Purpose To explore the characteristics of gray matter(GM)volume changes in migraine patients using 7T MRI and voxel-based morphometry(VBM).Materials and Methods This prospective study enrolled 30 migraine patients and 41 age-and gender-matched healthy controls from Beijing Tiantan Hospital,Capital Medical University between November 2023 and November 2024.All participants underwent 7T MRI with 3D T1-weighted magnetization-prepared two rapid gradient-echo(MP2RAGE)sequences for structural brain imaging.VBM analysis was performed to quantify GM,white matter,cerebrospinal fluid and total brain volumes,followed by calculations of their relative percentages.The difference in GM volume between the two groups was compared to identify brain regions with characteristic GM volume changes in migraine patients.And the correlation between these characteristic GM volume alterations and clinical scales was analyzed.Results Migraine patients exhibited significantly lower total GM volume compared to healthy controls(t=2.096,P=0.040),while no group differences were observed in white matter or cerebrospinal fluid volumes(t=0.980,0.151;P=0.330,0.880).VBM analysis revealed reduced GM volume in the left orbitofrontal cortex(t=4.301,P=0.022),left hippocampus(t=5.226,P=0.006)and left parahippocampal gyrus(t=3.960,P=0.040)in the migraine group.Negative correlations were identified between:left orbitofrontal cortex GM volume and headache duration(r=-0.506,P=0.008),left hippocampal GM volume and patient health questionnaire-9 scores(r=-0.620,P=0.003),and left parahippocampal GM volume and visual analogue scale scores(r=-0.449,P=0.019).Conclusion VBM analysis based on 7T MP2RAGE data demonstrates characteristic GM volume reductions in the left orbitofrontal cortex,left hippocampus and left parahippocampal gyrus in migraine patients,with these structural alterations significantly correlate with depressive symptoms and headache burden.The observed microstructural abnormalities may reflect underlying pathophysiological mechanisms related to pain processing,emotional regulation and long-term disease burden in migraine.

Objective:This study aims to investigate the spillover effects of the Diagnosis-Related Groups payment reform on medical expenditures.Methods:Based on the medical record data of inpatients in a tertiary Grade A hospital in Wuhan,Hubei Province,the Difference-in-Differences method was applied to estimate the impact of the DRG reform on medical expenditures for non-local patients.Results:After the implementation of DRG payment,the total medical expenses(β=-0.13),out-of-pocket expenses(β=-0.22),drug expenses(β=-0.25),consumable expenses(β=-0.26)decreased significantly.Meanwhile,the reduction ranges of the level and proportion of out-of-pocket expenses for non-local inpatients were significantly larger than those for local inpatients.However,the reduction range of the proportion of drug expenses for non-local inpatients was significantly smaller than that for local inpatients.The gaps between the two groups in terms of the level of out-of-pocket expenses and the proportion of drug expenses gradually narrowed.Conclusion:The DRG payment reform has produced a significant spillover effect,leading to a decrease in the medical expense level and an improvement in the expense structure for non-local inpatients.However,the medical expenses of non-local inpatients remain relatively high.It is suggested to accelerate the inclusion of non-local inpatients in disease-specific payment management and strengthen the coordination between the hospital's internal operation management and the reform of medical insurance payment methods.

An analysis of 24 144 norovirus sequences from Asia and Russia deposited in GenBank between 1995 and 2023 was conducted,to understand the temporal and spatial variations in norovirus genotypes in these regions.Norovirus sequences from Asia and Russia were downloaded in FASTA format from GenBank for the years 1995-2023,and analyzed in Excel,R language,and GraphPad Prism for data visualization.The number of norovirus sequences submitted to GenBank increased annually from 2004 and peaked in 2015.Notably,China and Japan contributed 62.3％of all submitted norovirus sequences.These sequences encompassed 31 capsid genotypes(C-type),with GⅠ accounting for 9％and GⅡ accounting for 90％.Additionally,49 polymerase types(P-type)were identified,along with 68 combinations of CP types;among the analyzed recombinant sequences(4 460 entries in total),approxi-mately 41％belonged to three predominant recombinant strains:GⅡ.2[P16],GⅡ.4[P31],and GⅡ.4[P16].This analysis provides valuable insights into the distribution characteristics of norovirus genotypes across Asia and Russia over time,thereby supporting vac-cine design and evaluation efforts.

BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells play a pivotal role in tissue engineering and bone regeneration.However,promoting the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells poses a significant challenge.OBJECTIVE:To examine the influence of Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under magnetic stimulation.METHODS:Zeolite imidazolate skeleton(ZIF-8)was synthesized by hydrothermal method,and magnetic Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles were synthesized by one-pot method(2.5,5,10,and 20 μg Fe3O4 were added to the preparation materials,respectively).The Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,and vibration sample magnetometer detection,and suitable materials were selected for subsequent experiments.Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of 4-week-old SD rats were extracted and co-cultured with Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticle solution with different mass concentrations(25,50,75,100,and 125 μg/mL),respectively.Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay,and the optimal material solution mass concentration was selected.After the mass concentration of the material solution was screened,magnetic stimulation was applied(magnetic field intensity was 0,50,100,and 150 MT,respectively).Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay,and the best magnetic field intensity and Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles were selected for the experiment of induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.SD rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with ZIF-8,Fe3O4@ZIF-8,and Fe3O4@ZIF-8(magnetic field intervention)nanoparticle solution,respectively.The single cultured cells were used as blank controls.Lipid induction was followed by oil red O staining.After osteogenesis induction,alkaline phosphatase,alizarin red staining and Runx2 protein concentration were detected.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Under scanning electron microscopy,Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles showed a dodecahedral structure.With the increase of Fe3O4 content in the material,the particle size of the nanoparticles increased.Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles(5 and 10 μg Fe3O4 was added to the material preparation)with a particle size of about 250 nm(stable functional and biosafety of nanoparticles at this particle size)were selected.(2)The results of CCK-8 assay showed that 50 μg/mL Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles(with 10 μg Fe3O4 added to the preparation of the material)could significantly promote the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under a 100 MT magnetic field.The nanoparticles under this condition were selected for the osteogenic induction differentiation experiment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.(3)After osteogenic induction,the alkaline phosphatase activity,extracellular matrix mineralization degree,and Runx2 protein mass concentration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in Fe3O4@ZIF-8(magnetic field intervention)group were higher than those in other three groups(P<0.05).After adipogenic induction,the lipid droplet formation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in Fe3O4@ZIF-8(magnetic field intervention)group was lower than that in the other three groups(P<0.05).(4)The results show that Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles can promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under specific magnetic field conditions.

This study was aimed at understanding the prevalence and drug resistance status of Salmonella of waterfowl ori-gin in the Guangdong region in the past decade,to guide prevention and control efforts.The drug-sensitive paper slide method was used to conduct drug susceptibility testing on 314 waterfowl-originating Salmonella strains isolated from 238 waterfowl farms in the Guangdong region from 2013 to 2023.The isolated Salmonella strains were most resistant to penicillin,amoxicil-lin,cefradine,and cefazolin in the β-lactam group;sulphadoxine dimethylpyrimidine in the sulphonamide group;and tetracy-cline in the tetracycline group.The resistance rates ranged from 73.57％to 89.49％.The highest sensitivity was observed to amikacin,gentamicin,and kanamycin in the aminoglycoside group,and norfloxacin in the quinolone group,with susceptibility rates all exceeding 50％.The 280 strains of Salmonella showed multi-drug resistance to six classes of antimicrobial drugs and high resistance(as much as 60.83％)to five drug classes.Correlation analysis revealed the highest correlations for florfenicol with gentamicin,and for amoxicillin with penicillin(r=0.650 for both),followed by gentamicin with kanamycin(r=0.620).Salmonella resistance in waterfowl in Guangdong Province was generally severe and showed a complex pattern of drug resist-ance.Detection of waterfowl pathogens should be strengthened to prevent the spread of drug-resistant bacteria and support ra-tional use of antibiotics.This work provides a reference for Salmonella prevention and control in waterfowl farms.

