier, flagella gene expression, swarming motility, and bile salts resistance. In addition, ECALPS, anchored in the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, is an important surface antigen for bacteria, stimulating high levels of antibody production in the host and could be a target for vaccine research. This review summarizes ECA purification, genes involved in ECA biosynthesis, its immunological characteristics, biological functions and clinical applications.
Antigens, Bacterial/genetics* ; Enterobacteriaceae/genetics* ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Polysaccharides