An analysis of 24 144 norovirus sequences from Asia and Russia deposited in GenBank between 1995 and 2023 was conducted,to understand the temporal and spatial variations in norovirus genotypes in these regions.Norovirus sequences from Asia and Russia were downloaded in FASTA format from GenBank for the years 1995-2023,and analyzed in Excel,R language,and GraphPad Prism for data visualization.The number of norovirus sequences submitted to GenBank increased annually from 2004 and peaked in 2015.Notably,China and Japan contributed 62.3％of all submitted norovirus sequences.These sequences encompassed 31 capsid genotypes(C-type),with GⅠ accounting for 9％and GⅡ accounting for 90％.Additionally,49 polymerase types(P-type)were identified,along with 68 combinations of CP types;among the analyzed recombinant sequences(4 460 entries in total),approxi-mately 41％belonged to three predominant recombinant strains:GⅡ.2[P16],GⅡ.4[P31],and GⅡ.4[P16].This analysis provides valuable insights into the distribution characteristics of norovirus genotypes across Asia and Russia over time,thereby supporting vac-cine design and evaluation efforts.

This study was aimed at understanding the prevalence and drug resistance status of Salmonella of waterfowl ori-gin in the Guangdong region in the past decade,to guide prevention and control efforts.The drug-sensitive paper slide method was used to conduct drug susceptibility testing on 314 waterfowl-originating Salmonella strains isolated from 238 waterfowl farms in the Guangdong region from 2013 to 2023.The isolated Salmonella strains were most resistant to penicillin,amoxicil-lin,cefradine,and cefazolin in the β-lactam group;sulphadoxine dimethylpyrimidine in the sulphonamide group;and tetracy-cline in the tetracycline group.The resistance rates ranged from 73.57％to 89.49％.The highest sensitivity was observed to amikacin,gentamicin,and kanamycin in the aminoglycoside group,and norfloxacin in the quinolone group,with susceptibility rates all exceeding 50％.The 280 strains of Salmonella showed multi-drug resistance to six classes of antimicrobial drugs and high resistance(as much as 60.83％)to five drug classes.Correlation analysis revealed the highest correlations for florfenicol with gentamicin,and for amoxicillin with penicillin(r=0.650 for both),followed by gentamicin with kanamycin(r=0.620).Salmonella resistance in waterfowl in Guangdong Province was generally severe and showed a complex pattern of drug resist-ance.Detection of waterfowl pathogens should be strengthened to prevent the spread of drug-resistant bacteria and support ra-tional use of antibiotics.This work provides a reference for Salmonella prevention and control in waterfowl farms.

BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells play a pivotal role in tissue engineering and bone regeneration.However,promoting the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells poses a significant challenge.OBJECTIVE:To examine the influence of Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under magnetic stimulation.METHODS:Zeolite imidazolate skeleton(ZIF-8)was synthesized by hydrothermal method,and magnetic Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles were synthesized by one-pot method(2.5,5,10,and 20 μg Fe3O4 were added to the preparation materials,respectively).The Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,and vibration sample magnetometer detection,and suitable materials were selected for subsequent experiments.Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of 4-week-old SD rats were extracted and co-cultured with Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticle solution with different mass concentrations(25,50,75,100,and 125 μg/mL),respectively.Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay,and the optimal material solution mass concentration was selected.After the mass concentration of the material solution was screened,magnetic stimulation was applied(magnetic field intensity was 0,50,100,and 150 MT,respectively).Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay,and the best magnetic field intensity and Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles were selected for the experiment of induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.SD rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with ZIF-8,Fe3O4@ZIF-8,and Fe3O4@ZIF-8(magnetic field intervention)nanoparticle solution,respectively.The single cultured cells were used as blank controls.Lipid induction was followed by oil red O staining.After osteogenesis induction,alkaline phosphatase,alizarin red staining and Runx2 protein concentration were detected.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Under scanning electron microscopy,Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles showed a dodecahedral structure.With the increase of Fe3O4 content in the material,the particle size of the nanoparticles increased.Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles(5 and 10 μg Fe3O4 was added to the material preparation)with a particle size of about 250 nm(stable functional and biosafety of nanoparticles at this particle size)were selected.(2)The results of CCK-8 assay showed that 50 μg/mL Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles(with 10 μg Fe3O4 added to the preparation of the material)could significantly promote the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under a 100 MT magnetic field.The nanoparticles under this condition were selected for the osteogenic induction differentiation experiment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.(3)After osteogenic induction,the alkaline phosphatase activity,extracellular matrix mineralization degree,and Runx2 protein mass concentration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in Fe3O4@ZIF-8(magnetic field intervention)group were higher than those in other three groups(P<0.05).After adipogenic induction,the lipid droplet formation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in Fe3O4@ZIF-8(magnetic field intervention)group was lower than that in the other three groups(P<0.05).(4)The results show that Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles can promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under specific magnetic field conditions.

Objective To investigate the effect of cordyceps sinensis(CS)on the activation of fibroblasts through IL-6 trans-signaling pathway and its specific mechanism in the treatment of renal fibrosis.Methods Renal fibrosis mouse model was established by unilateral ischemia/reperfusion(UIR),and the mice were administered intragastrically CS,soluble glycoprotein 130 Fc(sgp130Fc)or Hyper-IL-6.Masson's trichrome staining was utilized to identify tubulointerstitial fibrosis.PAS staining was utilized to assess the extent of renal injury.Western blot was employed to analyze the expression levels of fibrosis markers[alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),fibronectin(FN)]and proteins associated with IL-6 trans-signaling pathway[phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p-STAT3),soluble interleukin-6 receptor(sIL-6R)].The expression and localization of proteins were additionally detected by immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence and qPCR.The effect of cordyceps sinensis extract cordycepin on IL-6 trans-signaling in fibroblasts was further investigated in vitro.Results The results from in vivo experiments showed that administration of CS during the chronic phase demonstrated a beneficial protective impact on inflammation and fibrosis in the affected kidney,and serum creatinine levels and collagen deposition were decreased.Western blot analysis revealed a decrease in the expression levels of α-SMA,FN,as well as IL-6 trans-signaling pathway protein p-STAT3,sIL-6R in the treatment group.Additionally,the mRNA expression levels of chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12(CXCL12)were also decreased in the CS treatment group.Additionally,Hyper-IL-6 can partially counteract the therapeutic effects of CS.In vitro experiments further demonstrated that cordycepin inhibited the secretion of IL-6 from NRK-52E.Combined treatment of recombinant IL-6 and sIL-6R protein activated NRK-49F,leading to a significant increase in α-SMA,FN,and p-STAT3 expression levels.Cordycepin or sgp130Fc treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts induced by IL-6 trans-signaling pathway.Conclusion CS can significantly reduce IL-6 secretion by renal tubular epithelial cells and inhibit the activation of IL-6 trans-signaling pathway in fibroblasts,thereby ameliorating renal interstitial fibrosis.

Objective To develop an enteral nutrition delivery device for nasal feeding patients to relieve gastrointestinal discomfort during enteral nutrition therapy and solve the problems in heating,quality preservation and constant temperature maintenance of the solution.Methods The enteral nutrition delivery device was mainly composed of a nasal feeding container,a fixing frame,a limiting trough,a heating wire,a temperature control unit and a speed control unit.The heating wire and temperature and speed control units were combined to facilitate the nasogastric solution in the container to be delivered to the patient's stomach and intestines at a constant temperature and a uniform speed.The device developed had its shell made of 304 waterproof stainless steel and the nasal feeding container made of 05-polypropylene.Results The device developed realized constant-temperature and uniform-speed delivery and auto cleaning,and could reduced effectively gastrointestinal adverse reactions during nasal feeding.Conclusion The device developed gains advantages in easy operation and autonomous feeding,and thus is worth promoting for nasal feeding patients clinically.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(2):108-111]